What is angle?

Angles are formed when two lines intersect at a point. The

measure of the “opening” between these two lines is called an
“Angle”. It is denoted by using the symbol ∠.
 INSTRUMENTS USED FOR ANGULAR MEASUREMENT
Face Standard Angular Measuring Devices
Sine Bar
Line Standard Angular Measuring Devices
Protractor
Universal Bevel Protractor
Angle Gauges
Measurement of Inclines
Clinometers
Spirit Level
Angle Comparators
Auto Collimator
Angle Dekkor
 Working Principle of Sine bar:
• A sine bar is used to measure angles based on the sine principle
The name Sine bar has come into the picture because the operation
of the sine bar is completely based on trigonometry.

i.e. Sin θ = Opposite/hypotenuse

• Sin(θ) = h/L
• Where 'h' is the height of the slip gauges
placed below the roller and 'L' is the length of
Sine bar i.e. L=200 mm or 300 mm.
• One end of the roller of the sine bar is placed
on the ground and the slip gauges whose
height needs to be constructed are to be
placed below the other end of the roller.
• To know the value of 'h', you need to know
the value of 'θ' first and that can be solved by
using Bevel Protractor.
• Bevel Protractor measures the angle of the
given specimen directly whereas Sine bar
measures indirectly by the usage of Slip
gauges.
• First, the angle of the specimen is measured
by the use of Bevel Protractor and from this,
we need to calculate the value of 'h'.
Material: Sine bars are made of high carbon, high
chromium ,corrosion resistance steel and hardened.

The size is specified by the distance between the centres

of the cylinders, which is 100, 200, or 300mm.

The upper surface has a high degree of flatness of up to

0.001mm for a 100mm length and is perfectly parallel to
the axis joining the centres of the two cylinders.
• Relief holes are sometimes provided to reduce
the weight of the sine bar. This by itself is not
a complete measuring instrument.
• Accessories such as a surface plate and slip
gauges are needed to perform the
measurement process.
Measuring Unknown Angles with Sine Bar

A sine bar can also be

used to measure
unknown angles with a
high degree of
precision.
The angle of the work
part is first measured
using an instrument like
a bevel protractor.
Then, the work part is
clamped to the sine bar
and set on top of a
surface plate to that
angle using slip gauges,
• Advantages of sine bar:
• It is precise and accurate
• Its design is quite simple
• Availability of Sine bar is high
• Disadvantages of sine bar:
• Inaccuracy increase with an increasing angle.
• Handling and fixing positions is create
problems sometimes.
• 1. What is the purpose of a sine bar?
Sine bar is used along with slip gauges for the precise angular
measurement of any component.
• 2. Why there are holes in sine bar?
The holes are drilled into the body of sine bar to reduce
the weight of it and also to facilitate easy handling.
• 3. Why is a sine bar not suitable for measuring angle above
45?
The sine bars become inaccurate as the angle exceeds 45°
because the bar(product) is physically clumsy to hold at that
position and even a slight error of the sine bar can cause large
angular errors.
• 4. How is a sine bar specified?
Sine bar is specified by the distance between the centres of
two rollers i.e., 100mm, 200mm, 250mm,or 300mm, two
rollers must be of same diameters.

• 5.What is the least count of slip gauge?

There is no possibility of Least count for slip
gauges because they are represented in terms of
0.5mm,1.0 mm and so on up to the desired
value.
Sine centre
Sine centre
Sine centre
 Slip Gauges
• Slip Gauges are known as Gauge Blocks. They
are Precise Measuring instruments. These Slip
Gauges are universally accepted end Standard
of length.
Uses Of Slip Gauge
Setting up a comparator to a specific dimension
Direct Precise measuring purpose.
To inspect the Vernier Calliper, Micrometers and some
other linear measuring instruments.
Conjunction with sine bar to measure the angle of the
workpiece.
Used to Check the distance between the parallel faces.
Slip gauges are often called Johannsen gauges also, as Johannsen originated them.

These are rectangular blocks of steel having a cross-section of about 30 by 10 mm .

