DM PHYSICS 8769577167

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CHAPTER NAME – MOTION

CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. INTRODUCTION
2. DESCRIBING MOTION
 MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE
 UNIFORM MOTION AND NONUNIFORMMOTION
3. MEASURING THE RATE OF MOTION
 SPEED WITH DIRECTION
4. RATE OF CHANGE OF VELOCITY
5. GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOTION
 DISTANCE–TIME GRAPHS
 VELOCITY-TIME GRAPHS
6. 8.5 EQUATIONS OF MOTION BY GRAPHICAL METHOD
 EQUATION FOR VELOCITY-TIME RELATION
 EQUATION FOR POSITION-TIME RELATION
 EQUATION FOR POSITION–VELOCITY RELATION
7. UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
8. EXERCISE

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INTRODUCTION
 In everyday life, we see some objects at rest and others in motion.
For example :-
 Birds fly, fish swim, blood flows through veins and arteries, and cars move.
 Atoms, molecules, planets, stars and galaxies are all in motion.
 The motion of air by observing the movement of dust and the movement of leaves and branches of
trees.
 An object may appear to be moving for one person and stationary for some other. For the
passengers in a moving bus, the roadside trees appear to be moving backwards. A person standing
on the road–side perceives the bus along with the passengers as moving. However, a passenger
inside the bus sees his fellow passengers to be at rest.
 The stationary objects on the earth like roads, bridges, trees, buildings are also in motion due to
rotation of the earth.
 Blood being circulated in a body, air, going into the lungs and coming out of lungs, water
flowing in a river, tides of river etc. are examples of motion.
 The earth around the sun, the sun in the milky way galaxy, and the milky way galaxy with
respect to other galaxies, are in motion.
 Some of the motions are invisible.
For example:-
 Motion of the molecules of gas, motion of air, motion of sound waves. Such motions are
experienced indirectly.
 Thus, each object in the universe is in motion.
 Some of them are moving along a straight line, some are moving along a circular path, or a curved path
whereas some have vibrational motion.

DESCRIBING MOTION
 When a body said to be in motion or stationary, its position changes with time or does not change with
time.
 Suppose you are sitting in a school bus along with your school bag. Bus is going towards the school.
 If you look at your school bag, it is told to be stationary.
 If you look out through window, you would see the trees, buildings and poles of electricity are found to be
in motion.
 If your friend, standing on the road sees you and your bag, he observes you and your bag are in motion,
whereas for him building and trees are stationary.
 Now, it should be clear that the body whether it is in motion or stationary. Depends on the position of
observation also. Thus, motion is relative.
 Every position has a reference point.
 To describe the position of an object we need to specify a reference point called the origin.

Position, Distance and Displacement

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Position:-
 Position of an object is defined as the location from where it started the journey, end or reach at
any point.
 The point, which is used as a reference to indicate the position of a body, is called reference point.
 Reference point can be selected as per our convenience.

Distance:
 Length of the path during motion of an object in given time period is called distance or path
length travelled by the object.


Displacement:
 The shortest distance measured from the initial to the final position of an object is known as the
displacement.
 In given time interval change in position of a body in given direction is called displacement.
 If the body is on x1 and x2 positions at times t1 and t2 respectively, its displacement in time
interval ∆𝑡 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 can be determined as follows:
Displacement = final position – initial position
∆ 𝑥 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
 Direction of the displacement is from the initial position to the final position.

 Path length is always positive whereas displacement can be positive, negative or zero.
 Distance travelled by a body gives total length of path of motion, whereas displacement shows final effect
of the motion only.
 Displacement does not give information about the path on which body has travelled.
 To describe displacement, magnitude and direction both are required.
 To describe total length of path of motion, direction is not needed, only its magnitude is important.
 SI unit of distance and displacement both are in metre (m).
 In practice often units like meter(m),centimeter (cm) and kilometer (km) are also used.

Q. Let A, B and C represent the position of the object at different instants as shown in fig.At first, the object
moves through C and B and reaches A. Then it moves back along the same path and reaches C through B.
Then, find:-
(i) The total path length covered by the object
(i) The displacement of the object from O to C through A.
(ii) The distance covered during its motion from O to A and back to B.Is this equal to displacement?
(iii) If the object travels back to O, what will be the displacement.
O C B A

km
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

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Solution:-
(i) The total path length covered by the object is OA + AC, that is 60 km + 35 km = 95 km.
(ii) For motion of the object from O to A, the distance covered is 60 km and the magnitude of displacement
is also 60 km.
(iii) During its motion from O to A and back to B, the distance covered = 60 km + 25 km = 85 km while
the magnitude of displacement = 35 km. Thus, the magnitude of displacement (35 km) is not equal to
the path length (85 km).
(iv) If we consider the object to travel back to O, the final position coincides with the initial position, and
therefore, the displacement is zero

In Physics quantities are mainly divided in to two parts :

(1) Scalar quantity, and
(2) Vector quantity
Scalar quantity: The quantity, which requires only magnitude for complete description, is known as a
scalar quantity e.g. mass, volume, density, temperature, distance, time, speed, work etc.
Vector quantity: The quantity, which requires magnitude as well as direction also, is known as vector
quantity e.g. displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum, force etc.

If a object is moving on a circular path then

 Total distance travelled by it will be equal to the perimeter of the circle.
 In one complete cycle or revolution the displacement will be zero,
because it will reach on the same position, hence the initial and final
r
position become same.
 If it cover one cycle or revolution then distance = 2 𝜋 𝑟
 If it cover two cycle or revolution then distance = 2 𝑥 2 𝜋 𝑟
 If it cover three cycle or revolution then distance = 3 𝑥 2 𝜋 𝑟
 If it cover nth cycle or revolution then distance = 𝑛 𝑥 2 𝜋 𝑟, where 𝜋 = 22/7 𝑜𝑟 3.14
Q. if a cyclist start motion along a circular path having radius 140 cm. and he reached at a point given in
diagram. Then what will be distance and displacement.
Solution:- A
As the particle start the motion from A and reaching at B and covering
3/4th of the path. Here = 140/100 = 1.4 m. So,
3
A 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 4
𝑥2𝜋𝑟 =
3 22
𝑥2𝑥 𝑥 1.4 = 6.6 𝑚 B
4 7 r
O
Now displacement
1.4 m
In ∆ 𝐴𝑂𝐶,
𝐻 2= 𝑃 2+ 𝐵 2
𝐴𝐵 2 = 1.4 2 + 1.4 2
B O
1.4 m 𝐴𝐵 = 2 1.4 𝑚

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Q. Circumference of a circular path is 314 m. AB is its diameter. A cyclist starting his motion from A reaches B
along the circular path. Calculate distance travelled by him and also find his displacement.( 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝜋 = 3.14)
Solution:-
As the circumference is 314.
314
𝑆𝑜 2 𝜋 𝑟 = 314 ⇒ 𝑟 = = 50 𝑚
2𝜋
As the cyclist reaches opposite to initial point or say on diametrically opposite point then,
1 1
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥 2 𝜋 𝑟 = 𝑥 2 𝑥 3.14 𝑥 50 = 157 𝑚
2 2
𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 2 𝑟 = 2 𝑥 50 = 100 𝑚

Q. A person walks 50 m in north direction and from there he walks 30 m in west direction. Now he / she walks
50 m distance in south direction. Find the distance 30 m
B A
travelled by the person and displacement.
Solution:
Total distance travelled by the person N
= OA + AB + BC
= 50 + 30 + 50 W E 50 m
= 130 m Displacement of the person 50 m
= Final position — Initial position
S
= Position of C — position of A
= 30 — 0 = 30 m
Here, direction of displacement of the person is from 0 to C Direction of displacement
i.e. in the west direction. Initial
Final C Oposition
position

NCERT INTEXT QUESTION PAGE NO 100

Question 1:
An object has moved through a distance. Can it have zero displacement? If yes, support your answer with an
example.
Answer 1:
Yes, zero displacement is possible if an object has moved through a distance.
Suppose a body is moving in a circular path and starts moving from point A and it returns back at same point A
after completing one revolution, then the distance will be equal to its circumference while displacement will be
zero.

Question 2:
A farmer moves along the boundary of a square field of side 10 m in 40 s. What will be the magnitude of
displacement of the farmer at the end of 2 minutes 20 seconds from his initial position?
Answer 2:
Given, side of the square field = 10 m
Therefore, perimeter = 10 m × 4 = 40 m

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Farmer moves along the boundary in 40 s.
Time = 2 minutes 20 s = 2 × 60 s + 20 s = 140 s
since, in 40 s farmer moves 40 m
Therefore, in 1s distance covered by farmer = 40 / 40 = 1m.
Therefore, in 140s distance covered by farmer = 1 × 140 m = 140 m
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Now, number of rotation to cover 140 along the boundary =
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
140 𝑚
= = 3.5 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
40 𝑚
Thus after 3.5 round farmer will at point C (diagonally opposite to his initial position) of the field.
𝑇𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝐶 = 102 + 102 = 200 = 10 2 𝑚
Thus, after 2 minute 20 second the displacement of farmer will be equal to 10√2 m north east from initial
position.

