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# LIST OF WORD TYPES:

1)NOUN
1. John likes to play basketball.
2. I bought a newspaper this morning.
3. Books are my favorite source of knowledge.
4. The sunshine feels warm on my skin.
5. She owns a beautiful house in the countryside.
6. Coffee is my morning ritual.
7. We visited the museum last weekend.
8. The cat slept peacefully on the couch.
9. His favorite sport is soccer .
10. Music soothes the soul.

2)PRONOUN
1. He is going to the store.
2. She loves to read books.
3. They are my best friends.
4. It was a beautiful day.
5. We enjoyed the movie.
6. I am learning spanish.
7. You are invited to the party.
8. This is my favorite book.
9. That was a great idea.
10. Some of the cookies are missing.
(i, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, you, him, her, it, us, them,my, your, his,
her, its, our, their)

3)ADJECTIVE
1. She has a beautiful garden.
2. The weather today is sunny .
3. He is a kind person.
4. The movie was exciting .
5. It's a delicious meal.
6. She bought a comfortable chair.
7. The book is interesting .
8. They live in a spacious house.

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9. He drives a fast car.
10. The view from the hilltop is breathtaking .

4)VERB
1. She runs every morning.
2. They bought a new car.
3. He likes chocolate ice cream.
4. We studied for the exam.
5. The cat sleeps on the couch.
6. I finished my homework.
7. They play basketball after school.
8. She works as a teacher.
9. He drives to work every day.
10. We watched a movie last night.

5)ADVERB
1. She ran quickly to catch the bus.
2. He speaks fluently in spanish.
3. They performed beautifully in the concert.
4. She smiled happily upon receiving the news.
5. The children played joyfully in the park.
6. He answered the question correctly .
7. The team worked efficiently to finish the project.
8. The flowers bloomed vibrantly in the garden.
9. The music played softly in the background.
10. She drove carefully on the icy roads.

6)PREPOSITION
1. She is sitting on the chair.
2. The book is under the table.
3. He walked along the path.
4. The cat jumped onto the bed.
5. They live in a small town.
6. She arrived at the airport early.
7. We went hiking through the forest.
8. The keys are in my pocket.
9. The picture hangs above the fireplace.
10. The school is located near the park.

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(about,above,across,after,against,along,among,around,at,before,behind,
below,beside,between,beyond,by,during,except,for,from,in,inside,into,n
ear,of,off,on,over,through,to,under,with,without)

7)CONJUCTION

1. She wanted to go for a walk but it started raining.

2. He likes both tea and coffee.
3. They will either go to the beach or visit the museum.
4. I want to study more, so i can pass the exam.
5. She ran out of milk nor did she have any sugar.
6. He not only won the race but also broke the record.
7. We can go swimming if the weather is nice.
8. They are going to the party because they were invited.
9. I will finish my homework before i go to bed.
10. She was tired yet she kept working.

8)LANGUAGE FUNCTION
1. Expressing opinions/views :
- i believe that climate change is a serious issue that needs urgent
attention.

2. Giving instructions/directions :
- to get to the restaurant, turn right at the next intersection and it will
be on your left.

3. Making requests :
- could you please send me the report by the end of the day?

4. Asking questions :
- what time does the meeting start?

5. Giving advice :
- you should start exercising regularly to improve your health.

6. Describing :
- the painting on the wall is colorful and abstract.

7. Narrating :
- last summer, i traveled to europe and visited several countries.

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8. Agreeing and disagreeing :
- agreeing: I agree with your proposal to expand our product line.
- disagreeing: I respectfully disagree with your assessment of the
situation.

9. Apologizing :
- i'm sorry for forgetting your birthday.

10. Giving thanks :

- thank you for helping me with the project.

9)PHRASAL PREPOSITION
1. According to : According to the teacher, the exam will be postponed.
2. Ahead of : We need to finish this project ahead of schedule.
3. Apart from : Apart from the main course, there will be dessert.
4. Because of : The event was canceled because of the storm.
5. In addition to : In addition to his salary, he receives bonuses.
6. On behalf of : I'd like to thank you on behalf of the entire team.
7. In front of : There was a big crowd gathered in front of the museum.
8. Due to : The flight was delayed due to technical issues.
9. Instead of : She decided to walk instead of taking the bus.
10. Out of : They were out of milk, so they couldn't make coffee.

10)IDIOMS
1. Break the ice : I told a joke to break the ice at the meeting.
2. Cost an arm and a leg : That new phone costs an arm and a leg.
3. Hit the nail on the head : She hit the nail on the head with her
analysis.
4. Kick the bucket : He's been saying he wants to kick the bucket list by
traveling around the world.
5. Let the cat out of the bag : She accidentally let the cat out of the bag
about the surprise party.
6. Piece of cake : The test was a piece of cake for him.
7. Under the weather : I'm feeling a bit under the weather today.
8. Bite the bullet : I had to bite the bullet and apologize.
9. Raining cats and dogs : It was raining cats and dogs when we left the
party.

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10. Burning the midnight oil : She's burning the midnight oil to finish
her project.

11)PROVERBS

1. A stitch in time saves nine.

- meaning: Taking timely action can prevent bigger problems later.

2. Actions speak louder than words.

- meaning: What you do is more important than what you say.

3. Better late than never.

- meaning: It's better to do something late than not at all.

4. Birds of a feather flock together.

- meaning: People with similar interests or characteristics tend to
associate with each other.

5. Every cloud has a silver lining.

- meaning: There is something positive to be found in every difficult
situation.

6. Make hay while the sun shines.

- meaning: Take advantage of opportunities while they are available.

7. No pain, no gain.
- meaning: You have to work hard and endure difficulties to achieve
success.

8. Out of sight, out of mind.

- meaning: People tend to forget about things or people that are not
visible or present.

9. The early bird catches the worm.

- meaning: Those who take action or get up early have a better chance of
success.

10. Where there's a will, there's a way.

- meaning: If you are determined to do something, you will find a way
to accomplish it.

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12)ARTICLES
1. Definite article ( the ) :
- please pass the salt.
- i saw the movie last night.
- the cat is sleeping on the sofa.

2. Indefinite articles ( a or an ) :
- she wants to buy a car.
- he is an engineer.
- i ate an apple for breakfast.

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#VERB

[ 1 ]ACTION VERBS

1) REGULAR VERBS
1. She walked to school every day.
2. He talked to his friend on the phone.
3. They played soccer in the park.
4. The cat jumped onto the table.
5. She worked late last night.
6. He called his mother to wish her happy birthday.
7. They helped their neighbor with gardening.
8. She cleaned the house before the guests arrived.
9. He opened the door for the delivery.
10. She asked him a question about the assignment.

