Unit 5 – The environment

GRAMMAR
A. MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ - RELATIVE CLAUSES
Mệnh đề quan hệ nối tiếp
Mệnh đề quan hệ nối tiếp dùng để giải thích cả một câu, trường hợp này chỉ dùng đại từ quan hệ
which và dùng dấu phẩy để tách hai mệnh đề. Mệnh đề này luôn đứng ở cuối câu.
Ví dụ:
He sent me a bunch of flowers, which made me surprised.
Mệnh đê quan hệ rút gọn
Mệnh đề quan hệ có thể rút gọn theo bốn cách:
1. Using participle phrases (sử dụng hiện tại phân từ - V-ing)
- Dùng khi đại từ quan hệ đóng vai trò làm chủ ngữ và động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở
thể chủ động.
- Ta dùng present participle phrase thay cho mệnh đề đó (bỏ đại từ quan hệ và trự động
từ, đưa động từ
chính về nguyên mẫu rồi thêm -ing).
Ví dụ:
- The man who is sitting next to you is my uncle.
= The man sitting next to you is my uncle.
- Do you know the man who asked me the way to the bank?
= Do you know the man asking me the way to the bank?
2. Using past participle phrases (sử dụng quá khử phân từ - Vp2)
- Dùng khi đại từ quan hệ đóng vai trò làm chủ ngữ và động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở
thể bị động.
- Ta dùng past participle phrase thay cho mệnh đề đó (bỏ đại từ quan hệ, trợ động từ và
bắt đầu cụm từ bằng past participle).
Ví dụ:
The students who were punished by the teacher are lazy.
 The students punished by the teacher are lazy.
3. Using "to infinitive" or "infinitive phrase" (for sb to do)
a. Khi đại từ quan hệ thay thế cho các từ có chứa số thứ tự như: first, second, next, third...
last, only và so sánh nhất
Ví dụ:
- She was the last person that was interviewed this morning.
 She was the last person to be interviewed this morning.
- She is the most suitable person who can take on this job.
 She is the most suitable person to take on this job.
b. Câu bắt đầu bằng: here, there
Ví dụ:
There is a good restaurant where we can eat good food.
 There is a good restaurant for us to eat good food. Here is the form that you must fill in.
 Here is the form for you to fill in.

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4. Using noun phrases (cụm danh từ)

Mệnh đề quan hệ không xách định có thể được rút gọn bằng cách dùng cụm danh từ.
Ví dụ:
- Mrs Flora, who is a rich businesswoman, will sponsor our competition.
= Mrs Flora, a rich businesswoman, will sponsor our competition.
- I live in Hanoi, which is the capital of Vietnam.
= I live in Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam.

B. V + to-V/V-ing
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form, to-infinitive, infinitive without to or
-ing form.
1 A: Can you imagine ____________________ (not/live) in the city?
B: I can; in fact I miss ____________________ (spend) more time in the countryside.
2 A: Would you prefer ____________________ (cycle) to work tomorrow?
B: Yes. I avoid ____________________ (drive) to the city centre in the morning.
3 A: On my way home, I saw someone ____________________ (feed) a stray kitten.
B: Did you offer ____________________ (help) them find a home for it?
4 A: I can’t help ____________________ (get) upset when I see people drop litter.
B: Me too. I can’t stand people ____________________ (throw) litter on the streets.
5 A: Are you free today? Will your mum let you ____________________ (come) with us to
the park?
B: Mum asked me ____________________ (take) some things to the recycling centre, but
I’m free now.
6 I don’t remember ____________________ (put) these plastic containers in the bin.
7 On your way home, can you stop ____________________ (buy) some rubbish bags, please?
8 Have you tried ____________________ (ask) the local animal shelter if they need help?
9 A: Would you rather ___________________ (go) to the recycling event instead of the park
clean-up?
B: No, I’m planning ___________________ (join) the people cleaning up the park.
10 A: Tim denied ___________________ (leave) all the lights on in the house, but I know he
did.
B: He had better ___________________ (not/forget) to turn the lights off next time.
11 A: Did you tell Owen how much we enjoyed _________________ (work) at the recycling
centre?
B: Yes, and he mentioned _________________ (join) us next time.
12 A: Can we afford _________________ (buy) energy efficient light bulbs for the whole
building?
B: Of course! Do you want me _________________ (go) to the shops to buy some?
13 A: I heard them _________________ (fix) the solar panels on the roof last night.
B: Yes, I let them _________________ (use) my ladder. It kept me awake, though.