Question 3:
Which of the following is true for displacement? (a) It cannot be zero. (b) Its magnitude is greater than the
distance travelled by the object.
Answer 3:
None of (a) and (b) are true.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Chanice drives her scooter 7 kilometers north. She stops for lunch and then drives 5 kilometers east. What
distance did she cover? What was her displacement?
2. Anthony walks to the pizza place for lunch. He walk 1 km east, then 1 km south and then 1 km east again.
What distance did he cover? What was his displacement?
3. On his fishing trip Justin rides in a boat 12 km south. The fish aren’t biting so they go 4 km west. They
then follow a school of fish 1 km north. What distance did they cover? What was their displacement?
4. Tara goes on a camel safari in Africa. She travels 5 km north, then 3 km east and then 1 km north again.
What distance did she cover? What was her displacement?
5. Alex goes cruising on his dirt bike. He rides 700 m north, 300 m east, 400 m north, 600 m west, 1200 m
south 300 m east and finally 100 m north. What distance did he cover? What was his displacement? (use
1cm = 100m)
6. Jose buys a new moped. He travels 3 km south and then 4 km east. How far does he need to go to get back to
where he started?

UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM MOTION

 Uniform motion:-
If an object travels equal distance in the same intervals of time, the object is said to be moving with uniform
motion.
Example:-Consider an object moving along a straight line. Let it travel 5 m in the first second, 5 m more
in the next second, 5 m in the third second and 5 m in the fourth second. In this case, the object covers 5

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m in each second. As the object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, it is said to be in
uniform motion.
 Non-Uniform motion:-
If an object in motion, does not travel equal distance in same interval of time, it is said to have non-uniform
motion.
Example: - a car is moving on a crowded street or a person is jogging in a park.
 Generally, in daily life, most of the vehicles move with non-uniform motion.
 The time interval in this motion should be small.
 A freely ball from a certain height covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, so its motion
is non-uniform.
 Non-uniform motion is also called accelerated motion.

Speed, Average Speed and Uniform Speed

 Speed :-
 The rate of motion of an object is the distance travelled by the object in unit time. If an object
travels a distance s in time t then its speed v is,
𝑠
𝑣 =
𝑡
 The SI unit of speed is metre per second. This is represented by the symbol m.s–1 or m/s.
 The other units of speed include centimetre per second (cm.s–1) and kilometer per hour (km.h–1).
 The speed of an object, require only its magnitude.

 Average Speed :-
 When objects do non-uniform motion. Their speed may not remain constant.
 Therefore, we describe the rate of motion of such objects in terms of their average speed.
 The average speed of an object is obtained by dividing the total distance travelled by the total time
taken.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
𝑇𝑕𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠, 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
 Like speed, average speed is a scalar quantity.
 Units of speed and average speed are the same.
 Remember, if speeds of two moving bodies are to be compared, units of their speed must be the
same.
 Let us understand this by an example. Acar travels a distance of 100 km in 2 h. Its average speed is
50 km h–1. The car might not have travelled at 50 km h–1 all the time. Sometimes it might have
travelled faster and sometimes slower than this.

 Uniform Speed :-
 If a body in motion, travels equal distance in equal interval of time, its speed in each interval of
time remains constant.

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 The body moving at constant speed is said to be moving with uniform speed.

Q. An object, travelling along a straight path, covers 25 m distance in 4 s. In next 6 s it covers 50 m distance.
What is the average speed of the object?
Solution: As
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
Total distance travelled by the object = 25 m + 50 m = 75 m
Total time = 4 s + 6 s = 10 s
75𝑚
𝑇𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = = 7.5 𝑚/𝑠
10𝑠

Q. A motor car travels first 30 km of its journey on a highway at 60 km/h and next 30 km at 90 km/h with
uniform speed. Calculate average speed.
Solution: - Time taken by car to travel first 30 km with speed 60 km/h
𝑠1 30 𝑘𝑚 1
𝑡1 = = = 𝑕
𝑣1 60 𝑘𝑚/𝑕 2
Time taken by car to travel another 30 km with speed 90km/h
𝑠2 30 𝑘𝑚 1
𝑡2 = = = 𝑕
𝑣2 90 𝑘𝑚/𝑕 3
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟 S1 = 30 km S2 = 30 km
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
= Initial v1 = 60 km/h v2 = 90 km/h Final
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 t1 = ? t2= ?
𝑠1 + 𝑠2 position position
𝑣=
𝑡1 + 𝑡2
30𝑘𝑚 + 30𝑘𝑚 60𝑘𝑚
𝑣= = = 72 𝑘𝑚/𝑕
1 1 5
2+3 6

Q. Speed of a motorcycle in first 10 minutes is 40 km/h, in next 10 minutes it is 50 km/h and in last 10 minutes
it is 30 km/h. what will be the Average speed of this motorcycle in the interval of 30 minutes?
Solution: - As
40𝑘𝑚/𝑕 + 50𝑘𝑚/𝑕 + 30𝑘𝑚/𝑕 120 𝑘𝑚/𝑕
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = = = 40 𝑘𝑚/𝑕
3 3

Q. An object travels 16 m in 4 s and then another 16 m in 2 s. What is the average speed of the object?
Solution:
Total distance travelled by the object =16 m + 16 m = 32 m
Total time taken = 4 s + 2 s = 6 s
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛

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32 𝑚
⟹𝑣= = 5.33 𝑚 𝑠 –1
6𝑠
Therefore, the average speed of the object is 5.33 m s–1.

Velocity, Average Velocity and Uniform

 Velocity:-
 The rate of motion of an object which specify its direction of motion along with its speed is called
velocity.
 Velocity is the speed of an object moving in a definite direction.
 It can be expressed as displacement of an object in unit time is called velocity of the object.
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑑
𝑣=
𝑡
 Velocity is a vector quantity. It is in the direction of displacement.
 Its SI unit is m/s. For practical uses its units cm/s and km/h are also used.
 It can be changed by changing the object’s speed, direction of motion or both.

 Average Velocity:-
 For an object performing non-uniform motion the value of its velocity keeps changing.
 In such circumstances, Average velocity is used.
 Ratio of total displacement of an object to total time taken for the displacement is known as average
velocity.
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑡
 If the object is at 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 at time 𝑡 = 𝑡1 and 𝑡 = 𝑡2 respectively, displacement ∆𝑥 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 , as
time interval ∆𝑡 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ∆𝑥
𝑣𝑎𝑣 = =
𝑡2 − 𝑡1 ∆𝑡
 Average velocity is denoted by vav, < v > or 𝑣 .
 Magnitude and direction of average velocity, depends only on its displacement. Path taken by the body
to reach the final position is not taken into consideration.

 Uniform Velocity:-
 If velocity of a body in motion remains constant or uniform with time, it is said to be with constant or
uniform velocity.
 When a body is in uniform motion in a certain direction, its velocity remains constant.
 for motion with constant velocity the following two conditions should be satisfied
1) Speed of the body should be constant.
2) Direction of motion of the body should not change

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Q. A person walks 50 m in north direction and from there he walks 30 m in west direction. Now he / she walk
50 m distance in south direction. For the path of motion if a person takes 100 s to travel from initial
position to the final position, calculate average speed and average velocity of the person.
Solution: As t = 100 s
Total distance travelled by the person = 130 m
Displacement of the person = 30 m (towards the west direction)
Total distance travelled
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 130
𝑖 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = = = 1.3 𝑚/𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 100
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 30
𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = = 0.3 𝑚/𝑠
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑡 100
Average velocity of the person = 0.3 m/s (from initial position to west direction.)

Q. A train takes 2 hours to reach Jaipur from Ajmer. The same train takes 3 hours while coming back to Ajmer.
Distance between Ajmer and Jaipur is 100 km. Calculate average speed and average velocity of train.
Solution:
Total distance travelled by the train = (100 + 100) km = 200 km
Total displacement of train = 0 m (train comes back to original place)
Total time period = 2 h + 3 h = 5 h
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 200
(𝑖)𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = = = 40 𝑘𝑚/𝑕
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 5
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 0
𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = =0
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑡 5

Q. The odometer of a car reads 2000 km at the start of a trip and 2400 km at the end of the trip. If the trip took 8
h, calculate the average speed of the car in km h–1 and m s–1.
Solution:
Distance covered by the car, s = 2400 km – 2000 km = 400 km
Time elapsed, t = 8 h
Average speed of the car is,
𝑠 400𝑘𝑚
𝑣𝑎𝑣 = = = 50 𝑘𝑚 𝑕–1
𝑡 8𝑕
5
= 50 𝑥 = 13.9 𝑚 𝑠 –1
18
The average speed of the car is 50 km h–1 or 13.9 m s–1.