 Wringing of slip gauges
• When one slip gauge is placed over another, some
air gap is present in between them. This air gap will
affect the accuracy of the measurement. So we
need to avoid this air gap. The process of removal
of air is called wringing.
• Because of contact pressure, gauges stick together
and considerable force is required to separate
these blocks

Wringing of Slip Gauges: Wringing is the phenomenon of adhesion of two flat

and smooth surfaces when they are brought into close contact with each
other
Wringing of Slip Gauge:
If two slip gauges are
forced against each other
on measuring
faces, because of contact
pressure, gauges stick
together and
considerable force is
required to separate
these blocks. This is
known as wringing of slip
gauges.
Uses of Slip Gauges:
Slip gauges are important means of measurement in
industries and laboratories.
Their uses are:
1. They universally accepted as a “Standard of length”.
2. They used for direct precise measurement where accuracy
of work piece being measure is high.
3. They used with high-magnification comparators, to
establish the size of the gauge blocks.
4. They are used for checking the accuracy of measuring
instruments.
5. They are used to setting up a comparator to specific
dimension.
6. They are used to check a batch of components quickly and
accurately.
Use of slip gauges

Setting cutter with respect to w/p

Measurement gap length
In metric units, sets of 31, 48, 56,87 ,103 and 112 pieces are
available.
The set of 103 pieces consists of the following:

1.01 1.11 1.21 1.31 1.41

1.02 1.12 1.22 1.32 1.42

1.03 1.13 1.23 1.33 1.43

1.04 1.14 1.24 1.34 1.44

1.05 1.15 1.25 1.35 1.45

1.06 1.16 1.26 1.36 1.46

1.07 1.17 1.27 1.37 1.47

1.08 1.18 1.28 1.38 1.48

1.09 1.19 1.29 1.39 1.49

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Selecting slip gauges for required dimension.
Much time is wasted if the slip gauge combinations be made by
hit and trial. Therefore standard procedure given below must
be followed.
Important points on building of slip gauges:
1)Always Start with the last decimal places
2)Then take the subsequent decimal places
3)Minimum number of slip gauges should be used by selecting
the largest possible block in each step
4)If in case protector slips are used, first deduct their thickness
from the required dimensions then proceed as per above order

5) Continue till you reach zero.

Protector Slip gauge blocks:
• These are two additional 2.5 mm blocks with a
letter P on measuring faces.
• Made of Tungsten carbide or similar wear
resisting material
• They are wrung to ends of slip gauge
combination block.
 Build the dimension 58.975 mm using M-87 set.

1) Always start with the last decimal place e.g., here it is 0.005 mm and for this 1.005
mm slip gauge is selected.

Now dimension left is 50.975—1.005 = 57.970 mm.

2) Take second decimal place ; and for it select 1.47 mm slip gauge.
Therefore, the remainder is 57.970 – 1.47 = 56.500 mm.

One could have selected 1.07 mm piece also, but that way we would have
been left with 56.900 and for it we need another 1.4 mm piece. Our aim
should be to choose minimum number of slip gauges for a given dimension.
3) Next for 56.500 mm, we choose 6.500 mm piece and finally 50.000 mm piece.
Thus, we have 50.000 + 6.550 + 1.47 + 1.005 = 58.975 mm.
All these four slip gauges are wrung properly to get required dimension.
 Example: 92. 357 mm

Step 1:
Original size = 92. 357 92. 357
- 5.000
Deduct two protective slip gauges = 05. 000
87. 357
Remainder = 87. 357

Step 2: Always start with last decimal place

Add block to eliminate least digit =1.007 87. 357
- 1.007
Remainder = 86. 350
86. 350
Step 3)
Repeat step No. (2) = 01. 050 86. 350
- 1.005
Remainder = 85. 300 85. 300

Step 4) Repeat step No. (3) = 85. 300

- 1.300
01. 300 Remainder = 84. 000 84. 000
5) Reduce to nearest big number = 09. 000 84. 000
- 9.000
Remainder = 75. 000 75. 000

6) Add one block of 75. 000 mm = 75. 000

Remainder = 00. 000
Building a size of 43.716 using a pair of 2.5 mm protector
blocks and M45 set.
 Angle Gauge
• Angle Gage Blocks permit fast, simple and
accurate measurements of any angle.
• They are far superior to sine bar measuring
methods, that involve trigonometric formulae and
complex stacks of gage blocks.
• They differ from slip gauges in the sense that their
wringing surfaces are not parallel to each other,
but are at an angle, engraved on them.
ANGLE GAUGES
Four grades of blocks:

- Reference (AAA) - high tolerance (± 0.00005mm or 0.000002")

- Calibration (AA) (tolerance +0.00010mm to -0.00005mm)

- Inspection (A) (tolerance +0.00015mm to -0.0005mm)

- Workshop (B) - low tolerance (tolerance +0.00025mm to -0.00015mm)

• Angle Gauges as per IS : 6231 - 1971 , designed for the inspection and calibration
of angle, tapers, indexing plates, rotary scales, clinometers, dividing heads, rotary
tables etc.
• Materials: Angle Gauge Blocks are made from High Carbon High Chromium Steel
Also Angle Gauge Blocks available in Tungsten Carbide.

