GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

COIMBATORE-13
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

INTERNSHIP TRAINING ON
POWER SYSTEMS STUDIES USING ETAP AT POWER PROJECTS

Presented by
NIVETHITHA M (2303717741122006)
M.E.-PSE-III SEMESTER
OVERVIEW

❖ During this internship at a power projects company, the opportunity to conduct a

variety of power system studies utilizing the ETAP software, a widely employed tool within
the electric power industry for modelling, analyzing, and optimizing power systems was
provided by the company.

❖ The internship involved carrying out various power system studies, including load flow
analysis, short circuit analysis, and protective device coordination studies, which provided a
deeper understanding of the complex interactions and interdependencies inherent in power
systems.
INTRODUCTION TO ETAP
❖ ETAP (Electrical Transient Analyzer Program) is a comprehensive, industry leading
software suite used for the analysis, design, simulation, and operation of power
systems. It provides utilities, industrial plants, and other power system professionals
with powerful tools to ensure the safe, reliable, and efficient operation of electrical
power systems.
❖ ETAP is known for its capabilities in modeling, analysis, optimization, and real-time
monitoring of electrical networks.
 ETAP INITIALIZATION
On opening the ETAP software the following window opens. To create a new project, go to File New Project

Unit system as per Indian standard metric system of 50Hz is selected. Therefore the system can be modelled
and analysed based on IEC standards for all the power systems analysis,
ETAP WORKSPACE
The Single line diagram is modelled and analysis can be performed for the SLD in the
workspace using the components from library

ETAP POWER SYSTEM STUDIES TOOL BAR

ETAP POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS LIBRARY

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

❖ Power system analyses are an essential part of electrical power system design.
Calculations and simulations of power system analysis are performed to verify that the
electrical system components, are correctly specified to perform as intended, withstand
expected stress, and be protected against failures.

❖ Power Systems Analysis involves not only looking at system stability and resilience for
existing system, but also the impact of connecting a new system. Each new system must be
added safely without compromising system stability.
 STEADY STATE ANALYSIS

POWER SYSTEM
ANALYSIS
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS

ETAP IS USED FOR STEADY STATE ANALYSIS

• Load flow analysis

• Short circuit analysis
• Motor starting analysis
STEADY STATE ANALYSIS • Relay coordination study
• Arc flash study
• Harmonic analysis
LOAD FLOW STUDY USING ETAP

❖ A power-flow study usually uses simplified notations such as a one-line diagram and per-
unit system, and focuses on various aspects of AC power parameters, such as voltages,
voltage angles, real power, and reactive power. It examines power systems in their typical
steady-state configuration.

❖ According to IEEE399, the following information is required for load flow analysis:
➢ Load power consumption at all buses
➢ Electric power system configuration
➢ Network parameters such as RLC parameters of transmission line, transformer
parameter etc.
➢ Power production at each generator.
LOAD FLOW STUDY STANDARDS

IEEE 3002.2-2018 - Recommended Practice for Conducting Load-Flow Studies and Analysis of
Industrial and Commercial Power Systems

IEEE 399-1997 (Brown Book) - IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial Power
Systems Analysis

As per the standard and calculated requirement,

the system is modelled in workspace for LFA using ETAP
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

Power Factor is a measure of how effectively incoming power is used in your electrical system
(energy efficiency) and is defined as the ratio of Real (working) power to Apparent (total) power.
By improving your power factor, you can reduce your electricity costs. POWER FACTOR further
classified into,
•Displacement Power factor
•Distortion Power factor
And the total PF or True PF is the product of Displacement PF and Distortion PF

Total PF or True PF = Displacement PF *Distortion PF

The capacitor banks which are used to improve power factor improvement will only have an
impact on the displacement power factor. The true power factor is improved only if the
distortion power factor is also taken care of. This can be done using harmonic mitigation
techniques.
Consider a 3 MVA, 11KV /0.415 KV transformer with a lumped load of 2.75 MVA connected to a
grid. The load is operated with 0.85,0.90,0.95 and unity PF. The simulations are as below.
Inference from the simulation

• For a lesser PF of load, it reduces the percentage loading of upstream equipment’s. It

increases the stress on the upstream equipment’s. That is the reason if the load is low the
industries are charged with penalty.
• The first two cases are showing the overloading of the transformer since the PF of the load is
low and the next two cases the transformer is not overloaded since the PF of the load is nearer
and unity. In the first two cases the reactive power consumed by the load is more and the it
increases the heating of the equipment’s.
Consider a 3 MVA, 11KV /0.415 KV transformer with a lumped load of 2.75 MVA connected to a
grid. The load is operated with 0.80 PF. A capacitor of 1700 KVAR is connected along with the load.
The simulation results are as below,
Inference from the simulation

• Even though the capacitor of higher rating than load is connected with bus 12, the
capacitor supplies a lesser reactive power.
• As the terminal voltage of the bus connected with the capacitor is only 0.412 KV the
capacitor is not able to supply the rated reactive power.
• The reactive power supply of the capacitor depends on the square of the terminal
voltage, the capacitor bank is not able to supply beyond this value.
Consider a 3 MVA, 11KV /0.433 KV transformer with a lumped load of 2.75 MVA connected to a
grid. The load is operated with 0.80 PF. A capacitor of 1700 KVAR is connected along with the load.
The simulation results are as below,
Inference from the simulation

• As the rating of transformer secondary is increased to 0.433 KV,

the bus terminal voltage is also maintained nearly to that value.
• Now the reactive power injection of the capacitor is more compared
to that of the previous case

Note: The reactive power supplied by the capacitor bank is in an uncontrolled

manner, as it depends upon the voltage at the terminals connected. In other way
FACTS controllers are used to have a controllable supply of reactive power
SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY USING ETAP

A short circuit occurs when an unintended path of low resistance forms between two
points in an electrical circuit, bypassing the intended load. This can result in excessive
current flow, overheating, damage to components, and potentially fire hazards. Proper
circuit protection and insulation are essential to prevent short circuits.