Q. Usha swims in a 90 m long pool. She covers 180 m in one minute by swimming from one end to the other
and back along the same straight path. Find the average speed and average velocity of Usha.
Solution:
Total distance covered by Usha in 1 min is 180 m.
Displacement of Usha in 1 min = 0 m
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 180 𝑚 180 𝑚
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = = = = 3 𝑚 𝑠 −1
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠

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𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 0𝑚
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = = 0 𝑚 𝑠 –1
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 60 𝑠
𝑇𝑕𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑈𝑠𝑕𝑎 𝑖𝑠 3 𝑚 𝑠 –1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑕𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑠 0 𝑚 𝑠 –1 .

 If a particle covers 𝑑1 , 𝑑2 , 𝑑3 , … … . 𝑑𝑛 distance in time interval of 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 , 𝑡3 , … … . 𝑡𝑛 with speed

𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 , … … . 𝑣𝑛 then:-
𝑑1
𝑣1 = ,
𝑡1
𝑑2
𝑣2 = ,
𝑡2
𝑑3
𝑣3 = ,
𝑡3
𝑑𝑛
𝑣𝑛 =
𝑡𝑛

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑑1 + 𝑑2 + 𝑑3 + ⋯ … . +𝑑𝑛

𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 + 𝑡3 + ⋯ … . +𝑡𝑛
(i) If 𝑑1 = 𝑑2 = 𝑑3 = ⋯ … . = 𝑑𝑛 = 𝑑, then
𝑑1 + 𝑑2 + 𝑑3 + ⋯ … . +𝑑𝑛
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑡1 + 𝑡2 + 𝑡3 + ⋯ … . +𝑡𝑛
𝑑 + 𝑑 + 𝑑 + ⋯………+ 𝑑
𝑣=
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 𝑣2 + ⋯ … … . + 𝑣𝑛
𝑑(1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯ … … + 1)
𝑣=
1 1 1 1
𝑑 𝑣 + 𝑣 + 𝑣 + ⋯…….+𝑣
1 2 2 𝑛

(1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯ … … + 1)
𝑣= … . . (1)
1 1 1 1
𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 𝑣2 + ⋯ … … . + 𝑣𝑛
 Let us take first two speeds of particle say 𝑣1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣2 ,then average speed will be(from eqn. 1)
1+1 2 2𝑣1 . 𝑣2
𝑣= = 𝑣 +𝑣 =
1 1 2 1 𝑣1 + 𝑣2
𝑣1 + 𝑣2 𝑣1 . 𝑣2
 Let us take first three speeds of particle say 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣3 ,then average speed will be(from eqn. 1)
1+1+1 3 3𝑣1 . 𝑣2 . 𝑣3
𝑣= = 𝑣 .𝑣 + 𝑣 .𝑣 + 𝑣 .𝑣 =
1 1 1 2 3 1 3 1 2 𝑣2 . 𝑣3 + 𝑣1 . 𝑣3 + 𝑣1 . 𝑣2
𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 𝑣3 𝑣1 . 𝑣2 . 𝑣3
 Similarly average speed can be find for any part of length having different velocities but same distance by
equation 1.
 The same equation can be applied for average velocity.

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(ii) If 𝑡1 = 𝑡2 = 𝑡3 = ⋯ … . = 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑡, then
𝑣1 . 𝑡 + 𝑣2 . 𝑡 + 𝑣3 . 𝑡 + ⋯ … . +𝑣𝑛 . 𝑡
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑡 + 𝑡 + 𝑡 + ⋯ … . +𝑡
(𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 𝑣3 + ⋯ … . +𝑣𝑛 )𝑡
𝑣=
(1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯ … . +1)𝑡
(𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 𝑣3 + ⋯ … . +𝑣𝑛 )
𝑣= …. 2
1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯ … . +1
 Let us take first two speeds of particle say 𝑣1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣2 ,then average speed will be(from eqn. 2)
𝑣1 + 𝑣2 𝑣1 + 𝑣2
𝑣= =
1+1 2
 Let us take first three speeds of particle say 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣3 ,then average speed will be(from eqn. 2)
𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 𝑣3 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 𝑣3
𝑣= =
1+1+1 3
 Similarly average speed can be find for any part of length having different velocities but same time by
equation 2.
 The same equation can be applied for average velocity.
INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO 102
Question 1:
Distinguish between speed and velocity.
Answer 1:

SPEED VELOCITY
Speed is a scalar quantity. So it has only a Velocity is a vector quantity. So it has a
magnitude. magnitude and a direction as well.
Speed = distance travelled/time taken Velocity = displacement/time taken
Speed has positive values. Velocity has either positive or negative values.
The numerical value of the area under the curve of a The numerical value of the area under the curve of
speed-time graph is equal to the distance traveled by a velocity-time graph is equal to the displacement
the object. traveled by the object.
The gradient of a distance-time graph is equal to the The gradient of a displacement-time graph is
speed of the object. equal to the velocity of the object.

Question 2:
Under what condition(s) is the magnitude of average velocity of an object equal to its average speed?
Answer 2:
The magnitude of average velocity of an object will be equal to its average speed in the condition of uniform
velocity in a straight line motion.

Question 3:
What does the odometer of an automobile measure?
Answer 3:

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In automobiles, odometer is used to measure the distance.

Question 4:
What does the path of an object look like when it is in uniform motion?
Answer 4:
In the case of uniform motion, the path of an object will look like a straight

Question 5:
During an experiment, a signal from a spaceship reached the ground station in five minutes. What was the
distance of the spaceship from the ground station? The signal travels at the speed of light, that is, 3×108 ms−1.
Answer 5:
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑒 𝑕𝑎𝑣𝑒, 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 3 × 108 𝑚/𝑠 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 5 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 5 × 60 𝑠 = 300 𝑠
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 × 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
⇒ 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 3 × 108 × 300 𝑚 = 900 × 108 𝑚 = 9.0 × 1010 𝑚

SELF PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. A football field is about 100 m long. If it takes a person 20 seconds to run its length, how fast (what speed)
were they running?

2. The pitcher’s mound in baseball is 85 m from the plate. It takes 4 seconds for a pitch to reach the plate. How
fast is the pitch?

3. If you drive at 100 km/hr for 6 hours, how far will you go?

4. If you run a t 12 m/s for 15 minutes, how far will you go?

5. Every summer I drive to Pennsylvania. It is 895 km to get there. If I average 100 km/hr, how much time will I
spend driving?

6. A bullet travels at 850 m/s. How long will it take a bullet to go 1 km?

7. Every winter I fly home to Chicago. It takes 3 hours. What is my average speed?

8. The fastest train in the world moves at 500 km/hr. How far will it go in 3 hours?

9. How long will it take light moving at 300,000 km/s to reach us from the sun? The sun is 15,000,000 km from
earth.

ACCELERATION: RATE OF CHANGE OF VELOCITY

 With time, magnitude of velocity of the body either increases or decreases or magnitude of velocity
fluctuates or direction of its motion changes.
 Change in velocity of an object in motion in unit time is called acceleration or rate of change in velocity
of a object in motion is called acceleration.

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𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
 If initial velocity of a moving body is u and in time t it acquires velocity v, acceleration in this time
period is given by
( 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦)
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
𝑣−𝑢
𝑎=
𝑡
 If v > u, velocity of the object increases with time and so, acceleration is positive. The object is said to
have accelerated motion. Direction of acceleration is in the direction of velocity.
 If v < u, velocity of the object decreases with time and so, acceleration is negative. In this case the object is
said to have retarded motion.
 Direction of retardation is in the direction opposite to that of velocity.
 Acceleration is also vector quantity like velocity. Its SI unit is metre/second2 (symbol: m/s2). Its CGS
unit is cm/s2
 During uniform motion of an object along a straight line, the velocity remains constant with time. In this
case, the change in velocity of the object for any time interval is zero.
 On the other hand, an object can travel with non-uniform acceleration if its velocity changes at a non-
uniform rate. For example, if a car travelling along a straight road increases its speed by unequal
amounts in equal intervals of time, then the car is said to be moving with non-uniform acceleration.
 Acceleration occurs due to a change in the:
(i) Magnitude of the velocity only,
(ii) Direction of the velocity only, or
(iii) Magnitude and direction of the velocity

Q. A vehicle starting its motion from rest, travels along a straight path and acquires 36 km/h velocity in 10 s.
Now due to application of breaks, its velocity reduces to 18 km/h in 5 s. Find acceleration in both the cases
Solution: For first case, Initial velocity, u = 0
1000 𝑚
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑣 = 36 𝑘𝑚/𝑕 = 36 𝑥 = 10 𝑚/𝑠
3600 𝑠
Time interval t =10 s
𝑣 − 𝑢 10 − 0
𝑆𝑜, 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎 = = = 1 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑡 10
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑢 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑
5
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑣 = 18 𝑘𝑚/𝑕 = 18 𝑥 = 5 𝑚/𝑠
18
𝑣 − 𝑢 5 − 10
𝑆𝑜, 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎 = = = −1 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑡 5
Here acceleration is negative so vehicle performs retarded motion

Q. Starting from a stationary position, Rahul paddles his bicycle to attain a velocity of 6 m s–1 in 30 s. Then he
applies brakes such that the velocity of the bicycle comes down to 4 m s-1 in the next 5 s. Calculate the
acceleration of the bicycle in both the cases.
Solution:

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In the first case:
initial velocity, u = 0 ;
final velocity, v = 6 m s–1 ;
time, t = 30 s .
𝑣−𝑢 6−0 1
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚, 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎 = = = = 0.2 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑡 30 5
In the second case:
initial velocity = 6 m s–1;
Final velocity, v = 4 m s–1;
Time, t = 5 s. Then,
𝑣 − 𝑢 4 − 6 −2
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎 = = = = −0.4 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑡 5 5
The acceleration of the bicycle in the first case is 0.2 m s–2 and in the second case, it is –0.4 m s–2.

UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION:

 For a body moving along straight path if increases in its velocity are equal in equal interval of time, it is
said to have constant acceleration. Such a motion of a body is said to be uniformly accelerated motion.
 A ball falling freely from top of a tower is an example of uniformly accelerated motion.
 Acceleration of the ball is 9.8 ms-2 i.e. increase in velocity of ball per second is 9.8 m/s.

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INTEXT QUESTION PAGE NO 103
Question 1:
When will you say a body is in (i) uniform acceleration? (ii) non-uniform acceleration?
Answer 1:
(i) A body is said in uniform acceleration when its motion is along a straight line and its velocity changes by
equal magnitude in equal interval of time.
(ii) A body is said in non-uniform acceleration when its motion is along a straight line and its velocity changes
by unequal magnitude in equal interval of time.
Question 2:
A bus decreases its speed from 80 km/h to 60 km/h in 5 s. Find the acceleration of the bus.
Answer 2:
1000 200
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑢 = 80 𝑘𝑚/𝑕 = 80 × 𝑚𝑠 −1 = 𝑚𝑠 −1
3600 9
1000 150
𝑣 = 60 𝑘𝑚/𝑕 = 60 × 𝑚𝑠 −1 = 𝑚𝑠 −1
3600 9
𝑡 = 5𝑠
Therefore, acceleration, a =?
We know that,
150 200 50
− 9 − 9 10
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 ⇒ 𝑎 = 𝑣 − 𝑢𝑡 = 9 = =− = −1.1 𝑚𝑠 −2
5 5 9
Therefore, Acceleration is −1.1 𝑚𝑠 −2 .

Question 3:
A train starting from a railway station and moving with uniform acceleration attains a speed of 40 km/h in 10
minutes. Find its acceleration.
Answer 3:
Here we have, Initial velocity, u = 0 m/s
5 100
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑣 = 40 𝑘𝑚/𝑕 = = 40 × 𝑚𝑠 −1 = 𝑚𝑠 −1
18 9
Time (t) = 10 minute = 60 × 10 = 600 s
Acceleration (a) =?
𝑊𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡𝑕𝑎𝑡, 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
100
−0 1
⇒ 𝑎 = 𝑣 − 𝑢𝑡 = 9 = = 0.0185 𝑚𝑠 −2
600 54
⇒ 𝑎 = 0.0185 𝑚𝑠 −2

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SELF PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. A particle is moving in a circle of diameter 5m. Calculate the distance covered and the displacement when
it competes 3 revolutions.

2. A body thrown vertically upwards reaches a maximum height ‘h’. It then returns to ground. Calculate the
distance travelled and the displacement.

3. A body travels a distance of 15m from A to B and then moves a distance of 20m at right angles to AB.
Calculate the total distance travelled and the displacement.

4. An object is moving in a circle of radius ‘r’. Calculate the distance and displacement
(i) When it completes half the circle
(ii) When it completes one full circle.

5. An object travels 16m in 4s and then another 16m in 2s. What is the average speed of the object?

6. Vishnu swims in a 90m long pool. He covers 180m in one minute by swimming from one end to the other
and back along the same straight path. Find the average speed and average velocity of Vishnu.

7. In along distance race, the athletics were expected to take four rounds of the track such that the line of finish
was same as the line of start. Suppose the length of the track was 200m.
(a) What is the total distance to be covered by the athletics?
(b) What is the displacement of the athletics when they touch the finish line?
(c) Is the motion of the athletics uniform or non-uniform?
(d) Is the displacement of an athletic and the distance covered by him at the end of the race equal?

8. Starting from a stationary position, Bhuvan paddles his bicycle to attain a velocity of 6m/s in 30s. Then he
applies brakes such that the velocity of bicycle comes down to 4m/s in the next 5s. Calculate the acceleration of
the bicycle in both the cases.

9. Amit is moving in his car with a velocity of 45km/hr. How much distance will he cover
(a) in one minute and
(b) in one second.

10. The odometer of a car reads 2000 km at the start of a trip and 2400km at the end of the trip. If the trip took 8
hr, calculate the average speed of the car in km/hr and m/s.

11. An electric train is moving with a velocity of 120km/hr. How much distance will it move in 30s?

12. A body is moving with a velocity of 15m/s. If the motion is uniform, what will be the velocity after 10s?

13. A train travels some distance with a speed of 30km/hr and returns with a speed of 45km/hr. Calculate the
average speed of the train.

14. A train 100m long moving on a straight level track passes a pole in 5s. Find
(a) The speed of the train
(b) The time it will take to cross a bridge 500m long.

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15. A car travels along a straight line for first half time with speed 40km/hr and the second half time with speed
60km/hr. Find the average speed of the car.

16. A body starts rolling over a horizontal surface with an initial velocity of 0.5m/s. Due to friction, its
velocity decreases at the rate of 0.05m/s 2. How much time will it take for the body to stop?

17. A car traveling at 36km/hr speeds upto 70km/hr in 5 seconds. What is its acceleration? If the same car
stops in 20s, what is the retardation?

18. A scooter acquires a velocity of 36km/hr in 10seconds just after the start. It takes 20 seconds to stop.
Calculate the acceleration in the two cases.

19. On a 120km track, a train travels the first 30 km at a uniform speed of 30 km/hr. How fast must the train
travel the next 90 km so as to average 60 km/hr for the entire trip?

20. A train travels at 60 km/hr for 0.52 hr; at 30 km/hr for the next 0.24 hr and at 70 km/hr for the next 0.71 hr.
What is the average speed of the train?

DISTANCE-TIME GRAPH
The distance-time graph represents the change in the position of a body with time. In this graph, we take time
along the x-axis and the distance along the y-axis. The distance-time graph under different conditions are shown
below.

1. When the body is at rest

The position of the body does not change with time. Its distance from the origin continues to be same at all
instants of time. Therefore, we obtain a straight line parallel to x-axis(time axis) (see the below figure)

𝑠2 − 𝑠1
𝑣=
𝑡2 − 𝑡1
𝐵𝑢𝑡, 𝑠2 = 𝑠1
0
∴ 𝑣=
𝑡2 − 𝑡1
𝑂𝑟 𝑣 = 0
2. When the body is in uniform motion
When an object travels equal distances in equal intervals of time, it moves with uniform speed. This shows that
the distance travelled by the object is directly proportional to time taken. Thus, for uniform speed, a graph of

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distance travelled against time is a straight line, as shown in below figure. The portion OB of the graph shows
that the distance is increasing at a uniform rate.
On the graph, AC denotes the time interval (t2 - t1) while BC corresponds to the distance (s2 - s1). We can see
from the graph that as the object moves from the point A to B, it covers a distance (s 2 - s1) in time (t2 - t1). The
speed, v of the object, therefore can be represented as
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
𝑠2 − 𝑠1
𝑣=
𝑡2 − 𝑡1

3. When the body is in non-uniform motion

When a body moves with non-uniform speed it covers unequal distance in equal intervals of time. The distance-
time graph for a body, which is moving with non-uniform speed, is not a straight line. It is a curve. The speed of
the object will change with respect to time.

VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH
The geometrical relationship between the velocity of an object and the time taken by the object is called the
velocity-time graph.
The velocity-time graph of an object can be drawn by taking the time taken along the X-axis and the velocity
along the Y-axis. The ratio of the velocity and the time taken will give the acceleration of the object. Therefore,
the slope of the velocity-time graph gives the acceleration of the given object. That is, by using this graph one can
find the acceleration of an object. The velocity-time graph under different conditions is shown below.

