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CHEMICAL BONDING: Lewis

Structures Atom loses or gains its electrons during
The Concept of Atom chemical bonding to attain stability.
 An atom is made up of a nucleus where  For an atom to attain stability, they must
protons and neutrons are located. It also has have 8 valence electrons in their outermost
electrons that are found in certain energy shell. This is known as OCTET RULE.
levels. Electrons are the
 particles that are involved in chemical Octet Rule
bonding.  Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons
to achieve a stable configuration with eight
Valence electrons electrons in their outer shell.
 Are the electrons found in the outermost
energy level. Exceptions
 It plays important role in the formation of  Some elements, like hydrogen and
chemical bonds. helium, are stable with only two electrons
in their outer shell. Transition metals can
Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS) also have more than eight electrons in their
 Gilbert N. Lewis, an American Physical outer shell.
Chemist.
 composed of the symbol of the element and TYPES OF CHEMICAL BOND
dots which represent the number of valence  What are the different types of chemical
electrons of an atom. bond and how are each type formed?
 The type of bonding is determined by how
RULES: Lewis Dot Structures the outermost electrons of an atom,
1. No side can have more than two dots interact with neighboring atoms.
because each orbital hold two electrons  The position of an element in the periodic
2. When filling the sides of the element symbol table determines the type of bonds it make.
each side gets one dot before doubling
up IONIC BOND
3. When filling the symbol of the element  form between a metal and a nonmetal.
begins from the top to clockwise  An ionic bond is the resulting attraction for
an anion and a cation after an electron is
•HOW IONS ARE FORMED? transferred from the metal to the non-
IONS metal.
 Ions are atoms that have an unequal
number of electrons and protons.
 are formed when an atom lose or gain its
electrons.
 has either positive or negative charge.

Two types of ions

Cation
 An atom that loses electrons becomes a
positively charged ion

Anion
 An atom that gains electrons become
negatively charged ion

•CHEMICAL BONDING : Properties

of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
CHEMICAL BOND
 Is a force that holds groups of two or more
atoms together and makes them function as COVALENT BOND
a unit by sharing or transferring of electrons.  form when two nonmetals combine; also
formed when a metalloid bond to a
WHY DO ATOMS BOND? nonmetal.
 to become stable.  formed when e- are shared.
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 Usually insoluble in water but soluble in

organic solvents
TYPES OF COVALENT BOND
INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBONS
POLAR COVALENT BOND
 electrons are unequally shared CARBON
 is the sixth element in the periodic table.
NON-POLAR COVALENT BOND  Similar to other non-metals, carbon needs
 electrons share electrons equally. eight electrons to satisfy its valence shell,
Thus carbon needs to bond with other
COVALENT VS. IONIC COMPOUNDS atoms.
 has FOUR valence electron
1. CONDUCTIVITY
 Is the measure of the ease at which an
Allotrope
electric charge of heat pass through a
 Type of carbon
material.
 Ex. Graphite and diamond

Ionic Catenation
 Low conductivity
 Carbon has the ability to bond with itself

Covalent ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

 Very Low conductivity
 are compounds essentially having carbon
atoms in the structure along with other
2. HARDNESS atoms
 Is the resistance of material to deformation  Essentially have C and H hydrogen atoms
 Mainly show covalent bonding
Ionic  for a compound to be considered organic,
 Hard it should come from living things.

Covalent INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

 Not very hard  Inorganic compounds are compounds that
do not essentially have carbons in their
structure
3. MELTING POINT
 Can have any atom EXCEPT C and H directly
 Temperature at which a material changes
bonded together
from solid to a liquid
 Show ionic bonding along with covalent
Ionic bonding
 High
FRIEDRICH WOHLER
Covalent  A German scientist,
 Low  produced urea(organic), present in the urine
of living organisms. This paved the way to
the synthesis of more complex organic
4. BOILING POINT substances from inorganic without any
 Temperature at which a material changes involvement of any living organism
from liquid to a solid
HYDROCARBONS
Ionic  any of a class of organic chemical
 High compounds composed ONLY of the
elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H).
Covalent
 Low TWO CLASSES OF HYDROCARBONS
ALIPHATIC
5. SOLUBILITY
 Ability of a given substance to be dissolved TWO TYPES OF ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS
in solvents SATURATED HYDROCARBONS
 in which the carbon atoms are connected by
Ionic single bond ONLY
 Usually soluble in water but insoluble in
organic solvents ALKANES
Covalent
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 Hydrocarbons containing only single bonds 10. Dec-

