A

Project Report
On

OPTIMIZATION OF BLASTING PARAMETERS IN OPENCAST MINES

Submitted to

CHHATTISGARH SWAMI VIVEKANAND TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

BHILAI (C.G.), INDIA

In partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering

In

MINING Engineering

By

RITESH
RAHUL
SHASHIKANT
SEEMANT KUMAR
ANSHU NAGASHIYA
RADHESHYAM KUMAR SINGH
CHANDRA PPRAKASH YADAV

Under The Guidance Of Under The Co-guidance Of

DR. KETAN CHORASIA DR RN KHARE SIR

HOD (mining Engineering) Principal

DEPARTMENT OF MINING ENGINEERING

Vishwavidyalaya Engineering College Ambikapur, A Constituent college of CSVTU BHILAI
AMBIKAPUR, 497001

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 SESSION: 2024-2025
DECLARATION

We thereby solemnly declare that the report of the project work entitled ‘OPTIMIZATION OF
BLASTING PARAMETERS IN OPENCAST MINES is based on our own work
carried out during the courses of our study under the supervision of “Prof.
DR. KETAN CHOURASIA”.
We assert that the statement made and conclusion drawn are an outcome ofthe project work. We further
declare that to the best of our knowledge and belief that the report does not contain any part of any work
which has been submitted for the award of any other degree/diploma/certificate in this university or
other university.

-
-
-

_____________ _____________ _____________

Signature of Signature of Signature of

Head Of Department guide Head Of Institute
(Principal)

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 “ A STUDY ON A DESIGN OF CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL IN DIFFERENT
EARTHQUAKE ZONES (II,III,IV,V) “ carried out by;

DINESH KUMAR SAHU (1959058)

MD SAJID (1959074)

PUSHPARAJ LAHRE (1959083)

SHALINEE JAISWAL (1959095)

SIMRAN YADAV (1959098)

NEERAJ KUMAR JAISWAL

(2959064)

NEHA YADAV (2959065)

Under our guidance and supervision for the award ofBachelor

degree inOf Engineering
in Civil
Engineering
at CHHATTISGARH SWAMI VIVEKANAND TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
BHILAI (C.G.), INDIA.

To best of our knowledge the REPORT is :

❖ Embodied the work by the candidate themselves .

❖ Fulfills the requirements of ordinance relating to the Bachelor

Engineering
Of degree of the
university.

❖ Is up to the desired standard for the purpose of which is submitted.

Approved by ; Guided by;

____________ ____________

Mr. Vijay kumar shukla Mr. Vijay kumar shukla

HOD OF CIVIL DEPARTMENT

CERTIFICATE BY THE EXAMINERS

This is to certify that the project work entitled “A STUDY ON A DESIGN OF CANTILEVER
RETAINING WALL IN DIFFERENT EARTHQUAKE ZONES (II,III,IV,V) “ ;

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Submitted By :

DINESH KUMAR SAHU (1959058) SUT18R1024

MD SAJID (1959074) SUT18R1041

PUSHPARAJ LAHRE (1959083) SUT18R1050

SHALINEE JAISWAL (1959095) SUT18R1062

SIMRAN YADAV (1959098) SUT18R1065

NEERAJ KUMAR JAISWAL

(2959064) SUT18R1126

NEHA YADAV (2959065) SUT18R0055

has been examined by the undersigned as a part of examination

for the award of degree in
Bachelor Of Engineering
in Civil Engineering
at CHHATTISGARH SWAMI VIVEKANAND
TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BHILAI (C.G.)

_____________ _____________

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date Date

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have great pleasure in the submission of this project report entitled “A STUDY ON A DESIGN OF
CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL IN DIFFERENT EARTHQUAKE ZONES

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(II,III,IV,V)” in partial fulfillment in the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (CIVIL
ENGINEERING). While submitting the project report, We take this opportunity to thank those
directly or indirectly related to project work.