1. When the body is moving with uniform velocity

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If the object moves at uniform velocity, the height of its velocity-time graph will not change with time. It will be
a straight line parallel to the x-axis. We know that the product of velocity and time give displacement of an
object moving with uniform velocity. The area enclosed by velocity-time graph and the time axis will be equal to
the magnitude of the displacement.

𝑣2 − 𝑣1
𝑎=
𝑡2 − 𝑡1
𝐵𝑢𝑡, 𝑣2 = 𝑣1
0
∴ 𝑎=
𝑡2 − 𝑡1
𝑂𝑟 𝑎 = 0
To know the distance moved by the car between time t1 and t2 using the above figure, draw perpendiculars from
the points corresponding to the time t1 and t2 on the graph. The velocity of v km/h is represented by the height
AC or BD and the time (t2 - t1) is represented by the length AB. So, the distance s moved by the car in time
(𝑡2 − 𝑡1 ) can be expressed as
s = AC × CD = v(𝑡2 − 𝑡1 ) = Area of the rectangle ABDC (shaded portion)

2. When the body is moving with uniform acceleration

In this case, the velocity-time graph for the motion of the car is shown in below figure. The nature of the graph
shows that velocity changes by equal amounts in equal intervals of time. Thus, for all uniformly accelerated
motion, the velocity-time graph is a straight line.

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𝑣2 − 𝑣1
𝑎=
𝑡2 − 𝑡1
The area under the velocity-time graph gives the distance (magnitude of displacement) moved by the car in a
given interval of time. If the car would have been moving with uniform velocity, the distance travelled by it
would be represented by the area ABCD under the graph. Since the magnitude of the velocity of the car is
changing due to acceleration, the distance s travelled by the car will be given by the area ABCDE under the
velocity-time graph.
That is, s = area ABCDE = area of the rectangle ABCD + area of the triangle ADE
1
𝑠 = 𝐴𝐵. 𝐵𝐶 + (𝐴𝐷. 𝐷𝐸)
2

3. When the body is moving with a variable acceleration

In the case of non-uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time graphs can have any shape. In below Fig. (a)
shows a velocity-time graph that represents the motion of an object whose velocity is decreasing with time while
Figure (b) shows the velocity-time graph representing the non-uniform variation of velocity of the object with
time

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Here if, t2 – t1 = t2 – t3
Then 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 ≠ 𝑣3 − 𝑣2
𝑣2 − 𝑣1 𝑣3 − 𝑣2
≠
𝑡2 − 𝑡1 𝑡3 − 𝑡2
𝑎2 ≠ 𝑎1

FOR DECELERATED (UNIFORM) MOTION:

Here 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 = 𝑣3 − 𝑣2
𝑖𝑓, 𝑡2 – 𝑡1 = 𝑡2 – 𝑡3

𝑣2 − 𝑣1 𝑣3 − 𝑣2
=
𝑡2 − 𝑡1 𝑡3 − 𝑡2
𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑎2 = 𝑎1

Example : From the information given in s/t graph, which of the following body ‘A’ or ‘B’ will be more faster ?

Solution : 𝑉𝐴 > 𝑉𝐵

Question: - Velocity of a vehicle moving along a straight path changes as shown in the fig. Find initial
acceleration, final acceleration and the total distance travelled.

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Velocity v (m/s)
A B
10

E D C
O 2 Time t (s) 8 10

First of all we will calculate initial acceleration, u = 0 m/s, v = 10 m/s, t = 2 s

𝑣 − 𝑢 10 − 0
∴𝑎= = = 5 𝑚/𝑠
𝑡 2

Retardation in final stage u= 10 m/s, v= 0 m/s, t = 2 s

𝑣 − 𝑢 0 − 10
∴𝑎= = = −5 𝑚/𝑠
𝑡 2
Total distance travelled by the vehicle = Area of trapezium OABC
= Area of ∆ AEO + Area of rectangle ABDE+ Area of ∆ BDC
1 1
= 𝑥 𝑂𝐸 𝑥 𝐴𝐸 + (𝐴𝐸 𝑥 𝐴𝐵) + 𝑥 𝐷𝐶 𝑋 𝐵𝐷
2 2
1 1
= 𝑥 2 𝑥 10 + (10 𝑥 6) + 𝑥 2 𝑥 10
2 2
= 10 + 60 + 10 = 80 𝑚

Question: For two cars A and B in motion- time graph is shown in fig.
Distance (m)

Car A

C
600 Car B

500

O Time (s) 40

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(a) State initial positions of car A and car B.
(b) When and at how much distance from the origin, these two cars would meet ?
(c) Final speed of car A and car B.

Solution
(a) Initial position of car A is origin 0 and car B is at 500 m distance from origin at that time.
(b) Graphs for both the cars intersect each other at point C. Co-ordinates of C are (40 s, 600 m) i.e. both the cars
would meet each other after 40 s at a distance of 600 m from origin.
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 600 − 0
(𝑐) 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝐴 = 𝑣𝐴 = = = 15 𝑚/𝑠
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 40 − 0
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 600 − 500
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝐵 = 𝑣𝐵 = = = 2.5 𝑚/𝑠
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 40 − 0

INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO 107

Question 1:
What is the nature of the distance – time graphs for uniform and non-uniform motion of an object?
Answer 1:
The slope of the distance-time graph for an object in uniform motion is straight line.

The slope of the distance-time graph for an object in non-uniform motion is not a straight line.

Question 2:
What can you say about the motion of an object whose distance-time graph is a straight line parallel to the time
axis?
Answer 2:
When the slope of distance-time graph is a straight line parallel to time axis, the object is stationary.

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Question 3:
What can you say about the motion of an object if its speed-time graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis?
Answer 3:
When the graph of a speed time graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis, the object is moving with
constant speed.

Question 4:
What is the quantity, which is measured by the area occupied below the velocity-time graph?
Answer 4:
The graph shows the velocity−time graph of a uniformly moving body. Let the velocity of the body at time (t) be
v.

Area of the shaded region = length × breath Where, Length = t, Breath = v

Area = vt = velocity × time …(i)
We know, Velocity = (Distance)/(time)
∴ Distance = Velocity × Time…(ii)
From equations (i) and (ii), Area = Distance
Hence, the area occupied below the velocity−time graph measures the distance covered by the body.

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NUMERICALS
1. The right-sided figure is the distance-time graph of an object. Do you think it represents a real situation? If
so, why? If not, why not?

2. The graph in below figure shows the positions of a body at different times. Calculate the speed of the body as it
moves from (i) A to B (ii) B to C and (iii) C to D.

3. The velocity time graph of an ascending passenger lift is given below. What is the acceleration of the lift: (i)
during the first two seconds (ii) between 2nd and 10th second (iii) during the last two seconds.

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4. A body is moving uniformly with a velocity of 5m/s. Find graphically the distance travelled by it in 5
seconds.
5. Study the speed-time graph of a body shown in below figure and answer the following questions:
(a) What type of motion is represented by OA?
(b) What type of motion is represented by AB?
(c) What type of motion is represented by BC?
(d) Calculate the acceleration of the body.
(e) Calculate the retardation of the body.
(f) Calculate the distance travelled by the body from A to B.

6. In the above question, calculate (i) distance travelled from O to A (ii) distance travelled from B to C. (iii) total
distance travelled by the body in 16 sec.
7. A car is moving on a straight road with uniform acceleration. The following table gives the speed of the car at
various instants of time:
Time(t) 0 10 20 30 40 50
Speed(m/s) 5 10 15 20 25 30
Draw the speed time graph choosing a convenient scale. Determine from it (i) the acceleration of the car (ii) the
distance travelled by the car in 50 sec.

8. The graph in below figure shows the positions of a body at different times. Calculate the speed of the body as it
moves from (i) A to B (ii) B to C and (iii) C to D.

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9. A car is moving on a straight road with uniform acceleration. The speed of the car varies with time as follows:

Time(t) 0 2 4 6 8 10
Speed(m/s) 4 8 12 16 20 24

Draw the speed time graph choosing a convenient scale. Determine from it (i) the acceleration of the car (ii) the
distance travelled by the car in 10 sec.
10. The graph given below is the velocity-time graph for a moving body. Find (i) velocity of the body at point C
(ii) acceleration acting on the body between A and B (iii) acceleration acting on the body between B and C.

Extra questions
Q.The graph below shows the position of a car pulling into a parking spot as a function of time. Use this graph
to answer the following questions. The positive direction is forward. (Signs matter.)

a) Determine the velocity of the car from 0 to 1 seconds.

b) Determine the velocity of the car from 3 to 4 seconds.
c) Determine the velocity of the car from 8 to 9 seconds.
d) Determine the acceleration of the car from 1 to 3 seconds.
e) Determine the acceleration of the car from 4 to 8 seconds.

