Anomalous bulk-edge correspondence of nonlinear Rice-Mele model

Chenxi Bai1 and Zhaoxin Liang1, ∗

1
Department of Physics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
Bulk-edge correspondence (BEC) constitutes a fundamental concept within the domain of topolog-
ical physics, elucidating the profound interplay between the topological invariants that characterize
the bulk states and the emergent edge states. A recent highlight along this research line consists of
establishing BEC under the eigenvalue’s nonlinearity in a linear Hamiltonian by introducing aux-
iliary eigenvalues [T. Isobe et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 126601 (2024)]. The purpose of this
work aims to extend Isobe’s analysis to uncover BEC of eigenvalue’s nonlinearity in intrinsic nonlin-
ear Hamiltonians. To achieve this, we numerically solve the nonlinear Rice-Mele (RM) model and
arXiv:2501.02478v1 [cond-mat.quant-gas] 5 Jan 2025

identify two distinct types of nonlinear eigenvalues: the intrinsically nonlinear eigenvalues and the
eigenvalue’s nonlinearity introduced through the incorporation of auxiliary eigenvalues. Further-
more, we establish a novel form of BEC based on these auxiliary nonlinear eigenvalues, which we
term the anomalous BEC of a nonlinear physical system. The concept of the anomalous BEC defined
herein provides a novel perspective on the intricate interplay between topology and nonlinearity in
the context of BEC.

I. INTRODUCTION states in these systems.

In the recent work [64], the authors have ventured into
The bulk-edge correspondence (BEC) stands as a cor- the realm of eigenvalue nonlinearity [64–70] within the
nerstone principle in topological physics [1–3], positing context of linear Hamiltonians. Their exploration offers
that the topological invariants of bulk states, such as a fresh perspective on the BEC in the nonlinear quantum
the Chern number, determine the number and nature of domain. A notable finding is that, when the nonlinearity
edge states. There is currently a surge of interest in ex- is weak but not negligible, the topological edge states of
ploring the BEC across a diverse spectrum of physical the auxiliary eigenstates are inherited as physical edge
systems [4–26], including interdisciplinary areas like me- states. This discovery underscores the deep connection
teorological systems [27]. The fascination with the BEC between the auxiliary eigenvalues and physical systems.
stems from two primary drivers. Firstly, within topo- The work carries significant physical implications. It sug-
logical physics [28–39], the BEC is a hallmark feature gests that the method of introducing auxiliary eigenval-
of topological materials [40, 41], encompassing topolog- ues can be generalized to systems belonging to differ-
ical insulators, topological semimetals, and topological ent symmetry classes and dimensions, opening up new
superconductors. It serves as a pivotal method for iden- avenues for understanding and exploring the BEC in a
tifying and characterizing these materials. Secondly, the wider range of physical systems.
BEC not only sheds light on the intrinsic connection be- Despite the groundbreaking insights offered by the
tween bulk and edge states but also lays the theoretical aforementioned study, its focus is restricted to eigen-
groundwork for the application of topological materials. value’s nonlinearity within the framework of linear
For example, in fields such as quantum computing [42– Hamiltonians. This naturally prompts the inquiry: What
44] and spintronics [45], harnessing the edge states of is the nature of the BEC in the realm of nonlinear Hamil-
topological materials facilitates low-loss and highly sta- tonians [71, 72] that exhibit nonlinear eigenvalues? This
ble electron and spin transport. To date, the BEC has question stands as a fertile ground for exploration, as
predominantly been explored within the realm of linear it holds the promise of uncovering novel mechanisms and
quantum systems [46, 47]. phenomena within the topological landscape of nonlinear
Extending our understanding beyond linear quantum systems.
systems, the intricate interplay between topology and In this work, we shift our focus to the nonlinear-
many-body effects [48–53] in quantum systems gives rise ity of the eigenvalues within nonlinear Rice-Mele (RM)
to a rich tapestry of topological many-body phenomena. Hamiltonians, offering a distinct perspective compared
This interplay has been the subject of intensive investiga- to Ref. [64]. Our investigation encompasses not only the
tion in both fermionic [54–58] and bosonic systems [59– eigenvalue spectrum but also the BEC. Utilizing numer-
63]. These efforts are fueled by the rapid advancements ical methods, we delve into how nonlinearity influences
in programmable materials and the increasing integra- the stability of edge states, adopting an approach similar
tion of topological principles into practical applications. to Ref. [73]. To achieve this, we numerically solve the
A natural and compelling extension of this research is to nonlinear RM model and identify two distinct types of
delve into how the interplay between nonlinearity (or in- nonlinear eigenvalues: the intrinsically nonlinear eigen-
teractions more broadly) and topology influences the be- values of nonlinear RM model and the auxiliary nonlin-
havior of BEC. This line of inquiry promises to uncover ear eigenvalues introduced through the concept of auxil-
new insights into the fundamental properties of BEC and iary eigenvalues. Furthermore, we establish a novel form
may pave the way for the discovery of novel topological of BEC based on these auxiliary nonlinear eigenvalues,
 2