2)IRREGULAR VERBS
1. She went to the store yesterday. (past tense)
He has gone to visit his grandparents. (past participle)

2. They ate dinner together. (past tense)

She has eaten all the cookies. (past participle)

3.he saw a shooting star last night. (past tense)

She has never seen such a beautiful sunset. (past participle)

4. She took the bus to work. (past tense)

He has taken his medication. (past participle)

5. They came to visit us last summer. (past tense)

She has already come home. (past participle)

6. He drank a glass of water. (past tense)

They have drunk too much soda. (past participle)

7. She accidentally broke the vase. (past tense)

He has broken his promise. (past participle)

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8. She gave me a gift for my birthday. (past tense)
They have given their consent. (past participle)

9. She sang a beautiful song. (past tense)

He has sung in many choirs. (past participle)

10. He drove us to the airport. (past tense)

She has driven a car since she was sixteen. (past participle)

[ 2 ]AUXILIARY VERBS

1)TO BE:
1. I am excited about the upcoming vacation.
2. She is my best friend.
3. They are going to the concert tonight.
4. He was at the store earlier.
5. We were happy to see you yesterday.
6. Are you ready for the test?
7. The book was on the shelf.
8. The students are studying for their exams.
9. She is not feeling well today.
10. They were waiting for the bus.

2)TO DO:
1. She does her homework diligently.
2. They do their best in every game.
3. He did his chores yesterday.
4. We do our grocery shopping on sundays.
5. Mary does yoga every morning.
6. He did his part in the group project.
7. I do my exercises at the gym.
8. The team does well in tournaments.
9. She does a fantastic job at work.
10. They did a great job on the presentation.

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3)TO HAVE:
1. I have a pet dog named max.
2. She has three siblings.
3. They have lived in this city for ten years.
4. He had a great time at the party last night.
5. We had pizza for dinner yesterday.
6. Has he finished his homework yet?
7. She has not seen that movie.
8. They have been friends since childhood.
9. He had never traveled abroad until last year.
10. We have to leave early tomorrow morning.

4)MODAL:
1. Can
2. Could
3. May
4. Might
5. Must
6. Ought to
7. Shall
8. Should
9. Will
10. Would
11. Used to

[ 5 ] TRANSITIVE VERBS
1. She ate a delicious meal at the restaurant.
2. He built a sandcastle on the beach.
3. They read the novel in one sitting.
4. She opens the window to let in fresh air.
5. He bought a new laptop for school.
6. They threw a surprise party for their friend.
7. She writes poetry in her spare time.
8. He painted the fence blue.
9. They completed the crossword puzzle together.
10. She brings cookies to the office every friday.

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[ 6 ] INTRANSITIVE VERBS
1. The bird flew across the sky.
2. He smiled at her warmly.
3. The children played in the park.
4. She sings beautifully in the choir.
5. They left the party early.
6. The flowers bloom in the spring.
7. He danced with grace.
8. The fire burns brightly.
9. She talks on the phone for hours.
10. They arrived at the airport on time.

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#TENSE

[ 1 ]SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE
1. She works as a teacher.
2. They play tennis every weekend.
3. He speaks fluent spanish.
4. The sun rises in the east.
5. Cats sleep a lot during the day.
6. We live in a small town.
7. It rains often in this region.
8. The earth orbits around the sun.
9. He usually wakes up early.
10. Dogs bark when they see strangers.

NEGATIVE
1. She does not work on weekends.
2. They do not like spicy food.
3. He does not speak french.
4. The train does not arrive on time.
5. Cats do not like water.
6. We do not have a car.
7. It does not snow in our city.
8. The computer does not work properly.
9. He does not usually eat fast food.
10. Dogs do not like cats.

YES/NO QUESTION
1. Do you like coffee?
2. Does she speak spanish fluently?
3. Do they play soccer every weekend?
4. Does he work here?
5. Do cats sleep a lot during the day?
6. Do we need to leave now?
7. Does it rain often in this region?
8. Do you believe in ghosts?

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9. Does he usually wake up early?
10. Do dogs bark loudly?

WH-QUESTIONS
1. Who works in that office?
2. What time does the movie start?
3. Where do they live?
4. When do you usually wake up?
5. Why does he always arrive late?
6. How do you make a cake?
7. Who speaks spanish fluently?
8. What do cats eat?
9. Where does she work?
10. How often do you exercise?

[ 2 ]SIMPLE PAST TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE
1. She finished her homework early yesterday.
2. They visited their grandparents last weekend.
3. He played soccer after school yesterday.
4. The movie started at 7 pm yesterday.
5. We went to the beach on vacation last summer.
6. She graduated from college last year.
7. They bought a new car last month.
8. He read a book in one sitting yesterday.
9. The train arrived on time this morning.
10. I cooked dinner for my family yesterday evening.

NEGATIVE
1. She did not finish her homework early yesterday.
2. They did not visit their grandparents last weekend.
3. He did not play soccer after school yesterday.
4. The movie did not start at 7 pm yesterday.
5. We did not go to the beach on vacation last summer.
6. She did not graduate from college last year.
7. They did not buy a new car last month.

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8. He did not read a book in one sitting yesterday.
9. The train did not arrive on time this morning.
10. I did not cook dinner for my family yesterday evening.

YES/NO QUESTION
1. Did she finish her homework early yesterday?
2. Did they visit their grandparents last weekend?
3. Did he play soccer after school yesterday?
4. Did the movie start at 7 pm yesterday?
5. Did we go to the beach on vacation last summer?
6. Did she graduate from college last year?
7. Did they buy a new car last month?
8. Did he read a book in one sitting yesterday?
9. Did the train arrive on time this morning?
10. Did you cook dinner for your family yesterday evening?

WH- QUESTION
1. What did she do after school yesterday?
2. Where did they go on vacation last summer?
3. When did he arrive at the party yesterday?
4. Why did she leave early yesterday?
5. How did they celebrate their anniversary last year?
6. Who did you meet at the conference last week?
7. What time did the movie start yesterday?
8. Where did he find his lost keys?
9. How did she learn to play the piano so well?
10. What did they eat for dinner last night?

[ 3 ]SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE
1. She will finish her homework by tomorrow evening.
2. They are going to visit their grandparents next weekend.
3. He will play soccer with his friends after school tomorrow.
4. The movie will start at 7 pm tomorrow night.
5. We are planning to go to the beach on vacation next summer.
6. She is going to graduate from college next year.

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7. They will buy a new car next month.
8. He will read a book over the weekend.
9. The train will arrive on time tomorrow morning.
10. I am going to cook dinner for my family tomorrow evening.

NEGATIVE
1. She will not finish her homework by tomorrow evening.
2. They are not going to visit their grandparents next weekend.
3. He will not play soccer with his friends after school tomorrow.
4. The movie will not start at 7 pm tomorrow night.
5. We are not planning to go to the beach on vacation next summer.
6. She is not going to graduate from college next year.
7. They will not buy a new car next month.
8. He will not read a book over the weekend.
9. The train will not arrive on time tomorrow morning.
10. I am not going to cook dinner for my family tomorrow evening.

YES-NO QUESTION
1. Will she finish her homework by tomorrow evening?
2. Will they come to the party on saturday?
3. Will he help us with the project next week?
4. Will you be attending the conference?
5. Will it rain tomorrow?
6. Shall we go for a walk after dinner?
7. Will he call you later today?
8. Will they arrive on time for the meeting?
9. Will she buy a new car next year?
10. Shall i bring anything to the potluck dinner?

WH-QUESTION
1. What will she do after finishing her homework tomorrow evening?
2. Where will they go on vacation next summer?
3. When will he arrive at the party tomorrow?
4. Why will she leave early tomorrow?
5. How will they celebrate their anniversary next year?
6. Who will you invite to the event next week?
7. What time will the movie start tomorrow night?
8. Where will he find his lost keys?