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f) Determine the displacement of the car from 1 to 3 seconds.
g) Determine the displacement of the car from 3 to 4 seconds.
h) Determine the displacement of the car from 4 to 8 seconds.
i) Sketch the corresponding velocity-time graph
j) Sketch the corresponding acceleration-time graph

Q. The graph below shows the velocity of a skydiver as a function of time. At time t = 0 s the skydiver is located
at position y = 0 m at the door of the plane, at t = 8 s the parachute opened, and at t = 12 s the skydiver touched
down. Assume that the positive directions for displacement, velocity, and acceleration are downward. Using this
information sketch the corresponding graphs of…
a. displacement-time
b. acceleration-time

Q. The graph below shows the altitude of a skydiver initially at rest as a function of time. After 7 s of free fall the
skydiver's chute deployed completely, which changed the motion abruptly.
a. Determine the velocity at the instant…
(i) Just before the parachute opened
(ii) Just after the parachute opened
b. What was the skydiver's acceleration…
(i) From the beginning of the jump to the time just before the parachute opened?
(ii) From the time just after the parachute opened to the time when the skydiver landed?
c. Sketch the corresponding graphs of…
(i) velocity-time
(ii) acceleration-time

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EQUATIONS OF MOTION BY GRAPHICAL METHOD

When an object moves along a straight line with uniform acceleration, it is possible to relate its velocity,
acceleration during motion and the distance covered by it in a certain time interval by a set of equations known
as the equations of motion. There are three such equations. These are:
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 … … … … … … … … (1)
1 1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 … … … … … … … … (2)
2 2
2𝑎 𝑠 = 𝑣 – 𝑢 2 … … … … … … … … (3)
2

where u is the initial velocity of the object which moves with uniform acceleration a for time t,v is the final
velocity, and s is the distance travelled by the object in time t. Eq. (1) describes the velocity-time relation and
Eq. (2) represents the position-time relation. Eq. (3), which represents the relation between the position and the
velocity, can be obtained from Eqs. (1) and(2) by eliminating t. These three equations can be derived by graphical
method.

EQUATION FOR VELOCITY-TIME RELATION

In the graph, AC gives the initial velocity (u). BE gives the final velocity (v). CE represents the time taken t. DF
gives the change in velocity.

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𝐶𝑕𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑣−𝑢
𝑎=
𝑡
𝑣 − 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑡
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 … … (𝑖)

EQUATION FOR POSITION-VELOCITY RELATION

Let ‘s’ be the displacement of the body in a time t. In the graph, Displacement = Area CABE
𝑠 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝐴𝐺𝐸 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝐵𝐺.
1
𝑠 = 𝐴𝐶 𝑥 𝐶𝐸 + (𝐴𝐺 𝑥 𝐺𝐵)
2
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑢, 𝐶𝐸 = 𝑡, 𝐴𝐺 = 𝑡
𝐺𝐵 = 𝑣 − 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑡 [𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚(𝑖)]
1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑥 𝑡 𝑥 𝑎𝑡
2
1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 … … … … … (𝑖𝑖)
2
EQUATION FOR POSITION-TIME RELATION
In the graph, Displacement = Area of the trapezium CABE
1
𝑆 = 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐸𝐵 𝑥 𝐶𝐸
2
HERE AC = u, EB= v, CE = t
1
𝑆 = 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑥 𝑡 … … . . (𝑎)
2
From (i)
𝑣– 𝑢
= 𝑡
𝑎
Substituting the value of t in eqn (a)
1 𝑣– 𝑢
𝑆 = 𝑢+𝑣 𝑥
2 𝑎
𝑣 2 – 𝑢2
𝑆=
2𝑎
2 2
𝑣 – 𝑢 = 2𝑎𝑆

EQUATION OF MOTION BY MATHEMATICAL METHOD

As per definition of acceleration,
𝑣−𝑢
𝑎=
𝑡
∴ 𝑎𝑡 = 𝑣 − 𝑢 … … . (1)
𝑆𝑜 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 … … … . . (1)
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑥 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑢+𝑣
𝑆 = 𝑥𝑡
2
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑕𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑛 (1)

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1
= . (𝑢 + 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡) 𝑥 𝑡
2
1
= 2𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 𝑡
2
1
𝑆 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 … … . . (2)
2
𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑕 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑛 (1)
𝑣 2 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 2
𝑣 2 = 𝑢 2 + 2𝑢𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎2 . 𝑡 2
1
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎(𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 )
2
𝑣 2 − 𝑢 2 = 2𝑎𝑠 … … … … … . . (3)

Acceleration due to gravity

The velocity of the body gradually decreases and becomes zero at a maximum height. The body is decelerated or
retarded. When the body is allowed to fall down, the velocity gradually increases. Now the body is accelerated.
The deceleration or acceleration due to the gravitational force of earth is known as acceleration due to gravity,
denoted as ‘g’. The average value of ‘g’ is 9.8 m/s2. The velocity of the body thrown vertically upwards will
decrease by 9.8m for every second and the velocity of a body falling down increases by 9.8m for every second.
The equations of motion for this body can be obtained from the equations of motion.
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
1 1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2 2
2𝑎 𝑠 = 𝑣 2 – 𝑢 2
(i) For the body thrown upwards, equations can be obtained by substituting a = -g and s = h we get,
𝑣 = 𝑢 – 𝑔𝑡
1
𝑕 = 𝑢𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2
2
2 2
𝑣 = 𝑢 − 2𝑔𝑕
(ii) For the body thrown downwards, equations can be obtained by substituting a = +g and s = h we get,
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑔𝑡
1
𝑕 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡 2
2
𝑣 2 = 𝑢 2 + 2𝑔𝑕
(iii) When a body allowed to fall freely, u = 0. a = g and s = h. Now, the equations will be
𝑣 = 𝑔𝑡
1
𝑕 = 𝑔𝑡 2
2
2
𝑣 = 2𝑔𝑕
Question:-
A stationary train, when starts motion, acquires velocity of 72 km/h in 5 minutes. Motion of train is uniformly
accelerated motion (i) Calculate acceleration of train in 5 min.(ii) Calculate distance travelled by train in 5 min.
Solution
u = 0 m/s

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v = 72 km/h = 72 x 5/18 = 20m/s
t = 5 min = 5 x 60 = 300s
(i) Acceleration of train =
𝑣 − 𝑢 20 − 0 1
𝑎= = = 𝑚𝑠 −2
𝑡 300 15
(ii) Distance of train
1 1
𝑠= 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2 2
1 1 2
𝑠 = 0𝑥300 + 𝑥 𝑥 300
2 15
= 3000 𝑚 = 3𝑘𝑚
𝑣 2 – 𝑢2
𝑂𝑟 𝑠 =
2𝑎
20 2 − 0 2 400𝑥15
𝑠= =
1 2
2𝑥
15
= 3000 𝑚 = 3𝑘𝑚
Question:-
When brakes are applied to a car running on a straight road retardation of 4 m/s2 is produced. It stops after 3 s.
Calculate the distance travelled after brakes are applied.
Solution
a= —4 m/s2
t =3 s
v = 0 m/s
u=?
s=?
by v = u + at
u = v — at
= 0—(-4 m/s2 )(3 s) = 12 m/s
Thus car was running at 12 m/s when brakes were applied. Distance travelled after brakes are applied.
1 1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2 2
1
𝑠 = 12 𝑥 3 + 𝑥(−4) 𝑥 (3)2
2
= 36 − 18 = 18 𝑚
Thus car will travel 18 m after applying brakes and then it will stop.

Question
A biker, in moving with speed at 36 km/h sees an obstacle, 35 m away from him. When brakes are applied
retardation of 2 m/s2 is produced. Would he be able to avoid the accident?
Solution:
we have

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𝑢 = 36 𝑥 5/18 = 10 𝑚/𝑠
Suppose bike stops after travelling a distance s. Thus final speed of the bike is
∴v = 0, a = —2 m / s2, s = ?
𝑣 2 – 𝑢2
∴𝑠 =
2𝑎
0 − 10 2
=
2 −2
0 − 100
=
−4
= 25 𝑚
Question:
A car accelerates uniformly from 18 km h–1 to 36 km h–1 in 5 s.
Calculate (i) the acceleration and (ii) the distance covered by the car in that time.
Solution:
We are given that
5
𝑢 = 18 𝑘𝑚 𝑕–1 = 18 𝑥 = 5 𝑚 𝑠 –1
18
5
𝑣 = 36 𝑘𝑚 𝑕–1 = 36 𝑥 = 10 𝑚 𝑠 –1
18
And t = 5 s .
(i) From first motion of Eq. we have
𝑣 − 𝑢 10 − 5
𝑎= = =1
𝑡 5
= 1 𝑚 𝑠 –2
(ii) From second motion of equation we have
1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
1
= 5 × 5 + × 1 × 5 2
2
= 25 m + 12.5 m
= 37.5 m
The acceleration of the car is 1 m s–2 and the distance covered is 37.5 m.