At the mean-field level, our model system can be well

TABLE I. Summary of four kinds of eigenvalues of linear and
described by the nonlinear RM Hamiltonian [50, 75–87]
nonlinear Hamiltonian.
as follows
Equation Problem definition Ref. 2N
(
h i
X
Ĥlin Ψ = EΨ Eigenvalue Ref. [74] Hnon = − J + (−1)n δ sin (ωt) (Ψ∗n Ψn+1 + h.c.)
n=1
Ĥnon Ψ = µΨ Nonlinear eigenvalue Ref. [75] 2N 2N
)
X gX 4
Ĥlin Ψ = ωS(ω)Ψ Eigenvalue nonlinearity Ref. [64] − ∆ cos (ωt) (−1)n Ψ∗n Ψn − |Ψn | . (1)
n=1
2 n=1
ĤnonΨ= ωS(ω)Ψ Anomalous eigenvalue nonlinearity This work
In Hamiltonian (1), the [Ψn , Ψn+1 ] denotes the wave
function of the dimer located at site n [two atoms in
one unit cell]. The J is the uniform hopping am-
which we term the ‘anomalous BEC’ of a nonlinear phys- plitude, the δ sin(ωt) is the time-dependent dimeriza-
ical system. The notion of ‘anomalous’ introduced here tion order, and therefore the terms [−J − δ sin(ωt)]
provides fresh insights into the interplay between topol- and [−J + δ sin(ωt)] represent the intracell and intercell
ogy and nonlinearity in the context of BEC. coupling, respectively. The ∆ cos(ωt) labels the time-
The organizational structure of this paper is outlined dependent staggered sublattice potential, and the g rep-
as follows: In Sec. II, we provide a thorough introduc- resents the strength of the focusing Kerr-like nonlinear-
tion to the RM Hamiltonian. In Sec. III, four different ity [75]. Furthermore, the ω in Hamiltonian (1), repre-
types of eigenvalue problems are defined. In particular, senting the modulation frequency, is be sufficiently small
directly inspiring by Ref. [64], we give the definition of to ensure adiabatic evolution. Finally, we remark that
the anomalous eigenvalue’s nonlinearity for the nonlin- Hamiltonian (1) is of immediate relevance in the context
ear RM Hamiltonian and establish a novel form of BEC of recent experiments [50] for investigating interaction-
based on these auxiliary nonlinear eigenvalues. Sec. IV induced Thouless pumping in a dynamical superlattice.
investigate the effects of nonlinear intensity and model The purpose and emphasis of this work is to extend
parameter on the BEC of nonlinear RM model, elucidat- theoretical framework about the eigenvalue’s nonlinear-
ing how these factors affect the system’s behavior. Fi- ity and the corresponding BEC of linear Hamiltonian in
nally, in Sec. V, we summarize the main results of our Ref. [64] to the counterpart of nonlinear cases, i. e. the
investigation. anomalous eigenvalue’s nonlinearity and the correspond-
ing anomalous BEC based on the nonlinear RM Hamil-
tonian (1). In this end, we proceed to obtain equations
II. NONLINEAR RICE-MELE MODEL of motion of nonlinear RM Hamiltonian (1) by variation
of the Hamiltonian (1) as i∂Ψj /∂t = δH/δΨ∗j which are
In this work, we are interested in a one-dimensional described by the following set of nonlinear Schrödinger
interacting bosonic chain consisting of N dimer units [1]. equations for j = 0, 1, ...N − 1,