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9. How will she learn to play the piano so well?
10. What will they eat for dinner tomorrow evening?

[ 4 ]CONTINUOUS PRESENT TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE
1. She is reading a book right now.
2. They are playing soccer in the park.
3. He is studying for his exams at the moment.
4. The children are watching tv in the living room.
5. We are having dinner at a restaurant tonight.
6. She is writing an email to her friend.
7. They are cooking dinner in the kitchen.
8. He is working on a new project this week.
9. The students are taking a test right now.
10. I am learning spanish at the language school.

NEGATIVE
1. She is not reading a book right now.
2. They are not playing soccer in the park.
3. He is not studying for his exams at the moment.
4. The children are not watching tv in the living room.
5. We are not having dinner at a restaurant tonight.
6. She is not writing an email to her friend.
7. They are not cooking dinner in the kitchen.
8. He is not working on a new project this week.
9. The students are not taking a test right now.
10. I am not learning spanish at the language school.

YES/NO QUESTION
1. Is she reading a book right now?
2. Are they playing soccer in the park?
3. Is he studying for his exams at the moment?
4. Are the children watching tv in the living room?
5. Are we having dinner at a restaurant tonight?
6. Is she writing an email to her friend?
7. Are they cooking dinner in the kitchen?

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8. Is he working on a new project this week?
9. Are the students taking a test right now?
10. Am i learning spanish at the language school?

WH-QUESTIONS
1. What is she reading right now?
2. Where are they playing soccer?
3. Why is he studying for his exams at the moment?
4. Who are the children watching tv with in the living room?
5. How are we having dinner tonight?
6. Why is she writing an email to her friend?
7. What are they cooking in the kitchen?
8. How is he working on a new project this week?
9. Where are the students taking a test right now?
10. How am i learning spanish at the language school?

[ 5 ]CONTINUOUS PAST TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE
1. She was reading a book when i called her.
2. They were playing soccer in the park yesterday afternoon.
3. He was studying for his exams late into the night.
4. The children were watching tv in the living room when the power
went out.
5. We were having dinner at a restaurant when it started to rain heavily.
6. She was writing an email to her friend while waiting for the bus.
7. They were cooking dinner in the kitchen when i arrived home.
8. He was working on a new project throughout the entire month of
may.
9. The students were taking a test when the fire alarm suddenly went
off.
10. I was learning spanish at the language school last semester.

NEGATIVE
1. She was not reading a book when i called her.
2. They were not playing soccer in the park yesterday afternoon.
3. He was not studying for his exams late into the night.

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4. The children were not watching tv in the living room when the power
went out.
5. We were not having dinner at a restaurant when it started to rain
heavily.
6. She was not writing an email to her friend while waiting for the bus.
7. They were not cooking dinner in the kitchen when i arrived home.
8. He was not working on a new project throughout the entire month of
may.
9. The students were not taking a test when the fire alarm suddenly
went off.
10. I was not learning spanish at the language school last semester.

YES/NO QUESTION
1. Was she reading a book when i called her?
2. Were they playing soccer in the park yesterday afternoon?
3. Was he studying for his exams late into the night?
4. Were the children watching tv in the living room when the power
went out?
5. Were we having dinner at a restaurant when it started to rain heavily?
6. Was she writing an email to her friend while waiting for the bus?
7. Were they cooking dinner in the kitchen when i arrived home?
8. Was he working on a new project throughout the entire month of
may?
9. Were the students taking a test when the fire alarm suddenly went
off?
10. Was i learning spanish at the language school last semester?

WH- QUESTIONS
1. Was she reading a book when i called her?
2. Were they playing soccer in the park yesterday afternoon?
3. Was he studying for his exams late into the night?
4. Were the children watching tv in the living room when the power
went out?
5. Were we having dinner at a restaurant when it started to rain heavily?
6. Was she writing an email to her friend while waiting for the bus?
7. Were they cooking dinner in the kitchen when i arrived home?
8. Was he working on a new project throughout the entire month of
may?

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9. Were the students taking a test when the fire alarm suddenly went
off?
10. Was i learning spanish at the language school last semester?

[ 6 ]CONTINUOUS FUTURE TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE
1. She will be reading a book at this time tomorrow.
2. They will be playing soccer in the park next saturday.
3. He will be studying for his exams all night tomorrow.
4. The children will be watching tv in the living room when we arrive.
5. We will be having dinner at a restaurant tomorrow evening.
6. She will be writing an email to her friend while waiting for the bus.
7. They will be cooking dinner in the kitchen when i get home.
8. He will be working on a new project all day next monday.
9. The students will be taking a test when the bell rings.
10. I will be learning spanish at the language school next semester.

NEGATIVE
1. She will not be reading a book at this time tomorrow.
2. They will not be playing soccer in the park next saturday.
3. He will not be studying for his exams all night tomorrow.
4. The children will not be watching tv in the living room when we arrive.
5. We will not be having dinner at a restaurant tomorrow evening.
6. She will not be writing an email to her friend while waiting for the bus.
7. They will not be cooking dinner in the kitchen when i get home.
8. He will not be working on a new project all day next monday.
9. The students will not be taking a test when the bell rings.
10. I will not be learning spanish at the language school next semester.

YES/NO QUESTION
1. Will she be reading a book at this time tomorrow?
2. Will they be playing soccer in the park next saturday?
3. Will he be studying for his exams all night tomorrow?
4. Will the children be watching tv in the living room when we arrive?

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5. Will we be having dinner at a restaurant tomorrow evening?
6. Will she be writing an email to her friend while waiting for the bus?
7. Will they be cooking dinner in the kitchen when i get home?
8. Will he be working on a new project all day next monday?
9. Will the students be taking a test when the bell rings?
10. Will i be learning spanish at the language school next semester?

WH-QUESTIONS
1. What will she be reading at this time tomorrow?
2. Where will they be playing soccer next saturday?
3. When will he be studying for his exams all night?
4. Why will the children be watching tv in the living room when we
arrive?
5. How long will we be having dinner at a restaurant tomorrow evening?
6. Why will she be writing an email to her friend while waiting for the
bus?
7. What will they be cooking in the kitchen when i get home?
8. How long will he be working on a new project all day next monday?
9. Where will the students be taking a test when the bell rings?
10. How will i be learning spanish at the language school next semester?

[ 7 ] PERFECT PRESENT TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE
1. She has finished her homework.
2. They have visited paris several times.
3. He has studied french for two years.
4. The company has launched a new product.
5. We have lived in this city since 2010.
6. She has read that book already.
7. They have seen that movie before.
8. He has eaten lunch already.
9. I have visited london twice.
10. We have completed the project on time.

NEGATIVE
1. She has not finished her homework yet.

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2. They have not visited paris yet.
3. He has not studied french for very long.
4. The company has not launched a new product this year.
5. We have not lived in this city for very long.
6. She has not read that book.
7. They have not seen that movie.
8. He has not eaten lunch yet.
9. I have not visited london recently.
10. We have not completed the project yet.

YES/NO QUESTIONS
1. Has she finished her homework yet?
2. Have they visited paris before?
3. Has he studied french for long?
4. Has the company launched a new product this year?
5. Have we lived in this city for a long time?
6. Has she read that book?
7. Have they seen that movie?
8. Has he eaten lunch yet?
9. Have you visited london recently?
10. Have we completed the project on time?