Question
The brakes applied to a car produce an acceleration of 6 m s-2 in the opposite direction to the motion. If the car
takes 2 s to stop after the application of brakes, calculate the distance it travels during this time.
Solution:
We have been given
𝑎 = – 6 𝑚 𝑠 –2 ; 𝑡 = 2 𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 0 𝑚 𝑠 –1 .
From Eq.
v = u + at
0 = u + (– 6) × 2 s
or u = 12 m s–1 .

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From Eq. (8.6) we ge
1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
= (12) × (2 ) +12(–6) (2)2
= 24 m – 12 m
= 12 m
Thus, the car will move 12 m before it stops after the application of brakes.

INTEXT QUESTRION PAGE NO 109-110

Question 1:
A bus starting from rest moves with a uniform acceleration of 0.1ms–2 for 2 minutes.
Find (a) the speed acquired, (b) the distance travelled.
Answer 1:
Here we have, Initial velocity (u) = 0 m/s Acceleration (a) = 0.1ms–2 Time (t) = 2 minute = 120 seconds
(a) The speed acquired: We know that,
v = u + at
⇒ v = 0 + 0.1 × 120 m/s
⇒ v = 12 m/s
Thus, the bus will acquire a speed of 12 m/s after 2 minute with the given acceleration.
(b) The distance travelled: We know that,
1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
= 0 × 120 + 12 × 0.1 × 120 2
1
= × 0.1 × 14400 𝑚 = 720 𝑚
2
Thus, bus will travel a distance of 720 m in the given time of 2 minute.

Question 2:
A train is travelling at a speed of 90 km/h. Brakes are applied to produce a uniform acceleration of – 0.5 m/s2.
Find how far the train will go before it is brought to rest.
Answer 2:
Here, we have,
1000
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑢 = 90 𝑘𝑚/𝑕 = 90 × 𝑚𝑠 −1 = 25 𝑚𝑠 −1
3600
Final velocity, v = 0 m/s
Acceleration, a = – 0.5 m/s2
Distance travelled = ?
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑣 2 = 𝑢 2 + 2𝑎𝑠
⟹ 2𝑎𝑠 = 𝑣 2 − 𝑢 2
⟹ 2 𝑥 0 − .5 𝑥 𝑠 = 02 − 25 2 = 625 𝑚
Therefore, train will go 625 m before it brought to rest.

Question 3:
A trolley, while going down an inclined plane, has an acceleration of 2 cm/s2. What will be its velocity 3 s after
the start?

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Answer 3:
Here we have, Initial velocity, u = 0 m/s
Acceleration (a) = 2 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 2 = 0.02 𝑚/𝑠 2
Time (t) = 3 s
Final velocity, v = ?
We know that, v = u + at
Therefore, v = 0 + 0.02 × 3 m/s
⇒ 𝑣 = 0.06 𝑚/𝑠
Therefore, the final velocity of trolley will be 0.06 m/s after start.

Question 4:
A racing car has a uniform acceleration of 4 m/s2. What distance will it cover in 10 s after start?
Answer 4:
Here we have, Acceleration, a = 4 m/s2
Initial velocity, u = 0 m/s
Time, t = 10 s
Distance covered (s) =?
We know that,
1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
⇒ 𝑠 = 0 × 10 + 12 × 4 × 10 2 𝑚
⇒ 𝑠 = 2 × 100 𝑚
⇒ 𝑠 = 200 𝑚
Thus, racing car will cover a distance of 200 m after start in 10 s with given acceleration.

Question 5:
A stone is thrown in a vertically upward direction with a velocity of 5 m/s. If the acceleration of the stone during
its motion is 10 m/s2 in the downward direction, what will be the height attained by the stone and how much time
will it take to reach there?
Answer 5:
Here we have, Initial velocity (u) = 5 m/s
Final velocity (v) = 0 m/s
Acceleration (a) = – 10 m/s2
Height, i.e. Distance, s =?
Time (t) taken to reach the height =?
𝑊𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡𝑕𝑎𝑡,
𝑣 2 = 𝑢 2 + 2𝑎𝑠
⇒ 0 = 5 2 + 2 × −10 × 𝑠
⇒ 0 = 25 – 20. 𝑠
25
⇒ 𝑠 = 𝑚
20
⇒ 𝑠 = 1.25 𝑚

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𝑁𝑜𝑤, 𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡𝑕𝑎𝑡,
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
⇒ 0 = 5 + – 10 × 𝑡
⇒ 0 = 5 − 10𝑡
5
⇒ 𝑡 = 𝑠
10
⇒ 𝑡 = 0.5 𝑠
Thus, stone will attain a height of 1.25 m and time taken to attain the height is 0.5 s.

UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

 Let us consider an example of the motion of a body along a closed path.
E
D A G
H
F F
D

A
E
C A
C B
(a) Rectangular B
B D
track (b) Hexagonal C
(c) Octagonal shaped
track
track

(d) Circular track

 Fig (a) shows the path of an athlete along a rectangular track ABCD. Let us assume that the athlete runs at
a uniform speed on the straight parts AB, BC, CD and DA of the track. In order to keep himself on track, he
quickly changes his speed at the corners. Four times, he will change his direction of motion, while he
completes one round.
 Now, suppose the athlete is running along a hexagonal shaped path ABCDEF, as shown in Fig.(b). In this
situation, the athlete will have to change his direction six times while he completes one round.
 if the track was a regular octagon, with eight equal sides as shown by ABCDEFGH in Fig.(c).the number of
take turns becomes eight.
 It is observed that as the number of sides of the track increases the athlete has to take turns more and more
often.
 If the shape of the track approaches the shape of a circle and the length of each of the sides will decrease to a
point. If the athlete moves with a velocity of constant magnitude along the circular path, the only change in
his velocity is due to the change in the direction of motion. The motion of the athlete moving along a circular
path is, therefore, an example of an accelerated motion.

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 For a circle:-
Circumference of a circle of radius r is given by 2𝜋r.
If the athlete takes t seconds to go once around the circular path of radius r,
The speed v is given by
2𝜋𝑟
𝑣=
𝑇
1
𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜 = 𝑓, 𝑤𝑕𝑖𝑐𝑕 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑇
1
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓 = = 𝐻𝑧
𝑠
𝑚 𝑐𝑚
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑣 = 𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝐼 , (𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝐺𝑆)
𝑠 𝑠
When an object moves in a circular path with uniform speed, its motion is
called uniform circular motion.
 The direction of motion changed at every point as tangentially when the stone was moving along the
circular path.
 Examples of circular motion:
 Planetary motion of all celestial bodies, such as the motion of the moon and the earth etc.
 A satellite in a circular orbit around the earth,
 A cyclist on a circular track at constant speed
 When an athlete throws a hammer or a discus in a sports meet, he/she holds the hammer or the
discus in his/her hand and gives it a circular motion by rotating his/her own body. Once released in
the desired direction, the hammer or discus moves in the direction in which it was moving at the
time it was released.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. A car increases its speed from 20 km/h to 50 km/h in 10 seconds. What is its acceleration?
2. A ship is moving at a speed of 56km/h. One second later, it is moving at 58km/h. What is its acceleration?
3. A scooter acquires a velocity of 36km/h in 10 seconds just after the start. Calculate the acceleration of the
scoter.
4. A racing car has uniform acceleration of 4m/s 2. What distance will it cover in 10 seconds after start?
5. A car acquires a velocity of 72km/h in 10 seconds starting from rest. Find (a) the acceleration (b) the average
velocity (c) the distance travelled in this time.
6. A body is accelerating at a constant rate of 10m/s 2. If the body starts from rest, how much distance will it
cover in 2 seconds?
7. An object undergoes an acceleration of 8m/s 2 starting from rest. Find the distance travelled in 1 second.