We would like to thank my guide Prof. Vijay Kumar Shukla, who has provided the opportunity and
organizing training for us without him active co-operation and guidance it would have become very
difficult to complete the task in time. We express our gratitude to the HOD of engineering department
Vijay kumar shukla sir for extending this project.

We would also thank our Institute and our faculty members without whom this project would have
been a distant reality. We also extend our heartfelt thanks to our family, friends and well wishers.

Name Roll. No. Signature

DINESH KUMAR SAHU (1959058) - ____________

MD SAJID (1959074) - ____________

PUSHPARAJ LAHRE (1959083) - ____________

SHALINEE JAISWAL (1959095) - ____________

SIMRAN YADAV (1959098) - ____________

NEERAJ KUMAR JAISWAL (2959064) - ____________

NEHA YADAV (2959065) - ____________

ABSTRACT

Design of Cantilever Retaining wall is routine task for civil or structural

engineer but design of C.R.W in different earthquake zones is different task in

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this project we have designed a retaining wall according to earthquake zones

available in India. This project provides innermost and the dynamic role of RCC

cantilever retaining wall in soil strata of different earthquake zones in India.

Depending upon previous data this is the major issue especially in the case of

developing country where lot of earthwork is being carryout. Highway Bridges,

flyover, Tunnel, Dams, Reservoirs and Cannels are constructed and developing

rapidly in the big cities as well as in the countryside, making the study of RCC

Cantilever Retaining Wall as an essential part of structural design process to

Control flood, landslide of backfilling and natural Phenomena and for the

economic purpose. The effect, on which the structures stands, especially in the

highly seismic zones, the dynamic behavior of soil as well as retaining structure,

should be well known by the designer.

Table Of Contents

S.NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

1. INTRODUCTION 8

6
 2.
THEORY

• Definition 9
9
• Types
12
• Objectives

LITERATURE REVIEW
13-15
• Base shear calculation

3. METHODOLOGY 16

• Limit state method 17-22

• Problem overview

4. RESULT 23

5. CONCLUSION 24

6. REFERENCE 25

INTRODUCTION

Retaining walls are used to retain earth or other loose materials. These walls are
commonly constructed in the following cases:

(1) In the construction of building basements.

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(2) As wing wall or abutment in the bridge construction.

(3) In the construction of embankments.

The material which is retained by the retaining wall is called as Backfill. The
sloping backfill is called as "Inclined Surcharge". The term surcharge means the
backfill above the level of the top of the wall. The backfill exerts a push or
lateral pressure on the retaining wall which tries to overturn, bend and slide the
retaining wall.

THEORY
TYPES

There are four types of retaining wall:

1) Gravity retaining wall

2) Cantilever retaining wall
3) Counter-fort retaining wall
4) Buttressed retaining wall

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DEFINITION

Cantilever retaining wall

It is the most common Type of retaining wall which consists of a vertical wall called as stem,
heel slab and the toe slab. As all the three components of this wall act as cantilevers, the wall
is called as cantilever retaining wall. The stem, heel and toe, all resists the earth pressure by
bending. These walls can be L or inverted T shaped. The cantilever retaining walls are used
up to a height of 6 m. The weight of the earth on the heel slab and the weight of the retaining
wall together provide stability to the wall.

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FORCES ON A CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL

Consider a cantilever retaining wall as shown in Fig. 16.3. The various forces acting on the
wall are as follows:

(1) The lateral force (Pa) due to active earth pressure acting at a height H/3 from the base.

(2) Weight of the earth supported on heel slab (W)

(3) Weight of the stem (W)

(4) Weight of the base slab (W_{2})

In addition to the above forces, there is weight of the earth retained above the
toe slab (W) and the passive earth pressure e P nl exerted on the wall. These two
are neglected in the design of retaining wall as these are small in size and the
design is on the conservative side by neglecting them.