WH-QUESTIONS
1. What has she finished recently?
2. Where have they visited on their travels?
3. When has he studied french?
4. Why has the company launched a new product?
5. How long have we lived in this city?
6. Why has she read that book?
7. What movies have they seen lately?
8. How many times has he eaten lunch today?
9. Where have you traveled recently?
10. How has the project been completed on time?

[ 8 ] PERFECT PAST TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE

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1. She had finished her homework before the teacher arrived.
2. They had already booked their tickets before the concert was
announced.
3. He had studied english for five years before moving to the united
states.
4. By the time they reached the airport, the flight had already departed.
5. She had cleaned the house before her guests arrived.
6. They had read the book before watching the movie adaptation.
7. He had completed the project before the deadline.
8. By the time i woke up, he had already left for work.
9. She had visited paris twice before she turned 30.
10. They had cooked dinner by the time i got home.

NEGATIVE

1. She had not finished her homework before the teacher arrived.
2. They had not booked their tickets before the concert was announced.
3. He had not studied english for five years before moving to the united
states.
4. By the time they reached the airport, the flight had not departed yet.
5. She had not cleaned the house before her guests arrived.
6. They had not read the book before watching the movie adaptation.
7. He had not completed the project before the deadline.
8. By the time i woke up, he had not left for work yet.
9. She had not visited paris twice before she turned 30.
10. They had not cooked dinner by the time i got home.

YES/NO QUESTIONS
1. Had she finished her homework before the teacher arrived?
2. Had they booked their tickets before the concert was announced?
3. Had he studied english for five years before moving to the united
states?
4. Had the flight departed by the time they reached the airport?
5. Had she cleaned the house before her guests arrived?
6. Had they read the book before watching the movie adaptation?
7. Had he completed the project before the deadline?
8. Had he left for work by the time i woke up?
9. Had she visited paris twice before she turned 30?
10. Had they cooked dinner by the time i got home?

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 WH- QUESTIONS
1. What had she finished before the teacher arrived?
2. Where had they booked their tickets before the concert was
announced?
3. When had he studied english for five years before moving to the
united states?
4. Why had the flight not departed by the time they reached the airport?
5. How had she cleaned the house before her guests arrived?
6. Why had they not read the book before watching the movie
adaptation?
7. How had he completed the project before the deadline?
8. When had he left for work before i woke up?
9. Why had she visited paris twice before she turned 30?
10. How had they cooked dinner before i got home?

[ 9 ] PERFECT FUTURE TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE
1. She will have finished her homework by the time you arrive.
2. They will have completed the project by next month.
3. He will have graduated from university by the end of this year.
4. The company will have launched the new product by the trade show.
5. We will have lived in this city for 10 years by next summer.
6. She will have written the report before the meeting starts.
7. They will have built the house by the time the baby arrives.
8. He will have saved enough money to buy a car by the end of the year.
9. The team will have won the championship by the end of the season.
10. I will have finished reading the book by tomorrow.

NEGATIVE
1. She will not have finished her homework by the time you arrive.
2. They will not have completed the project by next month.
3. He will not have graduated from university by the end of this year.
4. The company will not have launched the new product by the trade
show.
5. We will not have lived in this city for 10 years by next summer.
6. She will not have written the report before the meeting starts.

24
7. They will not have built the house by the time the baby arrives.
8. He will not have saved enough money to buy a car by the end of the
year.
9. The team will not have won the championship by the end of the
season.
10. I will not have finished reading the book by tomorrow.

YES/NO QUESTIONS
1. Will she have finished her homework by the time you arrive?
2. Will they have completed the project by next month?
3. Will he have graduated from university by the end of this year?
4. Will the company have launched the new product by the trade show?
5. Will we have lived in this city for 10 years by next summer?
6. Will she have written the report before the meeting starts?
7. Will they have built the house by the time the baby arrives?
8. Will he have saved enough money to buy a car by the end of the year?
9. Will the team have won the championship by the end of the season?
10. Will i have finished reading the book by tomorrow?

WH-QUESTIONS
1. What will she have finished by the time you arrive?
2. Where will they have completed the project by next month?
3. When will he have graduated from university?
4. Why will the company have launched the new product by the trade
show?
5. How long will we have lived in this city by next summer?
6. Why will she have written the report before the meeting starts?
7. What will they have built by the time the baby arrives?
8. How much money will he have saved to buy a car by the end of the
year?
9. Why will the team have won the championship by the end of the
season?
10. How many books will i have finished reading by tomorrow?

[ 10 ] CONTINUOUS PERFECT PRESENT TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE

25
1. She has been studying for her exam all morning.
2. They have been working on the project since last week.
3. He has been teaching english for five years.
4. We have been waiting for the bus for half an hour.
5. The children have been playing in the park since noon.
6. She has been reading that book for a few hours.
7. They have been discussing the issue since yesterday.
8. He has been learning to play the piano for months.
9. I have been working at this company since 2010.
10. We have been living in this neighborhood for ten years.

NEGATIVE
1. I haven't been studying enough for my exams.
2. She hasn't been working on her project lately.
3. They haven't been practicing their spanish regularly.
4. He hasn't been exercising as much as he should.
5. We haven't been paying attention to the details.
6. The children haven't been listening to their teacher in class.
7. Sarah hasn't been taking care of herself since she got sick.
8. The company hasn't been meeting its sales targets this quarter.
9. He hasn't been following the rules of the game.
10. I haven't been feeling well recently.

YES/NO QUESTIONS
1. Have you been studying for your exam?
2. Has she been working on her project recently?
3. Have they been practicing their spanish?
4. Has he been exercising regularly?
5. Have you been paying attention to the details?
6. Have the children been listening to their teacher in class?
7. Has sarah been taking care of herself since she got sick?
8. Have the employees been following the new procedures?
9. Have you been feeling well lately?
10. Has the team been meeting its deadlines?
WH-QUESTIONS
1. What have you been studying for your exam?
2. Why has she been working on her project recently?
3. How long have they been practicing their spanish?
4. How often has he been exercising?

26
5. What have you been paying attention to?
6. How well have the children been listening to their teacher in class?
7. Why hasn't sarah been taking care of herself since she got sick?
8. What procedures have the employees been following?
9. How have you been feeling lately?
10. Why haven't the team members been meeting their deadlines?
#MODAL AUXILIARIES

CAN

[ 1 ] PRESENT
1. I can speak french fluently.
2. She can play the piano very well.
3. We can go to the movies tonight.
4. They can't come to the party tomorrow.
5. Can you help me with this math problem?
6. He can run faster than anyone else on the team.
7. You can use my car if you need to.
8. The doctor can see you at 3 o'clock today.
9. Cats can see in the dark better than humans.
10. I can hear the birds singing outside.

[ 2 ] CONTIONUOUS
1. She can be studying for her exams right now.
2. He can be playing basketball with his friends this afternoon.
3. They can be preparing dinner in the kitchen at the moment.
4. It can be snowing heavily in the mountains today.
5. The manager can be reviewing the proposal before the meeting
starts.
6. The children can be watching cartoons on tv right now.
7. Sarah can be attending a yoga class this evening.
8. We can be discussing the details of the project in the conference
room.
9. The mechanic can be fixing the car in the garage.
10. You can be learning new skills online during your free time.