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14 A: Would you consider _________________ (organise) a fundraising event next month?

B: I will. Would you mind _________________ (help) me prepare it?
15 A: The factory agreed _________________ (use) renewable energy sources.
B: More companies had better _________________ (start) doing that!

C. PHRASAL VERBS
Choose the correct option.
1 When you finish using the computer, turn it on/off.
2 Never buy fruit in/on plastic, buy it loose instead.
3 When a friend has a birthday, I make them a card and deliver it in/by hand.
4 Always write on/at the back of a used piece of paper to use less.
5 When you wash away/up your plates, try to use environmentally-friendly dishwashing
liquid.
6 Last month was so stressful. I need to get away/for a vacation.
7 Please turn down/off the lights. It's getting dark.
8 Do you get along/on with your neighbours?

TEST 1
I. PRONUNCIATION (0.8 points)
A. Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined
part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
1. A. event B. degree C. species D. design
2. A. festival B. light C. environment D. climate
B. Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the
other three in the position of the main stress in each of the following questions.
3. A. complete B. promise C. design D. expect
4. A. emission B. endangered C. efficient D. energy

II. USE OF ENGLISH (3.8 points)

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
5. Don’t forget __________ the lights when you leave the room.
A. turning off B. turning on C. to turn off D. to turn on
6. It’s important for industries to stop __________ of toxic waste into rivers and seas so that no
harm is caused to the environment.
A. to dispose B. disposing C. dispose D. being disposed
7. WWF, __________ main aim is to conserve nature and reduce the most pressing threats to
biodiversity, was founded in 1961 in Switzerland.
A. whose B. which C. that D. where
8. Other members of marine __________ have also died as a result of red-tide blooms.
A. campfire B. compost bin C. floating D. ecosystems

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9. A __________ is a container into which you place organic waste to turn into compost over
time.
A. compost bin B. recycle bin C. rubbish bin D. dustbin
10. These activities can make a more environmentally friendly choice and reduce their
__________.
A. nitrogen footprint B. oxygen footprint C. carbon footprint D. global footprint
11. Plastic pollution has had a disastrous effect __________ the environment.
A. of B. on C. to D. in
12. We started to use __________ lights and, as a result, our electricity bill was much lower last
month.
A. energy-saved B. energy-friendly C. energy-effective D. energy-efficient
13. Many countries are setting up more __________ to protect endangered species and preserve
our environment.
A. conserves B. reserves C. observes D. servings
14. The authority will __________ steps to the local problems soon.
A. take B. do C. go D. lead

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is
CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.
15. Pollution is a major issue that has a serious impact on ecosystems and wildlife.
A. species B. problem C. means D. group
16. Reduce, reuse and recycle are three essential things to help protect the earth.
A. use again B. put out C. keep D. throw

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is
OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.
17. It’s vital to put out campfires properly; a moment of carelessness is all it takes for a small
campfire to turn into a large, uncontrollable wildfire.
A. build B. use C. maintain D. stop
18. We are trying to reduce all our unnecessary waste by avoiding single-use containers.
A. limit B. increase C. move D. improve

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to show the underlined part that needs
correction in each of the following questions.
19. The city council has expected residents who commute to and from the city centre using
public
A B C
transport instead of their cars.
D
20. There has been a rise on the number of endangered species in the past two decades.
A B C D

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Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best completes
each of the following exchanges.
21. Student A: Our environment is being seriously destroyed because of the ways we exploit it to
sustain our life.
Student B: _____________. Everyone is degrading our environment to the largest extent.
A. You are not right B. I totally disagree
C. I couldn’t agree with you more D. I’m not sure
22. Student A: Mobile phones bring several benefits to students.
Student B: _______. They can use their phones to study online.
A. I don’t think so B. You’re wrong
C. I don’t quite agree D. You can say that again
23. Student A: John, you look terrible! What’s wrong with you?
Student B: _________
A. Thanks for your question. B. I was so sick yesterday.
C. The weather will be better. D. You must be wrong, too.