∂Ψ2j h
2
i
i = − (J + δ sin ωt) Ψ2j+1 − (J + δ sin ωt) Ψ2j−1 − ∆ cos ωt + g |Ψ2j | Ψ2j , (2)
∂t
∂Ψ2j+1 h
2
i
i = − (J + δ sin ωt) Ψ2j − (J + δ sin ωt) Ψ2j+2 + ∆ cos ωt − g |Ψ2j+1 | Ψ2j+1 . (3)
∂t

Nonlinear eigenvalue of the nonlinear Hamiltonian de- III. ANOMALOUS EIGENVALUE’S

fined as Ĥnon Ψ = µΨ can be obtained by plugging NONLINEARITY OF NONLINEAR RICE-MELE
Ψ → Ψeiµt/ℏ into Eqs. (2) and (3). We note that Eqs. HAMILTONIAN
(2) and (3) constitute a class of time-dependent Gross-
Pitaevskii equations, or alternatively, discrete nonlinear A. Four kinds of eigenvalues of linear and
Schrödinger equations. These equations provide a pow- nonlinear Hamiltonian
erful framework for describing the dynamical behavior
of Bose-Einstein condensates within an ultracold quan-
tum gas [50], as well as the propagation characteristics In Sec. II, we presented the nonlinear RM Hamilto-
of pulsed light through arrays of waveguides [75]. nian (1) along with the associated discrete nonlinear
Schrödinger equations (2) and (3). The objective of
Sec. III is to undertake a thorough examination of the lin-
ear and nonlinear eigenvalue problems pertinent to both
 3

(a1) (b1) (c1) (d1)

µ
E

(a2) (b2) (c2) (d2)

X

X

X

X
FIG. 1. Nonlinear eigenvalue of nonlinear RM Hamiltonian defined in the second line of Table I and nonlinear Thouless
pumping of soltion. (a1)-(d1): Band structures of the nonlinear eigenvalues for the nonlinear RM Hamiltonian (1), (a2)-(d2):
The expected position of the soliton as a function of time over a single period. The parameters are fixed as J = 1, δ = 0.5,
∆ = 1, T = 2000π and ω = 10−3 . (a1)-(d1) [(a2)-(d2)]: The interaction strengths are set to g = 0, g = 1, g = 5 and g = 10,
respectively.