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8. A moving train is brought to rest within 20 seconds by applying brakes. Find the initial velocity, if the
retardation due to brakes is 2m/s2.
9. A car accelerates uniformly from 18km/h to 36 km/h in 5 seconds. Calculate (i) acceleration and (ii) the
distance covered by the car in that time.
10. A body starts to slide over a horizontal surface with an initial velocity of 0.5 m/s. Due to friction, its velocity
decreases at the rate of 0.05 m/s2. How much time will it take for the body to stop?
11. A train starting from the rest moves with a uniform acceleration of 0.2 m/s 2 for 5 minutes. Calculate the
speed acquired and the distance travelled in this time.
12. A bus was moving with a speed of 54 km/h. On applying brakes, it stopped in 8 seconds. Calculate the
acceleration and the distance travelled before stopping.
13. A motor cycle moving with a speed of 5 m/s is subjected to an acceleration of 0.2 m/s2. Calculate the speed
of the motor cycle after 10 seconds and the distance travelled in this time.
14. The brakes applied to a car produce an acceleration of 6 m/s 2 in the opposite direction to the motion. If
the car takes 2 seconds to stop after the application of brakes, calculate the distance it travels during this time.
15. A train starting from rest attains a velocity of 72 km/h in 5 minutes. Assuming that the acceleration is
uniform, find (i) the acceleration and (ii) the distance travelled by the train for attaining this velocity.
16. Calculate the speed of the tip of second’s hand of a watch of length 1.5 cm.
17. A cyclist goes once round a circular track of diameter 105m in 5 minutes. Calculate his speed.
18. A cyclist moving on a circular track of radius 50m complete revolution in 4 minutes. What is his (i) average
speed (ii) average velocity in one full revolution?
19. The length of minutes hand of a clock in 5 cm. Calculate its speed.
20. A car starts from rest and moves along the x-axis with constant acceleration 5m/s 2 for 8 seconds. If it then
continues with constant velocity, what distance will the car cover in 12 seconds since it started from the rest?
21. An object is dropped from rest at a height of 150m and simultaneously another object is dropped from
rest at a height 100m. What is the difference in their heights after 2 seconds if both the objects drop with same
acceleration? How does the difference in heights vary with time?
22. Obtain a relation for the distance travelled by an object moving with a uniform acceleration in the
interval between 4th and 5th seconds.
23. Two stones are thrown vertically upwards simultaneously with their initial velocities u1 and u2 respectively.
Prove that the heights reached by them would be in the ratio of u12:u22 (Assume upward acceleration is - g and
downward acceleration to be +g).
24. An object starting from rest travels 20m in first 2 seconds and 160m in next 4 seconds. What will be the
velocity after 7 seconds from the start?
25. An electron moving with a velocity of 5 x 10 4 m/s enters into a uniform electric field and acquires a
uniform acceleration of 104m/s2 in the direction of its initial motion. (i) Calculate the time in which the electron
would acquire a velocity double of its initial velocity. (ii) How much distance the electron would cover in this
time?

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EXERCISE
Question 1:
An athlete completes one round of circular track of diameter 200 m in 40 sec. What will be the distance covered
and the displacement at the end of 2 minutes 20 sec?
Answer 1:
Time taken = 2 min 20 sec = 140 sec.
Radius, r = 100 m.
In 40 sec the athlete, complete one round.
So, in 140 sec the athlete will complete = 140 ÷ 40 = 3.5 round.
⇒ Distance covered in 140 sec = 2πr × 3.5 = 2 × 22/7 × 100 × 3.5 = 2200 m.
At the end of his motion, the athlete will be in the diametrically opposite position.
⇒ Displacement = diameter = 200 m.

Question 2:
Joseph jogs from one end A to another end B of a straight 300 m road in 2 minutes and 30 sec and then turns
around and jogs 100 m back to point C in another 1 minute. What are Joseph’s average speeds and velocities in
jogging (a) from A to B (b) from A to C?
Answer 2:
(a) For motion from A to B:
Distance covered = 300 m
Displacement = 300 m.
Time taken = 150 sec.
We know that, Average speed = Total distance covered ÷ Total time taken
= 300 m ÷ 150 sec = 2 ms-1
Average velocity = Net displacement ÷ time taken
= 300 m ÷ 150 sec = 2 ms-1
(b) For motion from A to C:
Distance covered = 300 + 100 = 400 m.
Displacement = AB - CB = 300 - 100 = 200 m.
Time taken = 2.5 min + 1 min = 3.5 min = 210 sec.
Therefore, Average speed = Total distance covered ÷ Total time taken
= 400 ÷ 210 = 1.90 m𝑠 −1 .
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ÷ 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
= 200 𝑚 ÷ 210 𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 0.952𝑚𝑠 −1 .

Question 3:
Abdul, while driving to school, computes the average speed for his trip to be 20 kmh-1. On his return trip along
the same route, there is less traffic and the average speed is 30 kmh-1. What is the average speed of Abdul’s trip?
Answer 3:
Let one side distance = x km.
Time taken for forward trip at a speed of 20 km/h = Distance / Speed = x/20 h.
Time taken in return trip at a speed of 30 km/h = x/30 h.
Total time for the whole trip
𝑥 𝑥 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 5𝑥
= + = = 𝑕
20 30 60 60

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Total distance covered = 2x km.
We know, Average speed = Total distance ÷ Total time
2𝑥
= = 24 𝑘𝑚𝑕−1
5𝑥
60

Question 4:
A motor boat starting from rest on a lake accelerates in a straight line at a constant rate of 3.0 ms-2 for 8.0 s.
How far does the boat travel during this time?
Answer 4:
Here, u = 0 m/s
a = 3 ms-2
t=8s
1
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
1
𝑠 = 0 × 8 + × 3 × 82 = 96 𝑚.
2

Question 5:
A driver of a car travelling at 52 kmh-1 applies the brakes and accelerates uniformly in the opposite direction. The
car stops after 5 s. Another driver going at 34 kmh-1 in another car applies his brakes slowly and stops in 10 s. On
the same graph paper, plot the speed versus time graphs for two cars. Which of the two cars travelled farther after
the brakes were applied?
Answer 5:
In in the following graph, AB and CD are the time graphs for the two cars whose initial speeds are 52 km/h(14.4
m/s) and 34 km/h(8.9 m/s), respectively.

Distance covered by the first car before coming to rest

= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝑂𝐵
1
= × 𝐴𝑂 × 𝐵𝑂
2
1
= × 52 𝑘𝑚𝑕−1 × 5 𝑠
2

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1 1
= 𝑥 52 × 1000 × 𝑚𝑠 −1 × 5 𝑠 = 36.1 𝑚
2 3600
Distance covered by the second car before coming to rest
= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑂𝐷
1
= × 𝐶𝑂 × 𝐷𝑂
2
1
= × 34 𝑘𝑚 𝑕−1 × 10 𝑠
2
1 1
= × 34 × 1000 × 𝑚𝑠 −1 × 10 𝑠 = 47.2 𝑚
2 3600
Thus, the second car travels farther than the first car after they applied the brakes.

Question 6:
Fig shows the distance-time graph of three objects A, B and C. Study the graph and answers the following
questions:

(a) Which of the three is travelling the fastest?

(b) Are all three ever at the same point on the road?
(c) How far has C travelled when B passes A?
(d) How far has B travelled by the time it passes C?
Answer 6:
(a) B is travelling fastest as he is taking less time to cover more distance.
(b) All three are never at the same point on the road.
(c) Approximately 6 kms. [as 8 – 2 = 6]
(d) Approximately 7 kms. [as 7 – 0 = 7]

Question 7:

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A ball is gently dropped from a height of 20 m. If its velocity increases uniformly at the rate of 10ms-2, with what
velocity will it strike the ground? After what time will it strike the ground?
Answer 7:
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑢 = 0 𝑚/𝑠, 𝑠 = 20 𝑚, 𝑎 = 10 𝑚𝑠 −2 , 𝑣 = ? , 𝑡 = ?
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣 2 – 𝑢 2 = 2𝑎𝑠
𝑊𝑒 𝑕𝑎𝑣𝑒, 𝑣 2 – 02 = 2 × 10 × 20 = 400
⇒ 𝑣 = 20 𝑚𝑠 −1 .
𝑣– 𝑢 20
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = = = 2 𝑠.
𝑎 10
Question 8:
The speed – time graph for a car is shown in Figure:

(a) Find how far does the car travel in the first 4 seconds. Shade the area on the graph that represents the distance
travelled by the car during the period.
(b) Which part of the graph represents uniform motion of the car?
Answer 8:
(a) Distance covered = area under speed – time
1
⇒ 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 4 × 6 = 12 𝑚
2
Shaded area representing the distance travelled is as follows:
(b) After 6 seconds the car moves in uniform motion (at a speed of 6 m/s).

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Question 9:
State which of the following situations are possible and give an example of each of the following:
(a) An object with a constant acceleration but with zero velocity,
(b) An object moving in a certain direction with an acceleration in the perpendicular direction.
Answer 9:
(a) Yes, a body can have acceleration even when its velocity is zero. When a body is thrown up, at highest point
its velocity is zero but it has acceleration equal to acceleration due to gravity.
(b) Yes, an acceleration moving horizontally is acted upon by acceleration due to gravity that acts vertically
downwards.

Question 10:
An artificial is moving in a circular orbit of radius 42250 km. Calculate its speed if it takes 24 hrs to revolve
around the earth.
Answer 10:
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒,
𝑟 = 42250 𝑘𝑚 = 42250000 𝑚
𝑇 = 24 𝑕 = 24 × 60 × 60 𝑠
2𝜋𝑟
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑, 𝑣 =
𝑇
2 × 3.14 × 42250000
𝑣 = 𝑚/𝑠
24 × 60 × 60
= 3070.9 𝑚/𝑠 = 3.07 𝑘𝑚/𝑠

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