MATHS - THINGS TO REMEMBER – VIII

Rational Numbers
1. Properties for addition of rational numbers are –
Closure – RN + RN =RN
Commutative x + y = y + x
Associative x + (y + z) = (x + y) + z
Additive identity 0 as x + 0 =x
Additive inverse -x as -x + x = 0
2. Properties for multiplication of rational numbers are
Closure – RN x RN = RN
Commutative - a x b = b x a
Associative a(b x c) = (a x b) c
Distributive a(b + c) = ab + ac
Multiplicative identity - 1
Multiplicative inverse of a is 1/a as a x 1/a = 1
Multiplication by 0
3. Property for subtraction of rational numbers
Closure is only property
4. Property for division of rational numbers
Closure only if denominatior is not 0
Add Subtract Multiply Divide
Closure yes yes yes Yes if D is not 0
Commutative yes no yes No
Associative Yes no yes no
Distributive no no yes No
Identity 0 no 1 No
Inverse -ve no 1/a no
5. There are infinite RN between 2 RN ( a + b)/2
6. BODMAS

POWERS
1. If a is non 0 number & n is a +ve integer, then
An = a x a xa………n times
a-n= 1/a x 1/a …….. n times
a0= 1 & not 0
2. If a & b are non 0 & m &n are integers, then
am x an = am+n
am / an = am – n
(am)n = amn = (an)m
(ab)m = am x bm
(a/b)m = am / am
3. If ( a/b )-n = ( b/a )n = bn / an
4. If unit digit of a number is 2, 3, 7, 8 the number does not
have a square root in natural numbers
5. If a number ends with odd number of zeroes, it does not
have a square root
6. If a number ends with even number of zeroes, it has a
square root with half the number of zeroes
7. Square root of an even number is even & of an odd number
is odd
Square (unit 0 1 4 5 6 9
digit)
Square root (unit 0 1or 9 2 or 8 5 4 or6 3or7
digit)
8. -ve numbers have no square root. Square of -ve number is +
ve number
9. Sum of first odd n natural numbers is n2 (1+3+…2n-1)= n2
10. Square of any natural number other than 1 ends with
either 3,4, multiple pf 3 or 4 or 1 more than multiple of 3 or
4
11. Pythegorean triplet – for any natural number greater
than 1 are -2n, (n2 + 1), (n2 – 1)
12. Root of ab = root of a x root of b
13. Root of a/b = root of a/ root of b
14. Cubes of all even numbers are even & of all odd numbers
are odd
15. Sum of cubes of 1st n natural numbers is square of sum of
1st n natural numbers.
16. Cubes of numbers ending with 1,4,5,6,9 are numbers
ending with 1,4,5,6,9
17. Cubes of number ending with 2, end with number 8 &
cubes of numbers ending with 8 end with 2
18. Cubes of number ending with 3, end with 7 & vice versa
19.