the linear and nonlinear Hamiltonians of Eq. (1), draw- tion has ushered in new avenues for exploring topological
ing direct inspiration from Ref. [64]. Table I offers a transport and BEC. A quintessential example is the non-
comprehensive overview of the definitions of these prob- linear Thouless pumping [48]. In this context, nonlinear-
lems, serving as a crucial reference for understanding the ity plays a pivotal role in quantizing transport through
progression from linear to nonlinear eigenvalue problems the formation of solitons and spontaneous symmetry-
within Hamiltonian systems. breaking bifurcations (see Figs. 1(b2), (c2), and (d2)).
We provide an outline of the four distinct types of For weak nonlinearity, the motion of the soliton becomes
eigenvalue problems, which are summarized in Table I, topologically quantized, as illustrated in Figs. 1(b2).
as follows: Specifically, the BEC of the nonlinear RM Hamiltonian
(1) exhibits a quantized displacement by two lattice sites
(i) Eigenvalue of linear Hamiltonian (Ĥlin Ψ = EΨ) as
per cycle (see Fig. 1(b2)), which is directly linked to
summarized in the first line of Table I: The nonlinear
the topology of the underlying band structures (see Fig.
RM Hamiltonian (1) simplifies to a linear form when the
1(b1)). In contrast, no such quantized pumping of soli-
nonlinearity parameter g is set to zero. In this case, the
tons occurs when g = 0, as shown in Fig. 1(a2). As the
entire parameter space is spanned by δ and ∆. The BEC
nonlinearity strength g increases, self-intersecting bands
of the linear RM Hamiltonian exhibits bulk properties
emerge in the intermediate nonlinear regime with the ap-
along with two edge states, as depicted in Fig. 1(a1).
pearance of the loop structure [88] as shown in Fig. 1(c1),
The topological invariant relevant for charge pumping
leading to a pumping effect that persists but is no longer
is the Berry phase of the lowest band, which becomes
quantized, as observed in Fig. 1(c2). When the nonlin-
singular at the origin of the δ-∆ plane [1]. Specifically,
earity further intensifies into the strong nonlinear regime
a trajectory that encloses this singularity corresponds to
(see Fig. 1(d1)) and the self-trapped phenomenon is sup-
a nonzero Berry phase and pumps two charges to the
posed to occur [89], the soliton dynamics are suppressed,
neighboring unit cell per pump cycle (equivalent to two
resulting in the cessation of the pumping effect, as de-
atoms in one dimer unit). Conversely, if the trajectory
picted in Fig. 1(d2).
does not enclose the singularity, the Berry phase is zero,
and consequently, the pumped charge is also zero. (iii) Eigenvalue’s nonlinearity in a linear Hamiltonian
(ii) Nonlinear eigenvalue of the nonlinear Hamiltonian as summarized in the third line of Table I: This scenario
(Ĥnon Ψ = µΨ) as summarized in the second line of Ta- introduces a novel concept where the eigenvalues exhibit
ble I: This eigenvalue problem is derived by substituting a state-variable-dependent nonlinearity. The eigenvalue
Ψ → Ψeiµt/ℏ into Eqs. (2) and (3). The nonlinear RM equation is given by Ĥlin Ψ = ωS(ω)Ψ, where ω is not
Hamiltonian (1), characterized by a nonzero nonlinear- a simple scalar but a function related to a parameter
ity parameter g, gives rise to a plethora of interaction- within the linear Hamiltonian Hlin . Remarkably, Ref.
induced phenomena that have no counterpart in the lin- [64] has shown that when the nonlinearity is weak but
ear regime. The synergy between topology and interac- finite, the topological edge states of the auxiliary eigen-
 4

states are topologically inherited as physical edge states. We remark that the auxiliary eigenvalue λ does not carry
This inheritance occurs when the auxiliary eigenvalues physical significance in the general case, with the notable
are monotonic with respect to the physical eigenvalues. exception when λ = 0. Hence, the core problem reduces
This finding establishes a BEC in systems with eigen- to determining the solution of Eq. (6) specifically at λ =
value nonlinearity, highlighting the profound implications 0.
of such nonlinearity on the topological properties of the (iii) Finally, the overlap matrix S appearing in Eq. (4),
system. which exhibits a dependence on the nonlinear parameter
(iv) Anomalous eigenvalue’s nonlinearity of nonlinear ω, is constructed in the following manner:
Hamiltonian in the fourth line of Table I: This scenario  
extends the concept of eigenvalue nonlinearity from lin- S0 0 0 0
ear Hamiltonians in Ref. [64] to their nonlinear counter-  0 S0 0 0 
S (ω) =  , (7)
 