• Scope: These angle gauges together with the square block used to obtain any
angle between 0 and 360 degrees in steps of 6 seconds.
• Special Features:

• Accuracy measurement of any angle

• No cumulative errors of division.

• Wringing property similar to slip gauges.

• High degree of reflectivity which enables them to be used with an autocollima tor.
Sets of Angle Gauges
 BUILD AN ANGLE OF 42°35ʹ20''
Starting from degrees, the angle of 42°
can be built by subtracting a 3° block from
a 45° block.
The angle of 35' can be obtained by
combining a 30' gauge with a 5' gauge.
A 20" gauge is readily available.

Except for the 3° angle gauge, all other gauges are added.
The 3° gauge is reversed and wrung with the other gauges.
Angle gauge is engraved with the symbol ‘< of all gauges should be in line. On the
other hand, whenever an angle gauge is required to be subtracted from the
combination, the gauge should be wrung such that the symbol < is in the other
direction.
 O
BUILD AN ANGLE OF 27 18’ 18”
 BUILD AN ANGLE OF 37O 16’ 42”

• Degree 27o +9o +1o =37o

• Minutes = 27’-9’-3’+1’ = 16’
• Seconds = 30”+ 18” -6”
Angle Gauge Vs Slip Gauge
An angle of value 33° 10’ 12” is to be measured and to be set with the help of
following standard angle gauges. [1°, 3°, 9°, 27°, 41°], [1’, 3’, 9’, 27’], [3”, 6”, 18”, 30”].
Show the arrangement to set up angle gauges with a sketch. Select minimum number
of gauges.
• A 200 mm sine bar is to be set to an angle of
32° 5' 6". Find the length of the slip gauge
combination required.
Given data: L = 200 mm θ = 32° 5' 6"

Given angle = 32° 5' 6"

We know that,
1° = 60' and 1' = 60"
∴ Convert the 6"into degree as, 6 /60 = 0.1' (minutes) = 0.1' /60 = 0.001667°
(degrees)
Also, convert the 5' into degree as, 5 /60 = 0.0833° (degrees)
∴ Angle in degrees = θ = 32 + 0.001667 + 0.0833 θ = 32.085°
We know, for sine bar, sin θ = h / L
∴ h = L × sin (θ) = 200 × sin (32.085°) =
106.235 mm
This is the required length of the built-up using
slip gauges.
 INSTRUMENTS USED FOR ANGULAR MEASUREMENT

Angle Comparators

Auto Collimator
Angle Dekkor
 Autocollimator
• For measuring angle, straightness, flatness,
squareness and parallelism
• Used extensively in workshop, tool rooms,
inspection departments and quality control
laboratories throughout the world.

The Autocollimator is a single instrument combining

the functions of a collimator and a telescope.
 Autocollimator
• Autocollimator is an optical non contact type
instrument that is used to measure small angular
differences. The Autocollimator is a single
instrument combining the functions of a
collimator and a telescope.
Collimator: takes diverging light and focuses it into
a non diverging column
Telescope: takes light from a source at infinity and
focuses it onto a point
 The principles of autocollimation

• Light from an origin point O is collimated

(made parallel) by a high quality objective
lens.

If the collimated beam

falls perpendicularly onto a
plane reflecting surface,
the light is reflected back
along its original path and
is brought to a focus at a
point coincident with the
origin point
If the reflector is tilted through an angle θ, the
reflected beam is deflected through an angle 2θ, and
the image I is displaced laterally from the origin O. The
amount of displacement is given by d=2θf where f is
the focal length of the lens, and θ is in radians.
 Autocollimators may be classified into three
types:
1. Visual or conventional autocollimator
(With this type of autocollimator, operators
view the reflected image through an eyepiece.)
2. Digital autocollimator
(They are up to 100 times more accurate than a
visual autocollimator.)
Working of Autocollimator
 Parts Of Autocollimator
1) Light Source : Light Source is used to generate
the light rays so that it reaches the reflector.

