COVER PAGE – title, name,class,section, roll no,.

school,year
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
LIST OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
➢ Water is an essential commodity that is gradually decreasing in
availability.
➢ The need of the hour is to reuse and conserve water.
➢ Towards this end sewage treatment is an effective solution
➢ Sewage treatment plants help in two ways
• Treated water does not pollute the water in rivers &
groundwater thus preventing pollution of fresh water
sources.
• Treated water can be reused for some specific purposes
reducing the use of drinking water for the same purposes.
➢ To study the set up of a sewage treatment plant I visited the Sewage
Treatment Plant, Adampool.
➢ It was established in 1985
➢ It comprises of 3 separate treatment plants of capacity – 3 MLD,
4MLD & 8 MLD
➢ The Assistant Engineer in charge Shri Dilip Das was kind enough to
guide me through the STP
SIGNIFICANCE

➢ Aim of sewage treatment plant is to

➢ Remove as much suspended solid as possible before the remaining water called
affluent can be discharged into water bodies.
➢ To reduce health hazards through contaminated water
➢ To protect the environment by removing contaminants like bacteria, chemicals &
particulates.

What is Sewage
➢ Sewage is waste water produced by a community of people that is
typically transported through sewer system.
 ➢ It consists of wastewater discharged from residences and from
commercial, institutional & public facilities in the locality.
➢ It is also known as domestic sewage, domestic wastewater or municipal
wastewater.
➢ It can be subgrouped as
• Greywater – from sinks, bathtubs, showers, dishwashers,
clothwashers
• Blackwater – from toilets & is contaminated with human excreta
➢ It usually contains micro & macro pollutants, human excreta, soap &
detergents, food residues, toilet paper, industrial wastes etc.
➢ It is grey to brown in colour with unpleasant odor
➢ The waste in domestic sewage is almost half organic & rest inorganic.
➢ Composition of the sewage varies with climate, water availability, social
& economic conditions and the population habits.
➢ This water has to be treated before reusing it or releasing it into water
bodies.

AREA OF COVERAGE

➢ From Raj Bhawan to Palzor Stadium to Tadong To Ranipool

➢ My home also falls under its coverage area

SETUP

PROCEDURE

➢ Preliminary stage-
➢ Primary treatment
➢ Decondary Treatment
➢ Tertiary Treatment

PRELIMINARY TREATMENT

➢ The raw sewage enters the plant & passes through various screens to remove large
solids & waste like logs, branches, clothes, larger pieces of plastic etc
➢ Then the sewage passes into the Grit Chamber where grit & other sludge is removed by
flow attenuation.
➢ In this flow is slowed down considerably so that the grit settles at the bottom while
water along with dissolved and floating impurities pass on into the next chamber.
➢ Purpose of this stage is to filter out the debris, sand, grit & large particles from the
sewage.
PRIMARY STAGE

➢ It involves separating solids from liquids.

➢ The sewage is pumped into sedimentation tanks, where gravity forces solids to the
bottom of the tank. The water is then released, leaving behind a sludge/slurry.
➢ The sludge is a by-product of primary treatment and can sometimes be repurposed
as a fertiliser, but it requires treatment such as de-watering to stabilise it.
➢ Incineration is the most likely destination for heavily contaminated sludge.
➢ Tube clarifier/ claricitor is a deep cylinder filled with sewage that moves in a circular
way slowly.
➢ It has a honeycomb web like structure
➢ 50-70% of sludge settles down in 6-8 hours
➢ This sludge is then removed by mechanically operated device & sent to centrifuge
pump
➢ The pump receives the sludge from the claifier
➢ Here polyelectrolyte chemicals tear apart the sludge & send the water to the
secondary stage while the leftover sludge is sent to the dry bed

SECONDARY STAGE

➢ Secondary treatment is the biological treatment stage that breaks down organic
contaminants in wastewater.
➢ The two most frequently used processes are activated sludge (aerated ponds) and
filter beds (sewage tricked over aggregate), where ‘good’ bacteria in the
sludge/aggregate break down the pathogens in the wastewater.
➢ After secondary treatment, wastewater can sometimes be released, providing there’s
a low risk to human and animal life and the environment.
➢ 2 Fluroized aerobic bioreactors FAB used sequential;ly to decompose organic
compounds aerobically using bacteria

TERTIARY TREATMENT

➢ Wastewater is considered clean after secondary treatment, but tertiary treatment

returns it to an even higher quality for release in protected waters.
➢ The type of tertiary treatment depends on the wastewater. For example, suppose we
should release wastewater into bathing or shellfish waters. In that case, it requires
disinfection, and nutrients in the water, like phosphorous, must also be removed.
➢ Types of tertiary treatment include:

❖ Microfiltration (where water passes through tiny holes at high pressure).

❖ Ion exchange (where ions in the water are exchanged for other ions).
❖ Activated carbon adsorption (which removes organics).
❖ Disinfection (where UV light or chemicals kill organic pathogens leftover).

FATE OF SLUDGE

➢ Sludge from tube clarifier & centrifuge pump is sent to the dry bed
➢ Here it is spread thinly over a porous bed of sand & gravel
➢ The thickness of sludge is maximum 300mm
➢ This helps in dewatering the sludge due to action of gravity through porous layer.
➢ The dewatered sludge can be used as a fertilizer

FATE OF EFFLUENT

➢ The treated affluent after the tertiary treatment is reused to wash streets & water the
public gardens.
➢ If there is excess of affluent as during monsoon season, it is discharged in the nearby
river – Rani Khola.

CHEMICAL PARAMETERS

➢ pH of water
➢ 2.Total Dissolve Solids TDS in mg/l
➢ 3.Total Suspended Solids TSS in mg/l
➢ 4. Dissolved Oxygen D.O in mg/l
➢ 5. Biochemical Oxygen Demand B.O.D in mg/l
➢ 6. Chemical Oxygen Demand C.O.D in mg/l

CPCB STANDARD FOR DISCHARGED AFFLUENT

S.No Parameter Standard

1 Color & Odor To be removed as much as
possible
2 pH 6.5 - 9
3 Total Suspended Solids < 20 mg/l
4 Oil & Grease <10 mg/l
5 Biological Oxygen Denmand <10 mg/l
6 Chemical Oxygen Demand <50 mg/l
7 Dissolved Oxygen <20 mg/l
8 Nitrogen Content <10 mg/l
9 Coliform Bacteria <100 /100ml

PROBLEMS

▪ Biogas storage facilities can be established to

accommodate the gas generated throughout the
drying process.
▪ COD analysis machine was non-functional,
rendering COD calculations impossible.
 ▪ The drying space allocated for sludge needs to be
expanded.

MEASURES

SUMMARY & CONCLUSION

Overall Impact:
▪ During our visit to the Adampool Sewage
Treatment Plant, we observed efficient
functioning, with sufficient staff working in shifts
and processing thorough knowledge of every
plant component.
▪ The visit provided valuable insights,
acknowledging the plant's positive practices while
suggesting areas for refinement.
▪ The quality of the treated water at the final
discharge point appears to meet acceptable
standards for river release, indicating compliance
with environmental regulations.

REFERENCES – title, author, publisher,website if any