parts, which is referred as the anomalous eigenvalue’s  0 0 ... 0 
nonlinearity of nonlinear Hamiltonian. The definition 0 0 0 S0
given by Ĥnon Ψ = ωS(ω)Ψ represents a generalization
where the Hamiltonian is nonlinear. This equation mod- with S0 being a diagonal matrix given by:
els systems with anharmonic potentials, where energy  
levels and wave functions are intricately intertwined in 1 − MS (ω) 0
S0 = , (8)
a nonlinear fashion, providing a richer framework for un- 0 1 + MS (ω)
derstanding quantum states.
and MS (ω) is defined as MS (ω) = M1 tanh (ωt) /ω. It is
worth noting that the aforementioned three steps outline
B. Eigenvalue’s nonlinearity and the corresponding the general strategy for deriving the anomalous eigen-
bulk-edge correspondence value nonlinearity associated with a nonlinear Hamilto-
nian, as exemplified in the fourth row of Table I.
In the preceding subsection (III A), we presented an We are now in a position to investigate how the inter-
overview of four distinct categories of eigenvalue prob- action, characterized by the parameter g in the Hamil-
lems, which are concisely summarized in Table I. In the tonian (1), influences the anomalous eigenvalue nonlin-
subsequent subsection (III B), we adopt the methodology earity. This will be achieved by numerically solving Eqs.
detailed in Ref. [64] to delve into the anomalous nonlin- (6). Furthermore, we will demonstrate that the topo-
earity of the eigenvalues within the nonlinear RM Hamil- logical edge states of the auxiliary eigenstates are topo-
tonian (1) and its corresponding BEC. Our strategy for logically inherited as physical edge states by numerically
examining this anomalous eigenvalue nonlinearity in the solving Eqs. (2) and (3).
nonlinear RM Hamiltonian (1) and BEC, given the un- As a preliminary step in solving Eqs. (6), we fix the
derlying nonlinearity of the eigenvalues, involves the uti- parameters J = 1, δ = 0.5, M1 = 0.5. Throughout our
lization of auxiliary eigenvalues, as outlined below: calculations, we consider a system comprising N = 100
(i) The anomalous eigenvalue’s nonlinearity of nonlin- unit cells (corresponding to 2N = 200 qRsites) and ini-
ear RM Hamiltonian (1) is defined as tialize the wave function as Ψ0 = ψ0 / |ψ0 |2 dx with
Hnon (ω, t) Ψ = ωS (ω, t) Ψ, (4) ψ0 = cosh−1 [|x − 100| /5]. Using these parameters, we
numerically determine the auxiliary λ-spectrum for var-
In Equation (4), the time-dependent H (ω, t) represents ious interaction strengths g, as depicted in Fig. 2(a1)-
the Hermitian matrix corresponding to the nonlinear RM (d1). Upon introducing nonlinear eigenvalues, we observe
Hamiltonian (1). The symbol Ψ denotes the nonlinear that the upper boundary of the lower bulk band and the
eigenfunction. Moreover, the S (ω, t) is the overlap ma- lower boundary of the upper bulk band no longer remain
trix, and ω serves as the parameter that characterizes flat. Instead, they exhibit fluctuations in both upward
the anomalous nonlinearity compared with the intrinsic and downward directions. Notably, the direction of these
nonlinearity of g in the nonlinear RM Hamiltonian (1) . fluctuations coincides with the direction of the opposite
(ii) Next, we proceed to introduce the matrix P (ω, k) boundary within their respective bulk regions. In con-
as follows: trast to the case with linear eigenvalues, the behaviors
of the edge states and soliton states remain largely un-
P (ω, k) = Hnon (ω, k) − ωS (ω, k) . (5) changed, which will be discussed below.
From Equation (5), the solution satisfying the equation Next, we proceed to investigate the impact of the in-
P (ω, k) Ψ = 0 is equivalent to that of the nonlinear equa- teraction parameter g on BEC by studyingP the evolution
2
tion presented in Eq. (4). In order to gain a more pro- of the position expectation value ⟨X⟩ = j j|Ψj | for
found understanding of the BEC model encapsulated by the soliton state over a single adiabatic cycle. To achieve
this nonlinear equation, we introduce an auxiliary eigen- this, we numerically solve Eqs. (2) and (3), employing
value λ, where λ is an element of the real numbers R. two distinct methodologies. In the first approach, we de-
termine the soliton at time t through an iterative process,
P (ω, k) Ψ = λΨ. (6) aiming to reach the steady state. The starting point for
 5

(a1) (b1) (c1) (d1)

λ
λ

λ
λ
(a2) (b2) (c2) (d2)
X

X

X

X
FIG. 2. Eigenvalue’s nonlinearity of nonlinear RM Hamiltonian defined the last line of Table I and nonlinear Thouless pumping
of soltion. (a1)-(d1): The auxiliary λ-spectrum for the nonlinear RM Hamiltonian (1). (a2)-(d2): The anticipated position of
the nonlinear excitation of soliton as a function of time over one period. The parameters are fixed at J = 1, δ = 0.5, ∆ = 1,
T = 2000π and ω = 10−3 . Specifically, (a1)-(d1) and their corresponding (a2)-(d2) panels represent interaction strengths of
g = 0, g = 1, g = 5 and g = 10, respectively.

