Finding the Answers to the Research Questions

(Interpretation and Presentation of Results)

CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND

FINDINGS (PRESENTATIONS,
ANALYSIS, AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA)
 CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND FINDINGS (PRESENTATIONS, ANALYSIS, AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA)
1. Write the introductory statement
2. Present the result of the statistical analysis in tabular form
3. Follow and use the sequence of the SOP in presenting the tables
4. Immediately below the table present a narrative interpretation of
the data
5. If there are multiple results presented in the table, get the highest
and lowest value as the basis of the narrative interpretation
• NOTE: the heading "TABLE" should be located on top and the heading
"FIGURE" at the bottom
6. Provide a brief narrative to guide the discussion
7. Implement all of these in the preceding SOP of the study
• NOTE: You may include SOME citations to reinforce a point.
8. Do not present and make conclusions or recommendations in this
part of the chapter
•PRESENTATION
•ANALYSIS
•INTERPRETATION
THREE WAYS OF PRESENTING DATA
1. Textual - (statements with numerals or numbers that
serve as supplements to tabular presentation)
2. Tabular - (a systematic arrangement of related idea in
which classes of numerical facts or data are given each
row and their subclasses are given each a column in
order to present the relationships of the sets or numerical
facts or data in a definite, compact and
understandable form)
THREE WAYS OF PRESENTING DATA
Two general rules regarding the independence of tables
and text
1. The table should be so constructed that it enables the
reader to comprehend the data presented without
referring to the text;.
2. The text should be so written that it allows the reader to
understand the argument presented without referring to
the table. (Campbell, Ballou and Slade, 1990)
THREE WAYS OF PRESENTING DATA
3. Graphical - (a chart representing the quantitative
variations or changes of variables in pictorial or
diagrammatic form)
Types of graphs and charts
1. Bar graphs, Line graphs, Pie graphs, Pictograms,
Statistical maps, Ratio charts
deducing interpretation
1. Table __ presents the...
2. Table __ indicates the…
3. As reflected in the table, there was…
4. As observed, there was indeed…
5. Delving deeper into the figures…
6. The illustrative graph above/below shows that...
7. In explaining this result, it can be stated that...
8. Is significantly related to...
9. Is found to be a determinant of…
10.Registered positive correlation with…
deducing interpretation
11. Is revealed to influence...
12. Has a significant relationship with…
13. Is discovered to be a factor of…
14. In relation to the result of______, it may be constructed that…
15. And in viewing in this sense, it can be stated that...
16. The result establishes the fact that…
17. This finding suggests that...
18. With this result, the researcher developed an impression
that…
19. This finding also validates the findings of...
20. This improvement in ________ could be understood in the
context of...
21. These findings also accepts the framework of the study.
Enter your data
•By hand
•By computer
- Excel (spreadsheet)
- Microsoft Access (database mngt)-
- Quantitative analysis: SPSS (statistical software)
- Count (frequencies)- Percentage- Mean- Mode- Median-
Range- Standard deviation- Variance- Ranking- Cross
tabulation
Which calculation do I use?
STAT/PRESENT
STION
Do you want to know how many individuals checked each answer? Frequency

Do you want the proportion of people who answered in a certain way? Percentage

Do vou want the average number or average score? Mean

Do vou want the middle value in a range of values or scores? Median

Do you want to show the range in answers or scores? Range

Do you want to compare one group to another? Cross Tabulation

Do you want to report changes from pre to post? Change score

Do you want to show the degree to which a response varies from the Standard
mean? deviation
ACTIVITY
EACH GROUP WILL MAKE THE ALL PARTS
OF THE CHAPTER IV IN A CREATIVE WAY.
PAGE 11, REFER TO PAGE 9 FOR EXAMPLES
•PRESENT
•ANALYZE
•INTERPRET
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DATA
ANALYSIS
Qualitative and Quantitative
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qualitative data

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 DATA ANALYSIS METHODS
1.QUALITATIVE DATA
2.QUANTITATIVE DATA
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DATA-factual information [as measurements or

statistics used as a basis for reasoning, discussion,
or conclusion
DATA ANALYSIS-a process of understanding
data or known facts or assumptions serving as
the basis of any claims or conclusions you have
about something.
 QUALITATIVE DATA
-made up of words, observations, images and even symbols
Data Preparations & Basic Data Analysis
1 Getting familiar with the data
quantitative data

qualitative data
reading the data several times to get familiar with it
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and start looking for basic observations or patterns.

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2 Revisiting research objectives

and identifies the questions that can be answered
through the collected data.
3 Developing a framework
identifies broad ideas, concepts, behaviors, or
phrases and assigns codes to them
4 Identifying patterns and connections
identifying themes, looking for the most common
responses
 QUALITATIVE DATA
Qualitative Data Analysis Methods
1 Content analysis:
used to analyze documented information in the form
quantitative data

of texts, media, or even physical items. Usually used to

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analyze responses from interviewees.

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2
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Narrative analysis:
used to analyze content from various sources, such as
interviews of respondents, observations from the field, or
surveys. It focuses on using the stories and experiences
shared by people to answer the research questions
3 Framework analysis:
This is more advanced method that consists of several
stages such as familiarization, identifying a thematic
framework, coding, charting, mapping and interpretation
 QUALITATIVE DATA
Qualitative Data Analysis Methods
4 Discourse analysis:
used to analyze interactions with people. However, it
quantitative data

focuses on analyzing the social context in which the

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communication between the researcher and the

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respondent occurred
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5 Grounded theory:
This refers to using qualitative data to explain why a
certain phenomenon happened. It does this by studying a
variety of similar cases in different settings and using the
data to derive causal explanations.
 QUALITATIVE DATA
Qualitative Data Analysis can also
be conducted through the ff three
steps
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STEP 1

activity
Developing and Applying Codes:
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STEP 2 Identifying themes, patterns and

relationships

STEP 3 Summarizing the data.

 QUANTITATIVE DATA
-more on numbers (numerical)
Data Preparations & Basic Data Analysis

1.descriptive statistics and

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2.inferential statistics
 Descriptive Analysis
-the first level of analysis, which helps researches find
absolute numbers to summarize individual variables
and find patterns.
1 Mean: numerical average

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2 Median: midpoint
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3 Mode: most common value

4 Percentage: ration as a fraction of 100

5 Frequency: number of occurrences

6 Range: highest and lowest values

 Inferential Analysis
-these complex analyses show the
relationships between multiple
variables to generalize results and
make predictions

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1 Correlation: describes the relationship between

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2 variables

2 Regression: shows or predicts the relationship

between 2 variables

3 Analysis of variance: tests the extent to which

2+ groups differ
 Activity 1: The Venn
Give the differences and similarities of Qualitative and Quantitative data
analysis using Venn diagram. Do this on a 1 whole sheet of paper.

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

quantitative data
qualitative data
METHOD METHOD
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 Activity 2
Analyze and evaluate the result of the conducted survey of the
researchers. From Grades 11 and 12 informants' various responses, the
problem is being answered which aims to enumerate the teachers' attitudes
that are perceived by the students. Based on the data gathered there are
favorable and unfavorable attitudes that the informants perceived as they
connected with their teachers. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the

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