III. WORD FORMATION (0.4 points)

Write the correct forms of the words in brackets.
24. Countries are trying hard to reduce greenhouse gas ____________. (EMIT)
25. The ozone layer which protects life on Earth from _______ UV rays is becoming thinner.
(HARM)

IV. READING (3.0 points)

A. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to
indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 26 to
30.
WATER POLLUTION
Water pollution due to sharply increasing urbanization and modernization is a concerning
issue not only in our country but also in developing zones. Currently, many rivers are severely
polluted. The first cause is industrial waste. Around the world, about 70 percent of it goes (26)
___________ into the river. The second cause comes (27) ____________ domestic waste.
Domestic garbage and sewage accounts for 80 percent of water pollution globally. Asia has the
highest (28) __________ of polluted rivers in the world. The Red River is also a case. Nearly
250 tons of domestic waste is littered directly to the Red River. These lead to seriously
contaminated water, which has (29) __________ impacts on the health of the local people. The
first consequence is that cancer cases are increasing. About forty percent of cancer cases have a
relation to dirty water consumption. Other alarming consequences are the destruction of marine
ecosystem, lack of (30) ___________ water, polluted food for farming and agriculture, and so
on. We must act now to prevent water pollution for a better environment.

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26. A. directly B. closely C. nearly D. strongly

27. A. to B. from C. with D. by
28. A. amount B. account C. number D. limit
29. A. negative B. much C. lot D. mixed
30. A. good B. interesting C. clean D. available

B. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to
indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 35.

Forests are vital to life on Earth. We all depend on forests in one way or another for
survival. First of all, forests are often called the ‘lungs of the planet’. It is because trees have the
ability to provide an essential of life for all living creatures on our planet – oxygen, and the
power to purify the air we breathe by removing harmful gases like carbon dioxide. Through a
process called photosynthesis, leaves pull in carbon dioxide and water, and use the energy of the
sun to convert this into chemical compounds such as sugars that feed the tree. As a by-product of
that chemical reaction, oxygen is produced and released by the tree. It is believed that one large
tree can provide a day’s supply of oxygen for up to four people.
Moreover, forests help prevent soil erosion and retain soil nutrients. The roots of rainforest
trees and vegetation hold the soil in place and help water soak into the ground instead of flowing
over its surface. Tree foliage helps rainwater go into the soil rather than wash over it, and
reduces the force of raindrops on the soil. Rows of trees which are planted closely together can
work like a windbreak. It helps limit the force of the wind and protect the top most fertile layer
of the soil from being carried away easily. In addition, forests can also soak up excess rainwater,
preventing run-offs and damage from flooding.

31. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. The importance of forests in our life
B. How photosynthesis works
C. How forests affect human beings
D. Forests bring lots of benefits to agriculture
32. The word ‘purify’ in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to ______.
A. maintain B. provide C. clean D. improve
33. Why are forests considered as the lungs of the planet?
A. Because forests maintain the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
B. Because forests absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen through the process of
photosynthesis.
C. Because forests convert water and carbon dioxide into chemical compounds.
D. Because forests use the energy of the sun to remove harmful gases like carbon dioxide.
34. Which part of the trees helps minimize the impact of raindrops on the soil?
A. The vegetation B. Roots of the trees
C. Rows of trees D. Tree foliage.

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35. According to the passage, all of the following statements are true EXCEPT _____
A. Forests protect the soil from erosion.
B. Forests can help maintain soil fertility.
C. Forests act as a natural absorber of rainwater.
D. Forests provide a constant supply of water.

C. Read the following passage. Then read sentences A-F, and choose the one that best fits
each gap (36-40). There is ONE extra sentence.

In recent years, environmentalists have become more and more concerned about the
number of animals facing extinction. (36) ____ Unless we do something to save them now, we
may soon lose many species forever. (37) ____ Habitat loss is the main reason for animal
extinction and it occurs for a number of reasons, including massive building development,
intensive agriculture and the destruction of rainforests. Recently, governments have made
international agreements between countries to protect the rainforests and prevent deforestation
through financial support. (38) ____ It should be considered as crime when people poach
endangered animals or buy and sell products made from endangered species. By doing so, many
animals, such as tigers and alligators, would have a better chance of survival. (39) ____ In this
way, rare species will be able to live safely without losing their homes to human beings, or their
lives to illegal hunters. Therefore, animals can successfully reproduce and multiply. (40) ____
Without care and consideration, they will certainly disappear.
A. Finally, we should make more wildlife parks.
B. To start with, we should stop destroying the habitats of wild animals.
C. To sum up, there are many ways in which we can save endangered species from
extinction.
D. Furthermore, governments should ban the hunting of endangered species completely.
E. Over 7,000 species around the world are considered endangered.
F. Besides, promoting healthy and resilient ecosystems ensures that these places will be
around long into the future.