[ 3 ] PERFECT

27
1. She can have finished her homework by now.
2. They can have arrived at the airport already.
3. He can have left his keys at home.
4. The package can have been delivered while we were out.
5. You can't have forgotten about the meeting already!
6. She can have gone to bed early tonight.
7. They can have completed the project by the deadline.
8. He can have already taken the dog for a walk.
9. The children can have finished their chores by now.
10. You can't have eaten all the cake!

COULD

[ 1 ] PRESENT
1. She could speak three languages fluently when she was younger.
2. They could arrive late if there's heavy traffic.
3. He could help you with that problem.
4. It could be a good idea to take a break.
5. We could go for a walk in the park after lunch.
6. You could try calling them again later.
7. The new software could make our work more efficient.
8. Students could benefit from extra tutoring sessions.
9. This jacket could keep you warm in cold weather.
10. He could be the right person for the job.

[ 2 ] CONTIONUOUS
1. She could be studying for her exams right now.
2. They could be discussing the project in the conference room.
3. He could be working on the car in the garage.
4. It could be raining outside at the moment.
5. The children could be playing in the backyard.
6. You could be learning new skills online during your free time.
7. The team could be preparing for the upcoming match.
8. She could be traveling for business this week.
9. He could be attending a meeting right now.
10. We could be missing an important detail in our calculations.

[ 3 ] PERFECT

28
1. She could have finished her homework by now.
2. They could have arrived at the airport already.
3. He could have sent the email yesterday.
4. The package could have been delivered earlier today.
5. You could have met him at the conference last week.
6. We could have completed the project by the deadline.
7. The repair could have been finished by now.
8. She could have received the payment yesterday.
9. They could have left early to avoid the traffic.
10. He could have forgotten to bring his lunch.

MAY

[ 1 ] PRESENT
1. She may arrive late to the meeting.
2. They may choose to go on vacation next month.
3. He may need some help with his presentation.
4. It may rain later this evening.
5. The boss may approve your proposal if you present it well.
6. You may find the answer in the textbook.
7. We may have dinner at that new restaurant tonight.
8. The train may be delayed due to maintenance work.
9. She may not attend the party because she's feeling unwell.
10. The company may launch a new product next year.

[ 2 ] CONTIONUOUS
1. She may be studying for her exams right now.
2. They may be waiting for the bus at the bus stop.
3. He may be working on a new project at the office.
4. It may be raining outside as we speak.
5. The children may be playing in the park this afternoon.
6. She may be preparing dinner in the kitchen at the moment.
7. They may be discussing the details of the contract in the meeting
room.
8. He may be attending a conference call right now.
9. We may be missing an important detail in our calculations.

29
10. You may be forgetting something important for tomorrow's
presentation.

[ 3 ] PERFECT
1. She may have already left for the airport.
2. They may have finished their homework by now.
3. He may have forgotten about our meeting.
4. The package may have been delivered while we were out.
5. You may have met him at the conference last week.
6. She may have misplaced her keys somewhere.
7. They may have already started the party without us.
8. He may have already made up his mind about the job offer.
9. The document may have been sent to the wrong recipient.
10. We may have overlooked some important details in our report.

MIGHT

[ 1 ] PRESENT
1. She might arrive late to the party tonight.
2. They might go for a walk in the park this afternoon.
3. He might need some extra time to finish the project.
4. It might snow tomorrow morning.
5. The decision might depend on the budget approval.
6. You might find the information you need in that book.
7. We might visit our grandparents next weekend.
8. The meeting might be rescheduled due to a conflict.
9. She might not attend the event because of a prior commitment.
10. The new policy might affect our daily operations.

[ 2 ] CONTIONUOUS
1. She might be studying for her exams right now.
2. They might be waiting for the bus at the bus stop.
3. He might be working on a new project at the office.
4. It might be raining outside as we speak.
5. The children might be playing in the park this afternoon.
6. She might be preparing dinner in the kitchen at the moment.

30
7. They might be discussing the details of the contract in the meeting
room.
8. He might be attending a conference call right now.
9. We might be missing an important detail in our calculations.
10. You might be forgetting something important for tomorrow's
presentation.

[ 3 ] PERFECT
1. She might have already left for the airport.
2. They might have finished their homework by now.
3. He might have forgotten about our meeting.
4. The package might have been delivered while we were out.
5. You might have met him at the conference last week.
6. She might have misplaced her keys somewhere.
7. They might have already started the party without us.
8. He might have already made up his mind about the job offer.
9. The document might have been sent to the wrong recipient.
10. We might have overlooked some important details in our report.

SHOULD

[ 1 ] PRESENT
1. You should apologize for what you said.
2. She should be home by now.
3. We should leave early to avoid traffic.
4. They should consider all the options before making a decision.
5. It should be easier to understand with more practice.
6. He should take some time off to relax.
7. The government should invest more in education.
8. Students should pay attention to their studies.
9. This medication should help reduce the pain.
10. She should talk to her manager about the issue.

[ 2 ] CONTIONUOUS

31
1. She should be studying for her exams right now.
2. They should be preparing for the presentation instead of chatting.
3. He should be focusing on improving his skills.
4. It should be getting easier as you practice more.
5. We should be considering all the options before making a decision.
6. You should be taking better care of your health.
7. The team should be discussing the strategy for the upcoming match.
8. She should be getting ready for the meeting that starts in ten
minutes.
9. Students should be paying attention to the teacher's instructions.
10. He should be helping his colleagues with the project.

[ 3 ] PERFECT
1. She should have finished her homework by now.
2. They should have arrived at the airport already.
3. He should have sent the email yesterday.
4. The package should have been delivered by noon.
5. You shouldn't have forgotten to call your mother on her birthday.
6. We should have completed the project by the deadline.
7. The repair should have been finished last week.
8. She should have received the payment by now.
9. They should have left early to avoid the traffic.
10. He shouldn't have left without saying goodbye.

WOULD

[ 1 ] PRESENT
1. She would always bring me flowers on my birthday.
2. They would go for a walk in the park every sunday.
3. He would help us with the gardening if he were here.
4. It would be nice to have dinner together tonight.
5. We would visit our grandparents more often if they lived closer.
6. You would understand if you read the instructions carefully.
7. The company would consider your application if you had more
experience.
8. Students would perform better with more individual attention.
9. This car would run smoothly if it were serviced regularly.
10. He would be a great asset to the team if he joined.

32
[ 2 ] CONTIONUOUS
1. She would be studying for her exams right now if she were in school.
2. They would be working on the project if they hadn't encountered
technical issues.
3. He would be helping us with the event preparations if he were
available.
4. It would be raining outside if the weather forecast was accurate.
5. The children would be playing in the garden if it weren't so cold
outside.
6. You would be learning a lot in that course if you attended all the
classes.
7. The team would be celebrating their victory right now if they had
won the championship.
8. She would be traveling around europe if she had saved enough
money.
9. He would be attending the conference if it hadn't been canceled.
10. We would be discussing this matter further if there were more
time.