STABILITY OF A CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL

A cantilever retaining wall may fail in the following ways:

(1) Overturning

(2) Sliding

(3) Failure of the undersoil

PROPORTIONING OF THE CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL

Design of a retaining wall involves the determination of its dimensions and the amount of
steel required. Before starting the actual analysis of a retaining wall, some preliminary

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dimensions are to be assumed. The preliminary dimensions of a retaining wall are assumed on
the basis of some thumb rules which are explained below:

1. Depth of Foundation

2. Height of the Retaining Wall (H)

3. Base Width (b)

4. Thickness of Base Slab

STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR AND DESIGN OF A CANTILEVER

RETAINING

1) Stem

2) Heel Slab

3) Toe slab

IN OUR PROJECT WE DECIDED TO DESIGN THE CANTILEVER

RETAINING WALL

Cantilever retaining wall

It is a structure made up of RCC and has maximum height of <_ 6m

It is mostly provide to resist sliding and overturning It

is the most common type of retaining structure.

Case - We are designing the retaining wall for horizontal backfill only.

OBJECTIVES
Our main objective to design cantilever retaining wall in different earthquake zones

As we know,

In India we have four earthquake zones II,III,IV,V

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As per IS 1893-2016 we have different zone factors

Seismic Zone 2 3 4 5

Z 0.10 0.16 0.24 0.36

LITERATURE REVIEW
For this project we studied following research papers

1) Hardik desai, Taha book seller and pruth vyas have presented base shear calculation of
RCC structure In journel of advance research and engineering

Akshay ku S

Pro. sanjay Bhadke Journel of Indian cycle research review study of cantilever retaining wall

BASE SHEAR CALCULATION:

Base shear is the maximum expected lateral force that will occur due to seismic ground
acceleration at the base of the structure [1]. The base shear, or earthquake force, is given by
the symbol “VB”. The weight of the building is given as the symbol “W”.

VB = Ah x W

Vᴃ = Base Shear

Ah= Horizontal Seismic Coefficient

W = Total Weight of Structur

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Z = Zone Factor
I = Importance Factor
R = Response Reduction Factor
Sₐ/g = Average Response Acceleration Co-efficient

Calculations of base shear (VB) depend on:

▪ Soil conditions at the site

▪ Proximity to potential sources of seismic activity (such as geological
faults)
▪ Probability of significant seismic ground motion
▪ The level of ductility and over strength associated with various structural
configurations and the total weight of the structure

The design base shear Vᴃ computed shall be distributed along the height of the
building as per the following expression:

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Qᵢ = Design lateral force at floor i,

Wᵢ = Seismic Weight of floor i, hᵢ

= Height of floor i from base

CALCULATION STEPS

Step 1 :To determine “Z”

Step 2 : To detemine “I”

Step 3 : To determine “R”

Step 4 : To determine “Sa/g”

Geometric and Sectional Properties of Plan 25m x 16m building

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 Plan Area Member Properties Size B x D (mm)

25m x 16m Beam R1 250 x 300

Columns 300 x 300

Slab thickness 150

Height of floor 3200

Seismic load parameters for structure

Seismic load paramet Value

Response Reduction Factor 5.

(R) 0
Importance factor (I) 1.
0
Type of soil strata Medium

METHODOLOGY

Limit State Method :

• In this method of design Structure shall be design to with stand safely all load liable to
act on it throughout it life.

• It shall also satisfied all serviceability requirement such as Limitation of deflection

and cracking etc..

• This method is advanced over Traditional design method.

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 • It is a plastic design method.

• The acceptance Limit for Safely and Serviceability requirement before Failure occurs
is called Limit State.

Consider

Safety - Ultimate Load

Serviceability - Working load

Limit State of Collapse :-

✓ Flexure

✓ Shear

✓ Compression

✓ Torsion

PROBLEM OVERVIEW

Question -

Design C.R.W supporting a backfill of height 4m from GL

backfill - 18kn/m3 SBC - 180kN/m2 fy - 415N/mm2 fck -

20N/mm2

Φ - 30◦
µ - 0.45

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Solution

Grade of concrete = M20

Grade of steel = fe415 Fck

= 20N/mm2 fy=450N/mm2

Φ = 30◦ µ

= 0.45 H

= 4m

ϒ = 18kN/m3

SBC = 180kN/m2

Step (1)