2)Filter: Light rays from light source passes through

filter. This filter selectively transmit light in particular
range of wavelength. That means only particular color
with particular range will be allow to pass through
filter while it absorbs remaining color.
3) Condensing lens : This lens redirects
divergent light rays from the source into rays
that hit the target mirror. ( use to produce
sharpen image)

4) Reflecting Surface: It is the surface that acts

as a work piece for the autocollimator. Using the
autocollimator, the angle of tilt of this reflecting
surface is to be measured. It reflects the parallel
light rays coming through objective lens
5) Diverging Lens: The diverging lens which is
also known as objective lens is used to
parallelize the light rays coming through the
beam splitter so that parallel light rays reach
the reflector.
6) Beam Splitter: The beam splitter is used to split
the light rays and direct it towards the objective lens.
7) Target graticule: The light rays after getting
reflected reach this target graticule and the
distance between incident and reflected ray is
traced in this target graticule.

8) Micrometer Microscope: It is used to see the

points of incident and reflected ray in the target
graticule clearly and measure the distance
between them.
9) The micrometer is used to move the eyepiece
graticule across the field of view until it
coincides with the reflected target graticule
image.
The angular displacement of the reflector can
then be read directly from the micrometer
scale.
Working of Autocollimator
 Advantages of Autocollimators
1) It has very high accuracy.
2) It can measure wide range angle.

3) It is very easy to set up and operate.

4) It Can be used to see the result visually or
electronically i.e in a computer screen.
5) Wide range of accessories and levels available.
 Disadvantages of Autocollimator
1) Maintenance is required regularly.
 Applications of Autocollimator
• The following are some of the typical applications
of visual autocollimators:
1. Determination of angular measurements up to 3"
2. Determination of straightness of machine
guideways
3. Determination of parallelism of slide movements
with respect to guideways
4. Flatness estimation of machine tables, surface
plates, etc.
5. Checking squareness of column to base
6. Angle comparisons of reflecting surfaces
Two axis straightness, squareness, parallelism
and twist measurement of machine tool slides
Measurements are made using a
graticule in the eyepiece viewing
system with or without micrometers.
 Microptic Dual Axis Autocollimator
Ideal for checking machine slides for straightness and
squareness
Checking flatness of surface tables
Measurement of Parallelism of Two Surfaces

Measurement of
Perpendicularity
of Two Surfaces
Parallel Setting of Rolls
Measurement of Slides
Straightness Measurement
Flatness Measurement
Squareness Measurement between a Vertical Spindle
and a Machine Bed
Testing of Accuracy of Rotary Tables and Index Tables
 MEASUREMENT OF INCLINES
Inclination of a surface generally represents its deviation from the
horizontal or vertical planes.
Gravitational principle can be used in construction of
measurements of such inclinations

Examples:
1. Spirit Level
2. Clinometer

Horizontal surface
1. Spirit Level
Spirit Level
 2. Clinometer

Housing

Base
 Surface Plate

Circular scale

Clinometers are also used for

checking angular faces, and relief
angles on large cutting tools and
milling cutter inserts. These can also
be used for setting inclinable table on
jig boring machines and angular
work on grinding machines etc. Rotary member
A clinometer, also called a declinometer or an inclinometer, is an
instrument that measures vertical slope, usually the angle between
the ground or the observer and a tall object.
 Angle Dekkor
This is also a type of an autocollimator.
It is mostly used as a comparator. The instrument
measures by comparing the readings obtained
from a standard, a sine bar or combination of
angle gauges with that from the work under test.
 Angle Dekkor
Construction
Working
Uses
Construction:
Construction of angle dekkor consists of
following parts.
▪Light source
▪Prism
▪Glass screen graticule
▪Illuminated scale (which is also engraved on
glass screen)
▪Collimating lens
▪Base
▪Datum Scale (which is also engraved on glass
screen)
▪ Eye piece
Working of Angle dekkor

illuminating scale

Datum scale

Base
 Measuring angle of a component
Angle dekkor is used in combination with angle gauge.
First the angle gauge combination is set up to the nearest known
angle of the component. Now the angle dekkor is set to zero
reading on the illuminated scale.
The angle gauge build up is then removed and replaced by the
component under test. The new position of the reflected scale with
respect to the fixed scale gives the angular tilt of the component
from the set angle.
1 division= 1 min
Therefore 20 division = 20 min is the angle on w/p w.r.t. standard surface