Short circuit may lead to

• Undesirable current flow
• Excessive Magnitude of current
may lead equipment damage.
• Excessive Overvoltage.
• Hazardous to working personnel.
• Generator Out of Step
TYPES OF FAULTS- SC FAULTS
 Why Short Circuit Studies Are Required.
• Short circuit studies are necessary to assess the potential damage determine
protective device setting and ensure system reliability
• To Avoid unnecessary Over design
• To Avoid the insufficient rating of equipment's
• To Optimize the cost with various possibilities
• Selection Of Optimal Transformer Impedance
• Ensure system safety by identifying potential fault
SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY STANDARDS

• IEC 60909-2016: Short circuit current in 3ph.Ac system.

• ANSI IEEE 551-2006: Recommended practice for calculation of short circuit current for
industrial and commercial power system.
• IEC 61363-1998: Short circuit calculation procedure for 3ph. AC system in isolated system.
• ANSI IEEE-3002.3-2018: Recommended for calculation of short circuit current for
industrial and commercial power system.
• AS-3851: Calculation of short circuit current in 3ph.AC system.
• VDE 0102: Calculation of short circuit current in 3ph.AC system.
SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT IN GRID
If 3ɸ and 1ɸ short circuit current are same, then positive sequence impedance, negative sequence
impedance and zero sequence impedance are same
If 1ɸ short circuit current is limited by NEUTRAL GROUNDING RESISTOR, then positive sequence
impedance and negative sequence impedance are same and zero sequence impedance changes.
 SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY RUN OPTIONS IN ETAP

checking the fault current with Running the

IEC60909 for taking the 3 phase fault current and
the single line to ground fault

3Ph fault current

1Ph fault current
SCA INFERENCE: SCA is performed ,

• To find short time rating (STR) of all equipment’s (transformers, cables,

transmission lines, generators, motors, switchgear, CT, CB, etc.)

• For breaking, making and DC breaking requirements of interrupting equipment’s.

• To find voltage raise during the fault

Minimum short circuit current for:

Maximum short circuit current for:
Motor acceleration studies
Short circuit study
Harmonic analysis
Relay co-ordination
Transient stability
Arc flash studies
Transformer energization
RELAY CO-ORDINATION STUDY USING ETAP

❖ Relay coordination refers to the process of selecting, setting, and coordinating protective
relays in an electrical power system to ensure that, in the event of a fault, the relay closest to
the fault operates first, isolating only the affected section of the system. This prevents
unnecessary disruption to the entire electrical network and ensures the continued operation of
unaffected parts of the system.

❖ The goal of relay coordination is to optimize the protection system’s operation while
maintaining system stability and minimizing downtime. This involves selecting relays with
appropriate characteristics (time delay, current settings, etc.) so that faults are cleared quickly
without causing additional issues.
Steps in Relay Coordination

1. System Study: Analyze the system layout, equipment ratings, and fault analysis. This is
essential for determining the protective relay settings.
2. Select Appropriate Relays: Based on the type of fault, system voltage levels, and other
characteristics, appropriate relays (overcurrent, differential, etc.) should be chosen.
3. Set Relay Parameters: Based on the fault analysis, relays should be set with proper time-
current characteristics. This involves configuring the time delay settings and current pickup
settings.
4. Coordinate the Relays: The settings should be coordinated so that the relay closest to the fault
will operate first. This may involve adjusting time delays to ensure selective tripping.
5. Testing and Simulation: Before implementation, relay settings should be tested and verified
using simulation tools or test equipment to ensure that the coordination works as expected.
MODELLING AND CO-ORDINATION OF RELAYS
SCA results are obtained before modelling relay co-ordination for selecting proper ratings for
co-ordination equipments and settings
If the fault is given in load side , the relay near to
the load senses and trip the CB first, then the
nearby load relays and followed by transformer
downstream and upstream relay – CB tripping
 CONCLUSION
Inference obtained after performing load flow, short circuit studies and relay co-ordination,
the results are observed to be;

• Load flow → continuous rating of equipment

• Short circuit → short time rating of equipment

• Protection coordination → short time duration of equipment

The future of power system studies using ETAP is promising, with a wide range of benefits
to society. As the global energy landscape evolves, ETAP will continue to be a valuable tool in
ensuring that power systems are reliable, efficient, and sustainable. Its role in integrating
renewable energy, optimizing grid operation, and supporting the development of smart grids and
energy storage systems will be key to building a more resilient, affordable, and environmentally
friendly energy future.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY