e XAMPLE 1. The length of @ suspended wire increases, y of its original length when a stress of 10” Nev? applied on it. Caletlate the Young's modulus of the material of the wire. [Delhi 03C, 05C] Solution. Strain = “ =107*, stress =10” Nm™ : Young's modulus, _ Stress 10” Nm=? 7 Strain “ 1074 EXAMPLE 2. A uniform wire of steel of length 2.5 mand density 8. 0g gent 3 weighs 50 g. When stretched ly a force of 10 kgf, the length imereases by 2 nnn Calculate Young's modulus of steel. Solution. Here !=2.5 m =250 cm, Al=2 mm =0.2 cm, F =10 kgf =10x 9.8 N =10x 9.8 x 10° dyne Mass = Volumex density = Mass = 50 =0.025 em? Ixp 2508 £ =10" Nm“? Young's modulus, _F 1 ,10%9.8x 10° x 250 A’ Al? 0.025% 0.2 =4.9x 104 dyne cm7?,ae B . A structural steel rod has a radius of 10 mn and a length of 1m A100 KN force F stretches it along its length. Catcutate (a) the stress, (b) elongation, and (c) strain on the rod. Given that the Young’s modulus, Y, of the structural stcel is 2.0 x 10"! Nav? INCERT] Solution. Here r=10 mm =0.01m,/=1m, F=100 KN=105 N, Y =2.0x 10"! Nm=? F 10°N Stress =— =—> =———_—_—_= (a) Stress ae (22/7) x (0.01 my = 3.18 x 10° Nm~?, Fl byAS Yo—.— (6) As A Al *. Elongation, F ot 3.18%10%x1 Al=—.5=—— AY 20x10"! =1.59 x 1073 m=1.59 mm. Al _159x107> m I im = 1.59 x 107> = 0.16%. EXAMPLE 4. What is the percentage increase in the length of @ wire of diameter 2.5 mm stretched by a force of 100 kg wt ? Young’s modulus of elasticity of the wire is 12.5% 10" dyne on” 2 (c) Strain = Solution. Given r =1.25 mm =0.125 cm, F = 100 x 9.8 =980 N =98 x 10° dyne Y =125x 10" dynecm™ Fl Al_ oF i Aa TAY ay As -. The percentage increase in length is Al Fx 100 98 x 10° x 7x 100 —x100= = _ >? eer ! meY 22x (0.125) x 12.5 10"? = 15.965 x 10°? = 0.16%.EXxampve 10, A mass of 100 gram is attached to the end ofa rubber string 49 cm tong and having an area of cross-section 20 mat. The string is whirled round, horizontally at a constant speed of 40 rps in a circle of radius Slam Find Young's modulus of rubber. Solution. When the mass is rotated at the end of the tubber string, the restoring force in the string is equal to the centripetal force. F = mro* =mr(2nvy = 100 51x (2 x x 40)? dyne Also [= 49cm, Al=51-49 =2 cm, A=20 mm? =20 x 10°? cm? Hence yei t A Al _ 100 51x 4x 9.87 x 1600 x 49 20x 10"? «2 [x? =9.87] = 3.95 x 10" dyne cm=? .95 x 10° Nm-?, Examr.e st, A uniform heavy rod of weight W, cross-sectional area A and length | is hanging from a fixed support. Young’s modulus of the material of the rod is Y. Neglecting the lateral contraction, find the elongation produced in the rod. Solution. As shown in Fig. 9.12, consider a small element of thickness dx at distance x from the fixed support. Force acting on the element dx is F = Weight of length (I —x) of the rod WwW - aT x) Elongation of the element stress = Original length x F/A_W edxxSt@o™ yy x x Y T Ay‘ x}dx erent Fig. 9.12 te an ART et IN oOTotal elongation produced in the rod t . 27 - j (-nden el E| ray} Tayl 2 |, - Ww P _e -WL TAy| 2) 2Ay’. EXAMPLE 12, A steel wire of uniform cross-section of mint is heated to 70°C and stretched by tying its lwo ends rigidly. Calculate the change in the tension of the wire when He temperature falls from 70°C to 35°C Coefficient of linear, expansion of stecl is 11g 10" 5ec-! and the Young's modutus is 2.0% 10!) Nag P. Solution. Here A=1 mm? =10"° m?, AT =70 -35 =35°, @=1.1«1075°C" 1 =2.0x 10" Nm“? Increase in length Al =! a AT ? » Strain -4 =o OT =1.1x 1075 x35 =385 x 107° If Tis the tension in the wire due to the decrease in temperature, then Stress = =—)_ Nm? A 107° But Stress = Y x Strain at =2.0x 10" «38.5 1075 or T =2.0 x 38.5 =77.0 N.EXAM@I! t4. The pressure of a medium is changed from 1.01x 10° Pa fo 1.165% 10° Pa and change is volume is 10%, keeping temperature constant. Find the bulk modulus of the medium. (NT 05) Solution. Here : p= 1.165 x 10° -1.01x 105 = 0.155 « 10° Pa AY 10% =01 V Bulk modulus of the medium, p _0.155x 10° Ke = = 1.55 x 10°Pa. av/V 01 EXAMPLE 15. The average depth of Indian ocean is about 3000 m Calculate the fractional compression AV /V, of water at the bottom of the acean, given that the bulk modulus of water is 2.2 x 10° New 2, INCERT] Solution. Stress = Pressure exerted by a water column of height 3000 m = hpg =3000 mx 1000 kg m™ x 10 ms = 3x 10’ Nm? Stress aV/iV ~. Fractional compression, AV _ Stress 3x 107 Nm=2 ‘Vo «22% 10° Nm=2 = 1.36 x 10°? = 1.36%. MULI: 16. A sphere contracts in volume by 0.01%, when to the bottom of seal kindeep. Find the bulk modulus of the material of the sphere. Density of sea water may be taken as 1.0x 10° ken 3, Solution. Here a “a » h=1km=10? m, As bulk modulus, « = p=1.0 107 kg m3 P= hpg =10° x 1.0 103 x 9.8= 9,8 106 Nm=2 6 ea P98 108 x 100 = = =9.8 x 10" Nm, aviv 001 * ™fes based on Formutar Usp . ‘ ‘ Tangential Force _ F 1. Sh = Tangential Force _ F earing stress = a 2. Shearing strain Shearing stress 3. Modulus of tgiy = sin or Unis Used Modulus of rigidity nis in Nm7? or Pa“? ExaMpie 20. A cube of aluminium of each side 4 cm is subjected to a tangential (shearing) force. The top face of the cube is sheared through 0.012 anwith respect to the bottom face. Find (i) shearing strain (ii) shearing, stress. and shearing force. Given = 2.08% 10" dyne cnt 2, Solution. Here 1=4cm, Al =0.012.cm, 1) =2.08x 10"! dyne cm () Shearing strain, Al oT (ii) Area of top face =P =(4cm)? =16 cm? Shearing stress Shearing strain 0.012 9.003 rad. Modulus of rigidity, +. Shedring stress =1x Shearing strain = 208 x 10" x 0,003 = 6.24x 10° dyne cm~, Shearing force, F = Shearing stressx area =6.24x 10°x 16 =9,984x 10” dyne. Exasirce 21. A square lead slab of side 50 cmand thickness 10 emis subjected toa shearing force (on its narrow face) of magnitude 9.0% 10 N. The lower edge is riveted to the floor. How much is the upper edge displaced, ifthe shear ‘modulus of lead is 5.6 x 10° Pa? INCERT] Solution. Here ! = 50 cm =0.50 m, F =9.0x 10¢N 1 =5.6x 10? Pa Area of the face on which force is applied, A=50.amx 10cm 500 em? = 500x 10° * m? = 0.05 m? If Alis the distance through which the upper edge is displaced relative to the lower fixed edge, then Fig. 9.16 FI "an ‘ on tet £,90%10%x 050 A'n 0.05% 56x10" = 16x 10-4 m= 0.16 mm. A rubber block Lomx3.omx10 om is amped atone end with its 10 cmside vertical. A horizontal force of 30.N is applied to the free surface, What is the horizontal displacement of the top face ? Modulus of rigidity of rubber =1.4 10° Not ?. Solution. Area of the upper face, A=1omx3cm=3x10"4 m? F=30N, y=14%10° Nm-2, 1=10 cm =0.10 m HH 10cmee EXAMPLE 24. A steel wire of 4.0m is stretched through 2.0mm The cross-sectional area of the wire is 2.0 mnt. If Young's modulus of steel is 2.010" Nui ?, find (i) the energy density of the wire and (fi) the elastic potential energy stored in the wire. Solution. Here !