[ 3 ] PERFECT
1. She would have already left for the airport.
2. They would have finished their homework by now.
3. He would have forgotten about our meeting.
4. The package would have been delivered while we were out.
5. You would have met him at the conference last week.
6. She would have misplaced her keys somewhere.
7. They would have already started the party without us.
8. He would have already made up his mind about the job offer.
9. The document would have been sent to the wrong recipient.
10. We would have overlooked some important details in our report.

MUST

[ 1 ] PRESENT
1. You must submit your application before the deadline.
2. She must attend the meeting this afternoon.
3. We must follow the rules and regulations.
4. They must wear helmets while riding their bicycles.

33
5. It must be kept in a cool, dry place.
6. He must study harder if he wants to pass the exam.
7. The doctor must approve your request for medical leave.
8. Students must complete all assignments by the end of the semester.
9. I must remember to call her back later.
10. The team must arrive on time for the match.

[ 2 ] CONTIONUOUS
1. She must be studying very hard to pass her exams.
2. They must be working on the project non-stop to meet the deadline.
3. He must be rushing to catch his flight right now.
4. It must be costing them a lot to maintain such a large house.
5. The company must be facing challenges to adapt to the new
regulations.
6. You must be wondering why i called you so late.
7. The team must be preparing intensely for the championship game.
8. She must be feeling overwhelmed with all the responsibilities.
9. He must be feeling proud of his achievements.
10. We must be missing something crucial if the calculations don't add
up.

[ 3 ] PERFECT
1. She must have already left for work.
2. They must have finished their project by now.
3. He must have forgotten about our appointment.
4. The package must have been delivered while we were out.
5. You must have met him at the conference last week.
6. We must have missed the train; it's already late.
7. The keys must have fallen somewhere in the house.
8. She must have received the email; it was sent hours ago.
9. They must have left early to avoid the traffic.
10. He must have left the office; his car is not in the parking lot.

34
#PASSIVE VOICE

[ 1 ]SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE
1. The breakfast is eaten by me every morning.
2. The homework is completed by the students.
3. The guitar is played by him.
4. English is studied by us on mondays.
5. New york is lived in by them.
6. The east is where the sun is risen.
7. The couch is slept on by my cat.
8. The store is opened at 9 a.m.
9. Movies are watched by tom and jerry together.
10. Books are read by her before bed.

NEGATIVE
1. The reports are not reviewed by the manager every week.
2. The house is not cleaned by the staff regularly.
3. The emails are not answered by the team promptly.
4. The decision is not made by the committee yet.
5. The instructions are not followed by the students accurately.
6. The cake is not baked by the chef every day.
7. The error is not corrected by the technician immediately.
8. The mail is not delivered by the postal service on holidays.
9. The contract is not signed by the parties involved.
10. The event is not organized by the volunteers this year.

35
[ 2 ]SIMPLE PAST TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE
1. The cake was baked by the chef.
2. The house was painted by the workers.
3. The letter was sent by john.
4. The movie was directed by steven spielberg.
5. The book was read by many students.
6. The car was repaired by the mechanic.
7. The song was sung by the choir.
8. The homework was completed by the students.
9. The decision was made by the committee.
10. The new policy was implemented by the company.

NEGATIVE
1. The project was not finished by the team.
2. The presentation was not prepared by the assistant.
3. The email was not received by the client.
4. The experiment was not conducted by the researchers.
5. The event was not organized by the committee.
6. The book was not reviewed by the critic.
7. The funds were not allocated by the manager.
8. The furniture was not assembled by the movers.
9. The tickets were not sold by the box office.
10. The problem was not solved by the technician.

[ 3 ]SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE
1. The cake will be baked by the chef.
2. The house will be painted by the workers next month.
3. The letter will be sent by john tomorrow.
4. The movie will be directed by steven spielberg.
5. The book will be read by many students.
6. The car will be repaired by the mechanic.

36
7. The song will be sung by the choir at the concert.
8. The homework will be completed by the students before the
deadline.
9. The decision will be made by the committee next week.
10. The new policy will be implemented by the company.

NEGATIVE
1. The proposal will not be approved by the board.
2. The software update will not be installed by the it team until next
week.
3. The guests will not be greeted by the host at the door.
4. The meeting will not be scheduled by the secretary until further
notice.
5. The shipment will not be delivered by the courier on time.
6. The new regulations will not be enforced by the authorities
immediately.
7. The report will not be reviewed by the supervisor before friday.
8. The book will not be translated by the publisher this year.
9. The project will not be completed by the team by the end of the
month.
10. The artwork will not be displayed by the gallery until the renovation
is finished.

[ 4 ]CONTINUOUS PRESENT TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE
1. The software is being updated by the it department.
2. The proposal is being reviewed by the managers.
3. The room is being cleaned by the housekeeping staff.
4. The website is being redesigned by the developers.
5. The project is being supervised by the team leader.
6. The artwork is being displayed by the museum.
7. The food is being prepared by the chefs.
8. The garden is being watered by the gardener.
9. The issues are being addressed by the customer service team.
10. The new features are being tested by the users.

NEGATIVE

37
1. The application is not being processed by the admissions office right
now.
2. The complaint is not being investigated by the support team at the
moment.
3. The car is not being washed by the valet service today.
4. The report is not being written by the team leader as expected.
5. The new policies are not being communicated by the hr department
currently.
6. The event is not being organized by the committee this year.
7. The documents are not being reviewed by the auditors yet.
8. The test results are not being analyzed by the lab technicians right
now.
9. The book is not being edited by the publisher as planned.
10. The plants are not being fertilized by the gardener due to the
weather.

[ 5 ]CONTINUOUS PAST TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE
1. The documents were being translated by the language experts when
the deadline was extended.
2. The new software was being tested by the developers while the old
system was still in use.
3. The bridges were being repaired by the engineers throughout the
summer.
4. The research findings were being analyzed by the scientists when the
conference began.
5. The exhibition was being set up by the curators when the vip guests
arrived.
6. The play was being rehearsed by the cast during the school vacation.
7. The records were being archived by the clerks as the office was
reorganized.
8. The evidence was being collected by the investigators while the scene
was secured.
9. The machines were being calibrated by the technicians before
production started.
10. The patients were being examined by the doctors during the busy
clinic hours.

38
NEGATIVE
1. The report was not being written by the assistant.
2. The food was not being prepared by the chefs.
3. The machine was not being repaired by the technician.
4. The book was not being edited by the publisher.
5. The emails were not being sent by the office staff.
6. The house was not being renovated by the contractors.
7. The car was not being washed by the service.
8. The songs were not being recorded by the band.
9. The data was not being analyzed by the experts.
10. The event was not being organized by the volunteers.

[ 6 ]PERFECT PRESENT TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE
1. The letters have been mailed.
2. The problem has been solved.
3. The play has been performed.
4. The car has been washed.
5. The information has been updated.
6. The homework has been completed.
7. The film has been directed by a famous director.
8. The decision has been made.
9. The food has been prepared.
10. The orders have been processed.

NEGATIVE
Certainly! Here are examples of the perfect present tense passive in the
negative form:

1. The project has not been finished.

2. The house has not been renovated.
3. The message has not been delivered.
4. The cake has not been baked.
5. The document has not been signed.
6. The letters have not been mailed.
7. The problem has not been solved.