each iteration is the instantaneous soliton obtained from tonian systems, emphasizing their vital role in modeling
the previous time step. In the second method, we obtain complex quantum states described by non-harmonic po-
the soliton at time t by directly applying a given initial tentials. By introducing an auxiliary eigenvalue λ, we
soliton and solving the equation for the time evolution derive the time-energy spectrum of λ and investigate the
of the wavefunction using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta temporal evolution of the expectation value of the posi-
method. It is important to highlight that when the eigen- tion for the ground state. Our findings reveal that the
values of the RM model transition to nonlinear eigenval- inclusion of nonlinear eigenvalues primarily influences the
ues, the pumping behavior of the system exhibits signifi- pump transmission and stability of the ground state soli-
cant changes. Specifically, at g = 0, the pump transport tons.
oscillates near the initial point, as shown in Fig. 2(a2).
As the interaction strength increases to g = 1 and g = 5,
the system demonstrates pump transport phenomena. It IV. NONLINEAR BULK-EDGE
is essential to note that when g = 1, the pump trans- CORRESPONDENCE
port value for one period deviates from 2, as depicted in
Fig. 2(b2). Furthermore, when the interaction strength
continues to rise to g = 5, the soliton wave dynamical In the preceding Sec. III, we examined four distinct
evolve within a period decreases more pronounced, as eigenvalue problems and computed the anomalous non-
depicted in Fig. 2(c2). Consistent with the original RM linear eigenvalue problem for the nonlinear RM Hamil-
model, when g = 10, the pumping ceases to operate in tonian (1), obtaining its λ-spectrum and the pumping
the RM model with the nonlinear eigenvalue problem, as diagram for the ground state. Following this, Sec. IV
illustrated in Fig. 2(d2). presents a comprehensive analysis of how the parameter
∆ influences the anomalous nonlinear eigenvalue problem
Finally, note that this section provides a thorough ex- in the nonlinear RM Hamiltonian (1).
amination of the eigenvalue problem in Hamiltonian sys- To gain a deeper understanding of the anomalous non-
tems, contrasting the linear and nonlinear cases. Linear linear eigenvalues in the nonlinear RM Hamiltonian (1),
Hamiltonians serve as the cornerstone for determining we investigate the influence of two key parameters: the
energy states in both classical and quantum mechanics. interaction strength g and the model parameter ∆, on
In contrast, nonlinear Hamiltonians, which depend on its energy spectrum. We begin by setting the interac-
the magnitude of the wave function, introduce more in- tion strength g to 0, allowing us to observe the effect
tricate challenges. We also discuss how the incorpora- of varying the model parameter ∆ on the eigenvalue of
tion of eigenvalue terms that depend on state variables the nonlinearity energy spectrum. Next, we introduce
enriches linear Hamiltonian systems, giving rise to phe- the interaction strength g. Given that the adiabatic pro-
nomena such as level crossing. Furthermore, we extend cess remains valid only in the regimes of weak and strong
the concept of nonlinear eigenvalues to nonlinear Hamil- interactions, this paper focuses exclusively on these two
 6

(a1) (b1) (a) π (b) π

π/2 π/2

0 0
λ

ω
–π/2 –π/2

–π –π

(a2) (b2) (c) π (d)

π/2

ω
ω
λ

–π/2

–π

FIG. 3. Effects of parameter ∆ and g on the auxiliary λ-

FIG. 4. (a)-(c): Characterize the relationship between time
spectrum defined in Eq. (6) for the nonlinear RM Hamil-
t and frequency ω at λ = 0 for the RM model with g =
tonian (1).The parameters are fixed at J = 1, δ = 0.5,
2. Parameter ∆ are set to ∆ = 1, ∆ = 0.5, and ∆ = 0,
T = 2000π and ω = 10−3 . Other parameters are given as
respectively. (d): The Chern numbers calculated for each ∆
(a1): g = 0, ∆ = 0.5; (a2): g = 0, ∆ = 0; (b1): g = 10,
and ω, red indicates a Chern number C = 1; blue indicates
∆ = 0.5; (b2): g = 10, ∆ = 0.
C = 0; green indicates C = −1.