20. Cube of double digit number ab

A3 3a2b 3ab2 b3
21. Cube of -ve number is -ve
Playing with numbers
1. If a number ab is reversed as ba then ba – ab is divisible by
Number 9 & quotient is a – b
And a – b with quotient as 9
2. Ab + ba is always a multiple of 11
3. Ab – ba is always a multiple of 9
4. Abc + bca + cab is always a multiple of 111
5. Abc + cba is always divisible by 99
6. Abc – cba is always divisible by 9
7. If a number abc is reversed as cba then abc – cba is always
divisible by
99 – quotient is a – c & vice versa
3 – quotient is 33( a – c) & vice versa
33 – quotient is 3 (a – c) & vice versa
9 – quotient is 11( a – c) & vice versa
11 – quotient is 9 ( a – c) & vice versa
8. Divisibility by 10 – last digit 0
By 5 – last digit 5 or 0
By 2 – last digit even
By 3 – sum of digits divisible by 3
By 4 – last 2 digits divisible by 4
By 6 – divisible by both 2 & 3
By 9 – sum of digits divisible by 9
By 8 – last 3 digits divisible by 8
By 11 – difference of sum of digits in odd & even places is
either 0 or divisible by 11
9. Cryptarithms are number puzzles with letter in place of 1 or
more numbers
10. Any number can be written as
11. For 2 digit number, ab, divisible by 11 if a = b
12. For 3 digit number, abc, divisible by 11 if a-b+c is 0/11
Algebric expressions & identities
1. Terms are always separated by + or – sign (not x or /)
2. Algebric expression can be separated by +, =, x, /
3. A constant factor is known as a numerical factor while a
variable factor is a literal factor
4. Terms with same literal factors are like terms
5. Addition/subtraction can be done only on like terms
6. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
7. (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2
8. (a – b) 2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
9. (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b )x + ab
10. ( x – a) (x – b) = x2 - (a + b) x + ab
11. ( x + a) (x – b) = x2 + ( a – b) x – ab
12. (x – a) ( x+ b ) = x2 + ( -a +b) x – ab
13. = ( +a – b) = -a + b . On subtracting or multiplying with –
signs of + changes to - & vice versa
14. Product of like signs (+ or -) is + & product of unlike signs ( +
& -) is –
15. If P, Q, R, S are monomials, then
P x (Q +/- R) = P x Q +/- P x R
(PxQ)(RxS)=PxR+PxS+QxR+QxS
16. Degree of a polynomial is the highest sum of powers of any
1 term
17. Degree 0 polynomial = only constant
18. Degree 1 polynomial = linear ax + b
19. Degree 2 polynomial = quadratic ax2 + bx + c
20. Degree 3 polynomial = cubic ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
21. Degree 4 polynomial = biquadratic ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e
22. Division algorithm – Dividend = Divisor x Quotient +
remainder
 23. Divide each term of dividend polynomial by each term of
divisor polynomial

Linear Equation in 1 variable

1. Rules to solve linear equations
A, same number can be added or subtracted from both sides
of an equation
B, same non 0 number can be multiplied/or divided on both
sides of the equation
C, transposition of any term from one side to other side of the
equation can be done by changing the sign ( + to - & vice
versa)
2. Cross multiplication can be used to convert a complex
equation to a linear equation
Ax + b/ cx + d = m/n is same as n( ax + b) = m(cx + d )

Direct & Inverse Variations

1. Direct variation or directly proportional – time & distance,
speed & distance, money & amount
2. Inverse variation or inversely proportional – pressure &
volume, number of men & work done, time & work
3. If 2 quantities a & b vary directly then ratio a/b remain
constant called constant of variation ( a1 : a2 = b1 : b2)
4. In inverse variation, product ab remains constant & known as
constant of variation ( a1b1 = a2b2) or (a1: a2 = b2 : b1)
5. If a person completes a work in n days, he does 1/nth work in
1 day & vice versa
 6. For cisterns & pipes questions, amount by inlet is always +ve
& amount by outlet is always -ve.
7. If an inlet fills up a cistern in n hours then in 1 hour it will fill
up 1/nth part
8. If an outlet empties a full cistern in m hoursthen it will empty
1/mth part in 1 hour

Angles, lines =
1. Meeting of 2 rays is an angle. Meeting point is vertex & rays
are its 2 arms
2. Magnitude of angle is the distance thru which 1 arm is
rotated about its vertex
3. 10 = 60’ & 1’ = 60’’

Percentage
1. % to fraction = number /100
2. Fraction to % = fraction x 100
3. % to decimal = move decimal point 2 digits from left
4. Decimal to % = move point to right by 2 digits
5. Ratio to % = write ratio as fraction & multiply with100
6. % to ratio = % as first part & 100 as 2nd part of ratio
7. Increase % = ( increase/ original value ) x 100
8. Decrease % = ( decrease/ original value) x 100