=4.0 m, Al =2.0 mm =2.0« 107? m, A=2.0 mm? =2.0x 107° m2, ¥ =2.0x 10!! Nm-2 (i) Energy density, ‘ 2 u=1y x (strain)? -pr.(2) 2 2 I 2 1 n|2%1073 ay a =—x2x10 ——_] =2.5 7 2 ‘| 40 seek" J(ii) Elastic potential energy, U = Energy density x volume. = ux Ax1=25 x 104 x 20x10" 6x 4 =0.2J. VAM 5. Calctilate the increase in energy of a brass bar of length 0.2m and cross-sectional area lcm? when compressed with a load of Skg weight along its length. Young's modulus of brass =1.0x 10" Nm? and §=9.8 ns 2 Solution. Increase in the energy of the bar, U =} «Stretching force x extension = 4 F x Al Fl Fl As Y==.— Al==.4 $ A ‘al AY 1.) Fil Fr Hi U=—Fx——es= ence “Ay 2AY Here F=5kg wt=5x 9.8=49N, 1=0.2m, A=1cm? =10"4 m?, 0x 10" Nm=? (49)? x 0.2 © 2x 10" #x 1.0% 10% =2.4x 1075 J. When the load on a wire is increased from 3 kg wt to 5 kg wt, the elongation increases from 0.61 mito 1.02 min How much work is done during the extension of the wire ? Solution. Work done in stretching the wire through 0.61 mm under the load of 3 kg wt, W.= 3 Stretching force x extension = 4x3x 9.8 x 0.61 x 1073 =8.967 x 1073 J Work done in stretching the wire through 1.02 mm under the load of 5 kg wt, W, = 3x 5x 9.8 x 1.02 x 1079 =24.99 x 1079 J Hence the work done in stretching the wire from 0.61 mm to 1.02 mm, AW = W, -W, =(24.99 - 8.967) x 107? = 16.023 107° J.~ Deteratine the Poisson's ratio of the material of a wire whose volume remains constant under an external normal stress. pt Solution. Volume of a wire, V = my t As volume remains constant, the differentiation of the above equation gives . 2 o=@apaDs a 4 4 or =2idD= Dd! or @.-i4 By definition, Poisson's ratio is 1 dl a o=afDiD T2411 =05. dif! difl 2 EXAMPLE 29, One end of a nylon rope of tength 4.5 mand diameter 6 mut is fixed to a free limb, A monkey weighing 100 N jumps to catch the free end and stays there. Find the elongation of the rope and the correspondiiig change in diameter. Given Young's — modulus of nylon =4,8% 10" Nai? and Poisson's ratio of nyton = 0.2. Solution, Here !=4.5 m, D=6mm=6x 10" m, F=100N, Y=48x 10" Nm7?, 5 =0.2 As Y= f . f A Al et te 100x 4.5 AY 3.14 (3x 1073)?x 4.8x 107) =3,32x 105 m.Poisson's ratio, gu ADID apt aii Dal 2x 6x 107 3x 3.32% 1075 apa 2 DAl 02% 6x19 0 45 wnt 30. A material has Poisson's ratio 0.5. If uniforin rod of it suffers a longitudinal strain of 2 x 10-3, what is the percentage increase in volume ? Solution. Longitudinal strain, Poisson's ratio, ¢ = Lateral strain ARIR Longitudinal strai allt ak Alo osn2x 103 =-1x10° R i Volume of rad, VenRI Percentage increase in volume is av x 100 -(2 ak, “). 100 R q [2 « (1) 1079 +2 x10} 100 = 0. X PRosteMsS For Practice 1. Calculate the Poisson's ratio for silver. Given its Young's modulus =7.25x10!° Nm7? and bulk modulus = 11 x 10"? Nm7?. (Ans. 0.39) 2. A material has Poisson's ratio 0.2. If a uniform rod of it suffers longitudinal strain 4.0 x 1073, calculate the percentage change in its volume. (Ans. 0.24% x Hints 1. As ¥'=3x (1-20) i(- 7.25 x10" ~0.2%4.0x1073 08x10-3 Ve=nRt AR Ar x1o9= (24° 4 2). ( Rt 2) 100 [2 x(- 0.8 x 10-3) + 4.0 x 1073) x 100 = 24x10"? x 100= 0.24% ——_——