cases. However, since the graphical representation for

weak interactions is less pronounced, we opt to explore a specific focus on its effect on the t − ω relationship,
the case of strong interaction, setting g = 10 as an illus- we will generatet − ω diagrams for a range of ∆ values
trative example. while maintaining λ = 0. Meanwhile, it is worth high-
In the first scenario, we consider the case where the lighting that soliton states emerge independently of the
interaction strength g is set to 0. As the model param- specific value of ∆. Moreover, the count of soliton states
eter ∆ is decreased from an initial value of 1 to 0.5, the escalates with the interaction strength g. To facilitate a
intersection points of the edge states gradually shift to clearer understanding, we focus our examination on the
the right, ultimately aligning with the end of a period, scenario where g = 2, which results in the presence of
as illustrated in Fig. 3(a1). It is worth noting that these two soliton states, thereby enabling a more straightfor-
intersection points correspond to λ = 0. As ∆ is fur- ward analysis and observation of our findings.
ther reduced from 0.5 towards 0, the edge states tend to We proceed to plot the t − ω diagrams for different
align in parallel, and the points where λ = 0 diminish. values of ∆ (∆ = 1, ∆ = 0.5, and ∆ = 0), as shown in
Concurrently, the bandgap near the initial time position Figs. 4(a)-(c) under the conditions of λ = 0 and g = 2.
progressively narrows, eventually closing completely at When ∆ = 1, the edge states exhibit a pronounced turn-
∆ = 0. At this point, a new λ = 0 point emerges, as ing point, as illustrated in Fig.4(a), which is in accor-
depicted in Fig. 3(b1). dance with the edge state crossing observed in Fig.2(a1).
In the second scenario, we examine the case where the In contrast, for ∆ = 0.5, the edge states cease to display
interaction strength g is set to 10. As the model param- any turning behavior, as depicted in Fig.4(b). This ob-
eter ∆ is decreased from an initial value of 1 to 0.5, the servation aligns with the convergence of edge states at
intersection points of the edge states shift towards the the conclusion of the time period shown in Fig.3(a1) and
end of the period, mirroring the behavior observed when (a2), hinting at the occurrence of a nonlinear topological
g = 0, as illustrated in Fig. 3(a2). As ∆ is further re- phase transition. Lastly, when ∆ = 0, the edge states
duced from 0.5 towards 0, the edge states in the latter remain uncrossed and retain a parallel configuration, as
half of the period begin to diverge, and the λ = 0 point demonstrated in Fig.4(c). This result is consistent with
becomes a singular point. At ∆ = 0.3285, an additional the parallel edge states observed in Fig.3(b1) and (b2).
edge state emerges in the first half of the period, accom- To elucidate the observed variations in the edge and
panied by the appearance of a new soliton state in the soliton states presented in the aforementioned figures, we
vicinity of the ground state. Upon further reducing ∆ to employ the topological invariant of the system, namely
0, we obtain the band structure shown in Fig. 3(b2). the Chern number associated with the RM model. The
To investigate the influence of the model parameter ∆ Chern number for the first non-degenerate band of a two-
on the nonlinearity of the anomalous eigenvalue associ- dimensional system is mathematically defined as the in-
ated with the nonlinear RM Hamiltonian (Eq. (1)), with tegral of the Berry curvature over the entire Brillouin
 7