between carbon atoms
Substituent
ALKENES  is an atom or group of atoms attached to
 It is the hydrocarbons that contain a carbon- a chain of carbon atoms
carbon double bond.
 also called OLEFINS Suffix –Functional Group
 Our first functional group is alkane, so the
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS suffix is –ane
 in which the carbon atoms are connected by  For later functional groups we will drop the –
at least double or triple bonds. ane root suffix for others.

ALKYNES Formal IUPAC Rules

 hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon
Rule 1
triple bond.
 Identify the longest continuous carbon
 also generally known as ACETYLENES
chain (the parent chain), which may or may
not be shown in a straight line and name the
AROMATIC chain.
 Aromatic compounds derive their names
from the fact that many of these compounds
in the early days of discovery were grouped
because they were oils with fragrant odors,
hence the name aromatic.
 The most common aromatic hydrocarbons
are those that contain a benzene ring.
Rule 2
IUPAC  Number the carbon atoms in the parent
 International Union of Pure and Applied chain from the end of the chain nearest a
Chemistry (IUPAC) substituent (alkyl group).
 They formulated the formal systematic rules
for generating names for organic
compounds.

ALKANES
 is a saturated hydrocarbon in which the
carbon atom arrangement is acyclic. Rule 3
 It contain only carbon-carbon single  If only one alkyl group is present, name
bonds. and locate it (by number), and add the
parent carbon chain.
Parts of the Name of Compound
(Alkanes)
IUPAC
1. The prefix tells us the identity, location,
and number of substituents attached to
the carbon chain.
Note that the name is written as one word, with a
2. The parent name indicates the number of
hyphen between the number (location) and the name
carbons in the longest continuous chain.
of the alkyl group.
3. The suffix indicates what functional group
is present.
Rule 4
 If two or more of the same kind of alkyl
Prefix
group are present in a molecule, indicate
1. Meth-
the number with a Greek numerical prefix
2. Eth-
(di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, and so forth), after
3. Prop-
the numbers specifying the exact location of
4. But-
each identical group. These numbers are
5. Pent-
separated by commas and separated
6. Hex-
towards by hyphens.
7. Hept-
8. Oct-
9. Non-
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Rule 5
 When two kinds of alkyl groups are
present on the same carbon chain, number Rule 3
each group separately, and list the names of  Number the parent carbon chain beginning
the alkyl groups in alphabetical order. at the end nearest the double bond.
 If the double bond is equidistant from both
ends of the parent chain, begin numbering
from the end closer to a substituent.

Rule 6
Follow IUPAC punctuation rules, which include the
following: ❑ Separate numbers from each other by
commas. Rule 4
❑ Separate numbers from letters by hyphens.  Give the position of the double bond in the
❑ Do not add a hyphen or a space between the last- chain as a single number, which is the
named substituent and the name of the parent lower-numbered carbon atom
alkane that follows. participating in the double bond. This
number is placed immediately before the
name of the parent carbon chain.

ALKENES NOTE : A number is not needed to specify double

 is an acyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon bond position in ethene and propene because there
that contains one or more carbon-carbon is only one way of positioning the double bond in
double bonds. these molecules.
 -ene ending means a double bond is
present ALKYNES
 CnH2n - general formula  is an acyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon in
 Simplest alkene are ethene and propene. which one or more carbon-carbon triple
 Ethene :CH2=CH2 bonds are present.
 Propene : CH3–CH=CH2  -yne ending means a triple bond is
present
IUPAC Nomenclature for Alkenes  CnH2n-2 general formula
 Simplest alkyne are ethyne and propyne.
Rule 1
 Replace the alkane suffix –ane with the IUPAC Nomenclature for Alkynes
suffix –ene, which is used to indicate the  The rules for naming alkynes are identical to
presence of a carbon-carbon double bond. those used to name alkenes, except the
ending -yne is used instead of -ene.

Rule 2
 Select as the parent carbon chain the
longest continuous chain of carbon atoms
that contains both carbon atoms of the
double bond.