ka =

Ka =
Kp = 3

H ^2

Hmin = 1.11mm ≈ 1.2m

Providing depth of foundation as 1.2m

Hence total height of retaining wall

= 1.2 + 4.0 = 5.2m

Step (2) Preliminary dimension of retaining wall

Base width = 0.4 h to 0.6 h

= 5.2 x 0.4 to 0.6 x 5.2

= 2.08 to 3.12m

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We take min b

= 2.08 ≈ 2.8m

Length of toe slab = 0.3xb to 0.4xb

= 0.624 to 0.832

= 0.85m ≈ 850mm
� 52
10 10= 520mm≈500mm
to
thickness of base slab =
thickness of vertical walls thickness

of item maybe assumed

H/12 at base

Calculation

Pressure at the base of item = Kaϒh

= x18x4.7
h = H - thickness of base h = 5.2 - 5.0 = 4.7m

= 282kN/m2

Moment at the base of the item

Moment = kaϒh x hx
= 282 x 4.72/3

Moment = 103.82KN.m

Ultimate moment at the base of the stem

= 1.5 x 103.82

= 155.73 KN.m

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Minimum required depth

t = 180 R = 1/2cjt

c = 7N/mm2 m =

280/3 = 13..33 k =
𝑚𝑐
= 0.34
𝑚𝑐 + 𝑡
J = 1-E/3

J=1-
R = 2.76 - For M20,fe415 n-in term of M

dmin = = 238mm

Take 60mm cover the thickness will be

= 238+60 = 298mm

Hence taking D=350mm at base of stem and reducing it to 150mm at top.

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Step(3) Forces on retaining wall
Types of forces Magnitude of Position of force BM of toe end
forces from toe end

1. Overturning 1 1 𝐻 5.2 1.73 140.34KN.m

x x18x5.2 = =
2 3 3 3 𝑚
force Poh
= [kaϒH] x H = 81.12 KN

2.(i) weight of 1.6 x 4.7 x 18 0.85+0.35+0.8 270.72KN.m

backfill W1 = 135.36 KN = 2m

(ii) a. W21 0.15 x 4.7 x 2.5 0.85+0.2+0.15 21.156

= 17.63 KN = 1.2

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 b. W22 0.85+ 11.550
0.
x0.2x4.7x25
= 11.75 KN = 0.983
(iii) Wt of base slab 2.8 x 0.5 x 25 1.4 49
= 35 KN

Total wt 199.74
(i) + (ii) + (iii)

Formula

Ah = 𝑍 𝑥 𝐼 𝑥 𝑆𝑎
2 𝑅 𝑔

Ah = Horizontal seismic coefficient

Z = zone factor

I = Importance

R = Response reduction

Sa/g = Avg. response acceleration coefficient without

masonry : 1.5DL + 0.9Qs
Zone Z T = 0.075h0.75 Sa/g ∑W
2 0.10 0.2585 2.5 199.735
3 0.16 0.2585 2.5
4 0.24 0.2585 2.5
5 0.36 0.2585 2.5

Ah VB = Ah x W (KN)
0.025 5
0.04 8
0.06 12
0.09 18 QB = VB x 𝑊𝑖ℎ2𝑖

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RESULT :-

In this project we designed the Cantilever Retaining wall in having following earthquake zone
which use specially occuring in India.

Zone 2 3 4 5

QB 5KN 8KN 12KN 18KN

Zone 2 3 4 5

Total load 304.10 306.80 310.40 315.80

=1.5DL+0.9DL
(KN)

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CONCLUSION:-

In this project we designed the Cantilever Retaining wall in different earthquake

zone in India. The basic need of this project to us is to know how the lateral
earthquake forces are calculated for a retaining wall's then apply it to design a
cantilever retaining wall for safe structure.

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REFERENCE :-

• IS 1894-2016
• Iset.org.in
• R.C.C. Designs (B.C. Punamia)
• Internet (search engine google)

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