V. WRITING (1 point)
A. Rewrite the following sentences without changing their meaning. Use the given word(s) if
any.
41. Sarah is willing to pay more for organic food because she believes it’s better for her health.
→ Sarah doesn’t mind __________________________________________________________.
42. I would prefer to use environmentally friendly products such as baking soda to clean my
house.
→ I would rather ______________________________________________________________.
43. People keep throwing litter on the streets. We hate that.
→ We can’t stand _____________________________________________________________.

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B. Combine the sentences using Relative Clauses.

44. Jane Goodall is one of the world’s foremost experts on chimpanzees. She has travelled
around the globe to encourage youths to be active in protecting the planet.
→ __________________________________________________________________________.
45. Fossil fuels are sources of energy. They have developed within the earth over millions of
years.
→ __________________________________________________________________________.

C. Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best completes
each of the following questions.
46. Animals become endangered or extinct __________.
A. because their natural habitats have destroyed
B. because of the destruction of their natural habitats
C. with a result of the destruction of their natural habitats
D. so as to destroy their natural habitats.
47. __________, we continue to lose forests.
A. Although the key role forests play in the world’s environmental and economic health
B. Because forests play a key role in the world’s environmental and economic health
C. Despite the key role forests play in the world’s environmental and economic health
D. However is key role forests play in the world’s environmental and economic health
48. You had better __________.
A. ask for permission to feed the animals
B. to ask for permission to feed the animals
C. feed the animals when you ask for
D. permit you to feed the animals
49. I downloaded an app ____________________.
A. that I use it to check the air quality and pollution of the region
B. so that I use to check the air quality and pollution of the region
C. who lets me check the air quality and pollution of the region
D. which helps me check the air quality and pollution of the region
50. Take a bag with you to the supermarket __________.
A. in order not to using more plastic bags
B. so that you won’t have to use more plastic bags
C. to avoid to use more plastic bags
D. so you would rather use plastic bags

***End – Of – Test***

TEST 2

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Unit 5 – The environment

Put the dialogue in the correct order.

1. Hi Rob! Do you have any ideas about what we could do for Earth Day?_____
a - I guess you’re right. How about organising a clean-up day?
b - I don’t think so. I wish we had the time and money to organise such an event, but I’m afraid
we don’t.
c - That’s a great idea! Let’s get started!
d - Yes. What about organising an exhibition on solar power for Earth Day?
A. a-b-d-c B. d-b-a-c C. d-c-b-a D. c-d-b-a
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is
CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.
3. Pollution is a major issue that has a serious impact on ecosystems and wildlife.
A. species B. problem C. means D. group
4. I was told by the tour guide that the locals in this area cultivate mainly coffee and pepper.
A. harvest B. crop C. grow D. water
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is
OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.
5. In order not to waste water, we ought to fix dripping taps and take shorter showers instead of
baths.
A. protect B. reserve C. conserve D. purify
6. The owner of the hotel is an old man who is very kind and hospitable.
A. uninterested B. unreliable C. uninspired D. unfriendly
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to show the underlined part that needs
correction in each of the following questions.
7. If everyone stops to buy plastic water bottles, then plastic pollution can be reduced.
A. to buy B. water bottles C. then D. can be reduced
8. Don’t leave electrical appliances and devices in standby since they still use energy.
A. leave electrical B. in C. since D. still use
Give the correct form of words.
9. ___________is destroying large areas of the tropical rainforest. (forest)
10. There is concern that the giant panda will soon become__________. (extinction)
11. The first safety razor was ___________by company founder King C. Gillette in 1903.
(invented)
12.__________, he raised 1,57 million! (even)
13. Galápagos islands are the perfect place to see wildlife, but tourists need special __________
if they want to spend their holiday here. (permit)
14. ____________energy sources such as wind and solar power. (renew)
15. If more people use public transportation, air _________ in big cities will improve. (qualify)

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Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best completes
each of the following exchanges.
41. Student A: Mobile phones bring several benefits to students. - Student B: __________. They
can use their phones to study online.
A. I don’t think so B. You’re wrong
C. I don’t quite agree D. You can say that again
42. Student A: I love exploring nature, and I’d like to help protect it. What kind of holiday suits
me? - Student B: __________
A. You should go on an eco-holiday. B. Nothing is suitable.
C. You can’t afford such a holiday. D. A sightseeing holiday.
43. Student A: I think we should wear flat shoes with soft soles when we visit ancient sites.
- Student B: __________
A. Well done! B. Is it necessary?
C. That’s good thinking! D. It doesn’t matter that you do it.

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TEST 3

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