39
8. The play has not been performed.
9. The car has not been washed.

[ 7 ]PERFECT PAST TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE
1. The project had been completed before the deadline.
2. The house had been painted by the time the guests arrived.
3. The report had been submitted before the meeting started.
4. The letter had been delivered when i got home.
5. The cake had been eaten by the time the party began.
6. The film had been watched by everyone before the discussion
started.
7. The email had been sent before the system crashed.
8. The car had been repaired by the time i returned.
9. The instructions had been followed accurately before the test.
10. The documents had been filed away before the office was
reorganized.

NEGATIVE
1. The experiment had not been conducted before the grant expired.
2. The presentation had not been prepared before the conference.
3. The reservation had not been confirmed when we arrived.
4. The painting had not been restored by the time the exhibition
opened.
5. The contract had not been signed before the deadline passed.
6. The book had not been returned to the library before it closed.
7. The issue had not been addressed by the end of the meeting.
8. The application had not been processed before the position was
filled.
9. The announcement had not been made before the event started.
10. The data had not been analyzed before the report was submitted.

40
[ 8 ]PERFECT FUTURE TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE
1. The project will have been completed by next month.
2. The house will have been renovated before the wedding.
3. The report will have been submitted by the end of the week.
4. The message will have been delivered by the time you arrive.
5. The cake will have been baked before the party starts.
6. The document will have been signed by the time the meeting begins.
7. The letters will have been mailed by tomorrow morning.
8. The problem will have been solved before the deadline.
9. The play will have been performed by the time the festival ends.
10. The car will have been washed before you pick it up.

NEGATIVE
1. The contract will not have been reviewed by the time the meeting
starts.
2. The proposal will not have been approved before the next board
meeting.
3. The new system will not have been implemented by the end of the
quarter.
4. The research will not have been published by the conference date.
5. The project will not have been delivered before the end of the year.
6. The renovations will not have been completed before the tenants
move in.
7. The shipment will not have been received before the launch event.
8. The feedback will not have been collected by the survey deadline.
9. The website will not have been launched before the marketing
campaign begins.
10. The event will not have been organized before the scheduled date.

[ 9 ]MODAL

CAN
1. The report can be reviewed by the team.

41
2. The application can be processed by the office staff.
3. The message can be delivered by the courier.
4. The project can be completed by the end of the month.
5. The design can be approved by the committee.
6. The issue can be resolved by the support team.
7. The tickets can be purchased online.
8. The instructions can be followed by the employees.
9. The house can be rented by potential tenants.
10. The documents can be signed by the authorized personnel.

COULD
1. The package could be delivered by the end of the day.
2. The problem could be solved with more resources.
3. The proposal could be approved by the board next week.
4. The information could be found in the archive.
5. The changes could be implemented before the new policy takes
effect.
6. The report could be completed by the assistant.
7. The data could be analyzed by the research team.
8. The film could be shown at the festival.
9. The issues could be addressed in the upcoming meeting.
10. The new features could be included in the next update.

MAY
1. The contract may be revised before it's finalized.
2. The equipment may be inspected by the technician tomorrow.
3. The novel may be adapted into a film next year.
4. The house may be sold by the end of the summer.
5. The data may be updated in the system later today.
6. The proposal may be discussed at the next meeting.
7. The event may be rescheduled due to unforeseen circumstances.
8. The safety measures may be improved based on recent feedback.
9. The application may be approved if all requirements are met.
10. The guidelines may be revised in light of new research.

MIGHT

42
1. The project might be completed ahead of schedule.
2. The issue might be addressed in the upcoming meeting.
3. The document might be reviewed by the committee.
4. The package might be delivered by the end of the week.
5. The new policy might be implemented next month.
6. The data might be analyzed by the research team.
7. The proposal might be accepted by the board.
8. The contract might be renegotiated before signing.
9. The equipment might be repaired by a technician.
10. The feedback might be considered for future improvements.

MUST
1. The report must be submitted by the end of the day.
2. The proposal must be reviewed before the final decision.
3. The equipment must be calibrated regularly to ensure accuracy.
4. The application must be processed promptly to meet the deadline.
5. The new policy must be implemented by the start of the fiscal year.
6. The safety measures must be followed to comply with regulations.
7. The findings must be documented in the final report.
8. The contract must be signed before the project commences.
9. The instructions must be adhered to for the experiment to be valid.
10. The system must be updated to fix the identified issues.

SHOULD
1. The report should be completed by the end of the week.
2. The instructions should be followed to ensure accuracy.
3. The application should be processed within 24 hours.
4. The equipment should be maintained regularly.
5. The proposal should be reviewed before making a decision.
6. The package should be delivered by tomorrow.
7. The feedback should be considered for future improvements.
8. The new policy should be communicated to all employees.
9. The contract should be signed by both parties.
10. The safety procedures should be implemented in every department.

WOULD

43
1. The project would be completed on time if more resources were
allocated.
2. The proposal would be approved if it met all the criteria.
3. The issue would be resolved if additional support were provided.
4. The document would be reviewed by the editor before publication.
5. The house would be sold faster if it were properly staged.
6. The data would be analyzed by the research team if they had the
right tools.
7. The package would be delivered sooner if it were shipped express.
8. The design would be improved if more feedback were gathered.
9. The system would be upgraded if funding were available.
10. The guidelines would be revised if new regulations were introduced.

#INFINITE VERBS
1. To learn is important.
2. She wants to dance.
3. He needs a place to stay.
4. They came to see you.
5. She is eager to help.
6. I forgot to call him.
7. The book is too hard to read.
8. He decided to join the team.
9. They are interested to study abroad.
10. To win the game requires skill.

1] INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT :
1. To exercise regularly improves your health.
2. To travel the world is her dream.
3. To solve this problem requires a lot of patience.
4. To become a successful writer takes dedication.
5. To learn a new language can be challenging.
6. To innovate is crucial for business success.
7. To study hard is essential for good grades.
8. To understand the theory requires focus.
9. To live in the city has its advantages.
10. To cook well is an impressive skill.

2] INFINITIVE AS OBJECT :

44
1. She wants to travel to europe.
2. They decided to leave early.
3. I hope to finish the project soon.
4. He plans to start a new business.
5. We need to find a solution.
6. She promised to help with the event.
7. He forgot to send the email.
8. They expect to arrive by noon.
9. I like to read mystery novels.
10. She tried to fix the broken lamp.

3] INFINITIVE AS ADJECTIVE :
1. She has a book to read.
2. He needs a place to stay.
3. They found a restaurant to try.
4. She bought a dress to wear at the party.
5. I’m looking for a job to do.
6. He made a list of tasks to complete.
7. They need a solution to solve the problem.
8. She chose a recipe to cook for dinner.
9. We need a strategy to win the game.
10. He gave a lecture to inspire the students.

4] INFINITIVE AS ADVERB :
1. She studied hard to pass the exam.
2. He went to the store to buy groceries.
3. They trained every day to win the championship.
4. She saved money to travel around the world.
5. He called early to get a better deal.
6. I stayed up late to finish the report.
7. They worked overtime to meet the deadline.
8. She practiced diligently to improve her skills.
9. He moved to a new city to start fresh.
10. She organized the event to ensure everything went smoothly.

