Relay synchronization
Relay synchronization
Abstract
Multiplex networks provide a proper framework for understanding the dynamics of complex systems with different types of interac-
tions. In this study, we consider the occurrence of different dynamical states in a multiplex network of nonlinear oscillators, with a
arXiv:2501.02716v1 [nlin.AO] 6 Jan 2025
drive layer and two identical response layers where the interlayer interactions are unidirectional. We report how the directionality in
coupling can lead to relay synchronization with amplification in the two response layers, through the middle drive layer. Moreover,
we find that the dynamics of the response layers can be controlled by adjusting the strength of interlayer coupling or tuning the
dynamical time scale of the drive layer. With nonidentical parameters between the drive and response layers, the response layers
get completely synchronized, with a functional relation with the drive, indicating generalized synchronization between the drive
and response networks.
Keywords: Multiplex network, Relay Synchronization, Unidirectional coupling, Time scale mismatch
nization (GS) of complex networks have been reported where ẏi2 = τ (1 − xi2 − yi2 )yi2 + ωxi2
2 2
Sinter
Sintra
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0.0 0.0
0.000 0.065 0.130 0.195 0.065 0.130 0.195
Figure 2: Intra and interlayer synchronization errors vs inter layer coupling strength ϵ for the three layer multiplex network of SL oscillators with uni directional
coupling. (a1): For the parameters chose, the drive layer (blue) is intralayer synchronized. Initially the response layers (red and green) are not intralayer synchro-
nized, but with the increase in the interlayer coupling (ϵ), the response layers achieve intralayer synchronization. (a2): Initially, no interlayer synchronization in the
network but with the increase of ϵ, interlayer synchronization error between the response layers (blue) goes to zero indicating relay synchronization. The interlayer
synchronization error between drive and the response layers (red and green) increases with ϵ due to the amplification caused by the uni directional feedback coupling.
The other parameter values are: K1 = K3 = 0.01, K2 = 5 P1 = P2 = P3 = 25, ω = 2, τ = 1 and N = 100
3.2
(a1) 0.7
(a2)
0.6
3.0 0.5
2.8
<A( )>
0.4
2.6 0.3
2.4 0.2
2.2 0.1
2.0 0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0.025 0.050 0.075 0.100 0.125 0.150 0.175
Figure 3: (a1): Average amplitude vs strength of interlayer coupling ϵ for the three layer multiplex network of SL oscillators with uni directional coupling. The
amplitude of both the response layers L1 and L3 (green) are equal and increases with the value of ϵ while that of the drive L2 (blue) remains the same. (a2): Phase
differences between the layers L1 and L2 (red) and that between L2 and L3 (green) decrease to zero as ϵ is increased, indicating phase synchronization between the
layers even with amplification in the responses. The other parameter values are kept as : K1 = K2 = K3 = 5, P1 = P2 = P3 = 25, ω = 2, τ = 1 and N = 100
So, introducing a dynamical time scale difference between the lations of the response to that of the drive is possible. This is
drive and response in this case can make the system go from then followed by quasi periodic behavior for very high τ values.
complete synchronization to relay synchronization. In the case of diffusive coupling, with the same set of parame-
In addition to the time scale mismatch between layers, we ters, we observe relay synchronization of the responses instead
also consider mismatch in the parameters of the intrinsic dy- of complete synchronization due to parameter mismatch and
namics, ω, of SL oscillators between layers. With K1 = K2 = the amplitude of oscillations of the response layers can be con-
K3 = 5, P1 = P2 = P3 = 25, τ = 1, ωdrive = 2, ωresponse = 1.5, trolled by tuning τ just like the case without intrinsic parameter
N = 100 and ϵ = 3, for feedback type of inter layer cou- mismatch.
pling, we observe relay synchronization with amplification of
the response layers but they have only frequency synchroniza- 4. Conclusion
tion with the drive unlike the previous case where phase syn-
chronization is observed. As τ is varied for a fixed epsilon, While relay synchronization is one of the active research ar-
ϵ = 3, similar to the above observations, tuning of the oscil- eas in the context of complex networks, most of the works till
4
1.5 (a1) 1.5 (b1)
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
0.0 0.0
xij
yij
0.5 0.5
1.0 1.0
1.5 1.5
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
xij
1.00 (a2) 1.00 (b2)
0.75 0.75
0.50 0.50
0.25 0.25
0.00 0.00
xij
yij
0.25 0.25
0.50 0.50
0.75 0.75
1.00 1.00
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
xij
1.0
(a3) (b3)
1.0
0.5 0.5
0.0 0.0
xij
yij
0.5 0.5
1.0 1.0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Time xij
Figure 4: Time series of the x variable and phase portraits in x − y plane for different τ values for the three layer multiplex network of SL oscillators with uni
directional coupling. (a1) and (b1): Relay synchronization with amplification for the response layers (red and green) phase synchronized with the drive layer (blue)
for ϵ = 3 and τ = 1, (a2) and (b2): Responses layers are frequency synchronized with the drive with equal amplitude of oscillations and completely synchronized to
each other for ϵ = 3 and τ = 2.5, (a3) and (b3): Quasi periodic behavior of the frequency synchronized response layers for ϵ = 3 and τ = 4. The other parameter
values are: K1 = K2 = K3 = 5, P1 = P2 = P3 = 25, ω = 2 and N = 100.
5
1.5
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
1.66
1.83
1.99
1.0 1.12 1.25 1.37 1.5 1.62 1.75 1.87 1.99 2.12 2.24 2.37 2.49
Figure 5: Parameter plane ϵ vs τ for the three layer multiplex network. The various dynamical behaviors observed are (i): Amplification of the responses with
respect to the drive, (ii): Equal amplitude oscillations in both drive and response layer, (iii): Smaller amplitude oscillations in the response with respect to the drive,
(iv): Quasi periodic behavior in the response network. The other parameter values are: K1 = K2 = K3 = 5, P1 = P2 = P3 = 25, ω = 2, and N = 100.
2.5 along with relay synchronization that is in phase with the drive.
We show that the amplification can be controlled by adjusting
2.0 the strength of inter layer coupling.
By introducing appropriate time scale difference between the
1.5 layers using the mismatch parameter τ, we can control the am-
plitude of oscillations in the response layers and they can be
made equal to that of the drive with a phase difference. With
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
further increase in τ, the amplitude of oscillations of the re-
sponse becomes smaller than the drive, finally leading to quasi
Figure 6: Average amplitude vs τ for the three layer multiplex network with SL periodic behavior in the response layers. But as quasi periodic
oscillators. Here blue curve shows average amplitude of the drive layer, green behavior emerges, relay synchronization is lost with only fre-
(black) that of synchronized response layers with unidirectional coupling of quency synchronization between the response layers.
feedback (diffusive) type . The other parameter values are: K1 = K2 = K3 = 5,
P1 = P2 = P3 = 25, ϵ = 3, ω = 2, and N = 100. In the case of unidirectional diffusive coupling between iden-
tical layers, we obtain synchronization between the drive and
responses leading to complete synchronization of the entire net-
now consider bidirectional coupling in the multilayer frame- work. When a time scale miss match is introduced, the ampli-
work. In this study, we explore the effects of uni directional tude of oscillations of the response decreases.
inter layer coupling in a three layer multiplex network of Stu- We also study the dynamics on the response networks when
art Landau oscillators, with the middle layer L2 being the drive there is a parameter mismatch in the response compared to the
6
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