Indefinite pronouns are pronouns that refer to nonspecific people, things, or amounts.

1. Singular indefinite pronouns: o each, either, neither 3. Indefinite pronouns that can be
o anyone, anybody, o one, another singular or plural (depending on
anything o much, little context):
o everyone, everybody, 2. Plural indefinite pronouns: o all
everything o both o any
o someone, somebody, o few o more
something o many o most
o no one, nobody, o others o none
nothing o several o some

Collective Nouns for People Collective Nouns for Animals Collective Nouns for Things
1. Herd - a group of animals, like Bunch - a group of grapes, bananas,
1. Team - a group of people cows or deer or flowers
working together 2. Flock - a group of birds or sheep 1. Bouquet - a group of flowers
2. Class - a group of students 3. Pack - a group of wolves or dogs arranged together
3. Audience - a group of people 4. Swarm - a group of insects, 2. Set - a group of items that
watching or listening especially bees belong together (like a set of
4. Crew - a group of people 5. School - a group of fish tools)
working on a ship, plane, or 6. Pod - a group of dolphins or 3. Stack - a pile of items, like books
other craft whales or papers
5. Family - a group of related 7. Colony - a group of ants, 4. Pile - an unorganized group of
people penguins, or bats things, like leaves or laundry
6. Choir - a group of singers 8. Troop - a group of monkeys or 5. Fleet - a group of ships, planes,
7. Band - a group of musicians gorillas or vehicles
8. Committee - a group of people 9. Pride - a group of lions 6. Library - a collection of books
appointed for a specific function 10. Gaggle - a group of geese (on 7. Album - a collection of photos
9. Staff - a group of employees land) 8. Deck - a set of cards
10. Jury - a group of people deciding 9. Basket - a collection of fruit, or
a legal case other items in a basket

Possessive adjectives are used to show ownership or relationship and come before a noun:
My, Your, His, Her, Its, Our, Their.

Possessive pronouns are used to show ownership or possession and can stand alone without a noun following them: Mine, Yours, Hi, Hers, Its,
Ours, Theirs.

Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and the object of a sentence are the same person or thing, and they end in “-self” (singular) or “-
selves” (plural). Myself, Yourself, Himself, Herself, Itself, Ourselves, Yourselves, Themselves

The adjective pronouns in English, also known as possessive adjectives, are used to show ownership or possession. They are used before a noun to
modify it. I, You He, She, It, We, You, They.

Object pronouns are used to receive the action of the verb in a sentence. They are the direct or indirect object of a verb or the object of a
preposition: Me, You, Him, Her, It, Us, You, them.

Possessive 's (Genitive): Possessive Pronouns (Genitive Pronouns):

This is used for people, animals, and sometimes things or entities. These are used to show possession without needing a noun. They
For singular nouns: Add 's. function as possessive forms of personal pronouns.
Example: John's book (the book of John) Example: This is my book. (The book belongs to me.)

An independent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate (verb) and expresses a complete thought. It can stand alone as a
sentence because it doesn't rely on any other clauses to make sense.
Characteristics of an Independent Clause:
1. Has a subject: The person or thing performing the action.
Example: She (subject)
2. Has a verb (predicate): The action or state of being.
Example: reads (verb)
3. Expresses a complete thought: It doesn't leave the listener or reader needing more information.
Example: She reads books. (This is a complete sentence and can stand alone.)
A dependent clause (also called a subordinate clause) is a group of words that has both a subject and a verb but does not express a complete
thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence and depends on an independent clause to give it meaning.
Characteristics of a Dependent Clause:
1. Has a subject and a verb: Like an independent clause, it contains a subject and a predicate (verb).
Example: Because she was tired (subject: she, verb: was tired)
2. Does not express a complete thought: It leaves the reader or listener expecting more information.
Example: Because she was tired—this doesn't form a complete idea on its own and needs more to complete the thought.
3. Begins with a subordinating conjunction: Common subordinating conjunctions include because, although, if, when, while, unless, and
since.
Example: If I study hard (subordinating conjunction: if)

Collective nouns refer to a group of people, animals, or things considered as a single unit. They can be used in both singular and plural forms,
depending on the context and how the group is viewed.
1. Singular form:
When the group is considered as a single unit, a collective noun is treated as singular, and you use a singular verb.
• Example: The team is playing well. (The team as a whole is playing well.)
• Example: The family is going on vacation. (The family as a single unit is going on vacation.)
2. Plural form:
When the members of the group are considered as individuals, the collective noun is treated as plural, and you use a plural verb.
• Example: The team are arguing among themselves. (The individual members of the team are arguing.)
• Example: The family are all going in different directions. (Each family member is doing something different.)

Animals and their Baby Form

➢ Dog – Puppy
➢ Cat – Kitten
➢ Cow – Calf
➢ Elephant – Calf
➢ Whale – Calf
➢ Horse – Foal
➢ Sheep – Lamb
➢ Goat – Kid
➢ Pig – Piglet
➢ Chicken – Chick
➢ Duck – Duckling
➢ Lion – Cub
➢ Tiger – Cub
➢ Bear – Cub
➢ Wolf –Cub
➢ Fox – Cub
➢ Rabbit – Kitten or Bunny
➢ Deer – Fawn
➢ Kangaroo – Joey
➢ Koala – Joey
➢ Platypus – Puggle (ornitorringo)
➢ Frog – Tadpole

: ) --M