Cost Selling Price Profit Loss Discount

1. Profit = SP – CP
2. Loss = CP – SP
3. Profit % = (profit/ CP) x 100 or profit =(profit % x CP) /100
 4. Loss % = ( loss/ CP ) x 100 or loss =(loss % x CP) / 100
5. SP = ( ( 100 + Profit % ) /100) x CP . For loss (-loss%)
6. CP = (100 x SP ) / 100 + profit % . For loss ( - loss%)
7. Discount = Marked Price (MP) – SP
8. Discount % = (Discount/MP) x 100
9. Discount = (MP x Discount%) / 100
10. SP = MP x (100 – Discount %) / 100
11. MP = ( 100 x SP )/ 100 – discount %
12. MP is also called list price
13. Value Added Tax (VAT) is calculated on MP or the SP after
discount if there is a discount.
14. (VAT % x Price after discount)/ 100 = VAT amount
15. For serial discount – SP after 1st discount is CP for next
discount

Interest – Simple & Compound

1. SI = (P x R x T) / 100 P – Principal, R – rate, T- time in years
2. Amount = P + SI
3. Compound Interest – Amount after 1st conversion period
becomes P for 2nd conversion period & so on. So CI > SI
4. Conversion period/compounding period is the fixed time after
which the interest is calculated & added to the P. Usually a
year
5. If rate of Interest (R) is yearly & conversion period is 6 months
then R becomes R/2 & R/4 if compounded quarterly
6. A = P ( 1 + R/100)n n = number of years when compounded
annually
7. CI = A – P
8. If interest is payable k times a year or compounded k times a
year then
A = P (1 + R/100k)nk
 9. If k =2 ( 6 monthly compounding) & k = 4( quarterly)
A = P( 1 + R/200)2n & A = P(1 + R/400)4n
10. If rate of interest is different in each year then
A = P(1 + R1/100) (1 + R2/100) …….. (1 + Rn/100)
11. If R is compounded annually but duration is part of an year
then eg 5/2 year etc
A = P (1 + R/100)n (1 + R/100k) n – no. of complete years, k –
part of year for which payout is needed
12. For population growth with R% growth rate
New Population = P ( 1 + R/100)n n is no. of years
13. If R is different in different years then
New Population =P(1 + R1/100) (1+ R2/100)…….(1 + Rn/100)
14. If population is decreasing
New population = P( 1 – R/100)
15. Depreciation is decrease in value over time
16. Vn = Vo( 1 – R/100)n Vn is new value, Vo is old value
17. If depreciation at different rates for different periods
Vn = Vo (1 – R1/100)n1 (1 – R2/100)n2 ……..(1 – Rk/100)nk

Polygons
1. Curve is a plane figure drawn without lifting the pencil or
retracing except at point of intersection
2. Open curve does not cuts itself at any point
3. Closed curve cuts itself at 1 or more points
4. Simple closed curve if it cuts itself at only 1 point
5. Polygon is a simple closed curve made of line segments
6. 3 – triangle, 4 – quadrilateral, 5- pentagon, 6- hexagon, 7-
heptagon, 8-octagon, 9- nonagon, 10=decagon
7. Adjacent sides share a common vertex/ endpoint
8. Adjacent vertices share a common side
9. Diagonals join the non adjacent vertices of a polygon
10. Convex polygon if line between any 2 points on it lies
completely inside the polygon
11. Concave polygon if at least 1 line between 2 points on it lies
partially/completely outside the polygon
12. In polygon with more than 3 sides (n) number of diagonals
is n(n-3)/2 . so 2 if n=4, 5 if n=5, 9 if n=6
13. Regular polygon is one with equal sides & equal angles
14. Sum of interior angles of a quadrilateral is 360 degrees
15. Sum of interior angles of a polygon with n sides = (2n-4)
right angles. N=5, 540 deg: n =6, 720 deg
16. In a regular polygon each interior angle is (2n-4/n) x 90
17. The sum of all the exterior angles of a regular convex
polygon is equal to 360 degrees
18. Each exterior angle of a regular polygon = 360/n
19. Trapezium is a quadrilateral with 1 pair of parallel sides
20. Parallelogram is a quadrilateral with both pair as parallel
21. Rectangle is a parallelogram with each angle as 90 deg
22. Square is a rectangle with equal adjacent sides
23. Kite is a quadrilateral with 2 pair of equal adjacent sides &
unequal opposite sides
24. In a parallelogram – square, rectangle, rhombus
A, opposite sides are equal
B, opposite angles are equal
C, diagonals bisect each other
D, opposite sides parallel & equal
E, perimeter is 2( l + b)
F, sum of adjacent angles is 180 deg
25. Sum of internal angles on same side of 2 parallel lines cut
by a transversal is 180 deg
26. Properties of a rhombus
A, all side are equal
B, opposite angles are equal
C, diagonals bisect each other at right angles
 D, adjacent angles of rhombus are supplementary
27. Properties of a rectangle
A, opposite sides equal & parallel
B, each angle is 90 deg
C, diagonals are equal & bisect each other but not
perpendicular
28. Properties of a square
A, all sides are equal
B, all angles are 90 deg
C, diagonals are equal & bisect each other at right angles
29. Properties of a trapezium
A, 1 pair of opposite sides is parallel
B, adjacent angles are supplementary