zone, which can be expressed as follows [1, 64] intricately connected to the Chern number. When g = 0
and |∆| > 0.5, the Chern number adopts non-zero values,
Z 2π Z T and the model undergoes a nonlinear topological phase
1 h
⃗ ,
i
C1 = dk dt ∇R⃗ × A1 (R) (9) transition precisely at ∆ = 0.5. The phase diagram in
2π 0 0
the ∆−ω parameter space delineates the boundaries sep-
⃗ = i⟨Ψ1 (⃗k, t)|∇⃗ |Ψ1 (⃗k, t)⟩ is the Berry con- arating topologically nontrivial and trivial phases. The
where A1 (R) k intersections of these phases at specific ω values unveil
nection for the ground state, |Ψ1 (⃗k, t)⟩ is the auxiliary alterations in the edge states, further underscoring the
eigenstate of the ground state, and R ⃗ represents the in- intricate interplay between the Chern number and the
⃗
tegration boundaries, specifically R = [0; 2π] × [0; T ]. In band structure of the nonlinear RM model.
the RM model at g = 0, with the parameter ω fixed at
10−3 , it is observed that the Chern number adopts non-
zero values when |∆| > 0.5. Our numerical computations V. CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK
reveal that the ground state band presented in Fig. 2(a1)
exhibits a Chern number of C1 = 1. In contrast, the This work delves into the behavior of the RM model
ground state as shown in Fig. 3(b1) shows a Chern num- across varying degrees of nonlinearity, unveiling the in-
ber of C1 = 0. In particular, the ground state as showed tricate interplay between topological attributes and non-
in Fig. 3(a1) shows the critical points of Chern number. linear dynamical processes. The research unequivocally
These results strongly indicate a profound correlation be- demonstrates a transition from a linear Hamiltonian
tween the value of the Chern number and the count of regime, typified by a topological insulator harboring pro-
points where λ = 0. tected edge states, to a regime manifesting solitons and
To delve deeper into the connection between the Chern nonlinear pumping phenomena upon the introduction of
number and the band structure of the anomalous eigen- nonlinearity. By incorporating an auxiliary eigenvalue λ,
value’s nonlinearity of nonlinear RM model, we construct the study offers a novel vantage point on the time-energy
a phase diagram in the ∆ − ω parameter space, as shown spectrum and the temporal progression of the ground
in Fig. 4(d). This phase diagram encapsulates two dis- state, underscoring the pivotal role of the nonlinear eigen-
tinct phases of the nonlinear RM model: a topologically value in governing pumping transport and stability.
nontrivial phase characterized by a nonzero Chern num- The study elucidates the anomalous conduct of the
ber C1 (represented by red and yellow regions), and a nonlinear RM model, showcasing its capacity to modu-
topologically trivial phase C1 = 1, while the yellow re- late edge states within the time-energy spectrum through
gion corresponds to C1 = −1. By fixing ω = 10−3 and adjustments to the parameter ∆. Notably, the model
drawing the corresponding line on the phase diagram, undergoes a nonlinear topological phase transition at
we can identify the intersection points with the phase ∆ = 0.5, with the Chern number serving as a crucial
boundaries as the locations where changes occur in the indicator of topological metamorphoses. The phase dia-
edge states. These observations underscore a profound gram in the ∆ − ω parameter space distinctly demarcates
connection between the band structure of the nonlinear topologically nontrivial and trivial phases, and the inter-
RM model and the Chern number. sections of these phases at specific ω values provide in-
Therefore, it is concluded that the eigenvalue’s nonlin- valuable insights into the alterations in edge states. This
earity of nonlinear RM model exhibits a remarkable capa- work constitutes a substantial contribution to the com-
bility to modulate the behavior of edge states within the prehension of the RM model’s behavior under nonlinear
time-energy spectrum through the adjustment of the pa- conditions, revealing the myriad phenomena that emerge
rameter ∆. Specifically, when g = 0, a decrease in ∆ from from the synergy of nonlinearity and topology. The find-
1 to 0.5 induces a rightward shift in the intersections of ings carry profound implications for the design of topo-
edge states during the latter portion of the period. As ∆ logical insulators and the manipulation of edge states in
continues to diminish towards 0, these intersections grad- quantum systems, opening up promising avenues for fu-
ually diminish, ultimately culminating in the closure of ture research endeavors and technological advancements.
the band gap at t = 0 when ∆ = 0. Similarly, for g = 10, Acknowledgements – We thank Ying Hu, Yapeng
analogous behavior is observed. However, a distinctive Zhang, Nan Li, Shujie Cheng, Chenhui Yan, and Biao Wu
phenomenon emerges at ∆ = 0.3285, characterized by for stimulating discussions and useful help. This work
the appearance of additional bands. This manifestation was supported by the National Natural Science Foun-
is evidenced by the emergence of an extra soliton state in dation of China (Grants No. 12074344, No. 12374246)
proximity to the ground state and the appearance of edge and the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation
states during the first half of the period, both of which are (Grant No. LZ21A040001).

∗
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