Construction
1. To construct a quadrilateral, at least 5 parameters should be
known
A, 4 sides & 1 diagonal
B, 3 sides & both diagonals
C, 4 sides & 1 angle
D, 3 sides & 2 included angles
E, 3 angles & 2 included sides
2. Always draw rough sketch 1st & write all dimensions on it

Solid geometry
1. Polyhedron is shape made of regular polygon faces
2. Edges are line segments common to intersecting faces
3. Vertices are points common to intersecting edges
4. Polyhedrons are – cuboid, cube, pyramid, triangular pyramid,
triangular prism
5. Solid shapes but not polyhedron – sphere, cone, cylinder
6. Regular polyhedron – faces of regular polygons & same
number of faces intersect at each vertex
7. Convex polyhedron – a line between any 2 points on it lies
inside the shape
8. Cuboid – faces -6, edges – 12, vertex – 8
9. Cube – faces – 6, edges – 12, vertex – 8
10. Pyramid = faces – 5, edges – 8, vertex – 5
11. Triangular pyramid/tetrahedron – F -4, E- 6, V – 4
12. Triangular prism – F – 5, E – 9, V – 6
13. For polyhedrons F + V = E + 2
14. Prism – side faces are parallelogram, bases – congruent
parallel shapes
15. Axis of prism joins the centre of ends of prisn=m
16. Right prism is sides are perpendicular to ends or else
oblique prism
17. Triangular prism is ends are triangle
18. Right triangular prism if ends are right angle triangles
19. Prism is parallelopiped if ends are parallelogram
20. Pyramid base as polygon of n sides & sides are triangular
with common vertex
21. Right pyramid if perpendicular from vertex joins base at its
central point
22. Regular pyramid if base is a regular polygon
23. Slant height of pyramid is from vertex to midpoint of any
side
24. Triangular pyramid/tetrahedron if base is triangle
25. Quadrilateral pyramid if base is quadrilateral
26. Solid angle at vertex formed by at least 3 faces meeting
27. Only 5 platonic solids/ polyhedron with all equal sides
A, cube
 B, equilateral tetrahedron
C, octahedron = F- 8, E – 12, V – 6
D, icosahedron = F – 20, E – 30, V – 12
E, dodecahedron – F – 12, E – 30, V – 20
28. Euler’s formula = F + V = E + 2
29.
Mensuration
1. 1m2 = 1m x 1m = 100cm x 100cm = 104 cm2 = 100dm2
2. 1 dm2 = 100 cm2
3. 1 dam2 = 100m2 = 1 are ( 1 dam = 10 m)
4. 1 hectare = 104 m2 = 100 are (1 hm = 100m)
2
5. 1 km = 100 hectare
6. Rectangle Square
A, perimeter 2( l + b) 4a
B, area lxb a or ½ diagonal or (perimeter/4)2
2 2

C, diagonal root of l2 + b2 root 2 x a

7. Parallelogram
A, perimeter – 2 ( sum of adjacent sides)
B, area = base x perpendicular height
8. Rhombus
A, area = ½ ( d1 x d2) d1 & d2 are 2 diagonals
B, side = ½ x root of ( d1 x d2)
C, perimeter = 4 x side
9. Triangle
A, area = ½ base x height = (root of 3)/4 x side2
B, height = (root of 3)/2 x side
10. Quadrilateral
A, area = ½ x diagonal x sum of heights of other 2 vertices
from diagonal ( ½ x d x (h1 + h2))
11. Circle – circumference – 2 pi r area – pi r2
12. If a square & rectangle have same perimeter, then square
has the greater area
13. For complex or mixed shapes calculate area separately then
add. If area to be removed calculate all separately & then
subtract
14. Trapezium
A, area = ½ x sum of parallel sides x distance between them
Volume & surface areas
1. Volume of cuboid = l x b x h
2. Volume of cube = l3
3. 1 litre = 1000cm3 = 1 dm3
4. 1 m3 = 1000 litre = 106 cm3
5. Number of items in a box = volume of box / volume of 1 item
6. Surface area of cuboid = 2( l x b + b x h + h x l )
7. Surface area of cube = 6 a2
8. Surface area of 4 walls of room / lateral surface area of cuboid
2 ( l x b) x h or 2 x perimeter of floor x height
9. Right circular cylinder is with parallel circular ends & curved
surface perpendicular to them
10. Cylinder –
A, lateral surface area – 2 pi x r x h
B, surface area of ends - 2 pi r2
C, total surface area – 2 pi r ( r + h)
11. Surface area of hollow cylinder with R ext & r int radius
A, SA of each base = pi x (R2 – r2 )
B, curved SA ( ext + int) = 2 pi h ( R + r)
C, total SA = 2 pi ( R + r) ( h + R – r )
12. Volume of cylinder = pi r2 h
13. Volume of hollow cylinder = pi h ( R2 – r2)
14. Height of embankment = volume dug out/ area of
embankment

Data Handling
1. Array is raw data arranged in ascending or descending order
2. Frequency is number of times a value appears in a data
3. Grouped data if class present
4. Discrete frequency if no overlapping in class distribution &
continuous frequency if overlapping present
 5. Exclusive classifying data when continuous grouping but upper
limit is not included in frequency
6. Inclusive if grouping is not continuous & both upper & lower
limits are included
7. Class interval in inclusive is a – b ( a – upper & b – lower limit)
8. Class interval in exclusive is a – h/2 – b + h/2 where h = lower
limit of a class – upper limit of previous class)
9. Class mark is midpoint of a class
= (upper + lower limit) / 2 or lower + ½ (upper -lower)

Graphical representation
1. Histogram – rectangular boxes with no gap between them.
Height represent frequency & base of box is class interval
2. Pie chart- non intersecting adjacent sectors of a circle with
each sector proportional to magnitude of data
Central angle of sector =(value of sector / sum of all) x 360
3. % value of sector in pie chart = (central angle/360) x 100
4. Value of sector = (central angle/360) x sum of all values

Probability
1. Elementary event – any outcome of a random experiment
2. Compound event – outcome made of more than 1 elementary
event
3. P(A) = m/n m-favourable no. of outcome, n- total outcome
4. 0 </= P(A)</=1 Probability lies between 0 & 1
5. P(A) + P(not A) = 1
6. Total number of outcome of single coin – 2
2 coins = 4
1 dice = 6
 2 dice = 36
1 deck of cards = 52
7. No. of possible outcome = nm if n -no. of outcome with 1 set
and m – number of sets

Graphs
1. Cartesian plane- when x & y coordinates of a point given
2. X coordinate of a point is its distance from the y axis
3. Y coordinate of a point is its distance from the x axis
4. The coordinates of the origin is (0,0)
5. X coordinate of every point on y axis is 0
6. Y coordinate of every point on x axis is 0
7. There are 4 quarters of cartesian plane
15.
16.
17. B A

C D

A – 1st quadrant, x - +ve, y- +ve

B – 2nd quadrant, x - -ve, y - +ve
C- 3rd quadrant. X - -ve. Y -ve
D – 4th quadrant, x - +ve, y- -ve
22.