INFINITIVE AFTER ADJECTIVES :

1. She is eager to learn new skills.

45
2. He was excited to start his new job.
3. The problem is too difficult to solve.
4. They were happy to help with the project.
5. The movie was interesting to watch.
6. She is ready to give a presentation.
7. The task was simple to complete.
8. He is surprised to see the results.
9. The book is easy to read.
10. She was nervous to speak in public.

INFINITIVE AFTER CERTAIN VERBS :

1. I want to go to the beach.
2. She hopes to finish the assignment on time.
3. They decided to take a different route.
4. He promised to call me later.
5. We plan to visit paris next year.
6. She forgot to buy the groceries.
7. He needs to clean his room.
8. They agreed to help with the fundraiser.
9. I intend to start a new hobby.
10. She offered to assist with the project.

7] INFINITIVE IN PURPOSE CLAUSES :

1. She left early to catch the first train.
2. He studied hard to pass the exam.
3. They moved to a new city to find better job opportunities.
4. I saved money to buy a new car.
5. She went to the gym to improve her fitness.
6. He wrote a detailed report to explain his findings.
7. They conducted the survey to gather more data.
8. She called the manager to discuss the project.
9. We arrived early to get good seats.
10. He took the course to enhance his skills.

8] INFINITIVE WITH TOO AND ENOUGH :

INFINITIVES WITH TOO

46
1. The water is too hot to drink.
2. The movie was too boring to watch.
3. The box is too heavy to lift.
4. The dress is too expensive to buy.
5. The noise is too loud to concentrate.
INFINITIVES WITH ENOUGH
1. She is smart enough to solve the problem.
2. The car is fast enough to win the race.
3. He is strong enough to lift the weights.
4. The room is big enough to fit all the guests.
5. The book is interesting enough to keep me reading all night.
9] INFINITIVE WITH MODALS :
1. She can swim very well.
2. He should study more for the exam.
3. They might arrive late to the party.
4. I would like to travel to japan.
5. You must finish your work by friday.
6. She could help us with the project.
7. We may go to the concert this weekend.
8. He has to call his friend back.
9. They will try to fix the problem.
10. I ought to practice more often.

10]INFINITIVE AS THE OBJECT OF PREPOSITIONS :

1. She is excited about going to paris.
2. He is interested in learning new languages.
3. They are committed to improving their skills.
4. I am looking forward to meeting you.
5. She is responsible for organizing the event.
6. He is dedicated to helping others.
7. We are concerned about finding a solution.
8. They are eager for starting the project.
9. She apologized for being late.
10. He succeeded in completing the marathon.

47
# GERUNDS

AS SUBJECT:
1. Swimming is a great form of exercise.
2. Reading expands your knowledge.
3. Traveling offers new experiences.
4. Cooking can be a relaxing hobby.
5. Jogging helps improve cardiovascular health.
6. Writing daily improves your skills.
7. Learning new languages is exciting.
8. Painting is her favorite pastime.
9. Gardening requires patience and care.
10. Listening to music can be therapeutic.

AS OBJECT:
1. She enjoys reading books.
2. They discussed going on vacation.
3. He avoided mentioning the issue.
4. I appreciate helping you with the project.
5. We considered taking a different route.
6. She started learning french last year.
7. He admitted making a mistake.
8. They finished building the house.
9. I love watching documentaries.
10. She suggested meeting earlier.

3. AS OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION:

48
1. She is excited about starting a new job.
2. He is interested in learning new languages.
3. They are committed to improving their skills.
4. I am looking forward to seeing you.
5. She is proud of winning the award.
6. He is responsible for organizing the event.
7. We are concerned about finding a solution.
8. They are accustomed to working late.
9. She is tired of waiting for the bus.
10. He has a knack for solving complex problems.
4. AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT:
1. Her favorite hobby is painting .
2. The hardest part of the job is handling difficult customers.
3. What i enjoy most about the weekend is sleeping in.
4. Their primary goal is improving customer satisfaction.
5. His biggest challenge is writing a novel.
6. The best part of the trip was exploring the city.
7. Her dream is becoming a successful entrepreneur.
8. The most important thing is staying healthy.
9. What she values most is spending time with family.
10. My main concern is finishing the project on time.

5. IN COMPOUND NOUNS:
1. The kids spent the whole day at the swimming pool.
2. I need to buy a new pair of reading glasses.
3. She forgot her driving license at home.
4. We visited the shopping mall to find a gift for her birthday.
5. He bought a new pair of running shoes for his daily jog.
6. Her writing desk is always cluttered with papers.
7. They packed their sleeping bag for the camping trip.
8. The parking lot was completely full by the time we arrived.

6. IN FIXED EXPRESSIONS:
1. There's no point in [verb+ing]
- there's no point in arguing about it.

2. Looking forward to [verb+ing]

49
- i'm looking forward to meeting you.

3. Be good at [verb+ing]
- she is good at cooking italian food.

4. Be interested in [verb+ing]
- he is interested in learning new skills.

5. Have trouble [verb+ing]

- they had trouble understanding the instructions.

6. Be committed to [verb+ing]
- she is committed to improving her health.

7. Be accustomed to [verb+ing]
- he is accustomed to working late.

8. Be used to [verb+ing]
- i’m used to waking up early.

50
#OTHER USE OF PAST PARTICIPLES

AS ADJECTIVES
1. The broken vase
2. A tired worker
3. A stolen car
4. A worn-out pair of shoes
5. The damaged goods
6. An excited child
7. A faded photograph
8. A collapsed building

IN ADJECTIVE PHRASES
1. The book, written by a famous author, was a bestseller.
2. The movie, shown in several languages, received great reviews.
3. The house, built in the 1920s, has a lot of character.
4. The cake, decorated with fresh flowers, looked beautiful.
5. The document, signed by the ceo, is now official.
6. The car, repaired last week, is running smoothly now.
7. The letter, delivered this morning, contains important information.
8. The proposal, discussed in the meeting, was approved.

IN REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES

1. The car parked outside is mine.
2. The documents lost in the office have been found.
3. The movie directed by spielberg won several awards.
4. The cake baked yesterday was delicious.

51
5. The house built in the 1800s is still standing.
6. The report written last week needs revision.
7. The message sent this morning is urgent.
8. The email received yesterday was very informative.

IN PARTICIPIAL PHRASES
1. Exhausted by the long hike, he took a nap.
2. Surprised by the news, she couldn't speak for a moment.
3. Inspired by the success of her friends, she decided to start her own
business.
4. Delighted by the gift, he thanked everyone who contributed.
5. Ruined by the storm, the old barn had to be demolished.
6. Confused by the instructions, they asked for help.
7. Known for her kindness, she was admired by all.
8. Determined to win, the team practiced every day.

IN IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS
1. He is a well-known actor in hollywood.
2. I used to play the piano when i was younger.
3. You are supposed to wear formal attire to the event.
4. She's fed up with the constant noise from the construction site.
5. The family was torn apart by the tragic accident.
6. He's gone mad with power since he got promoted.
7. After a long day at work, i feel completely worn out .
8. She was broken-hearted after her relationship ended.
9. They got dressed up for the wedding ceremony.
10. She was caught off guard by the unexpected question.

IN COMPOUND NOUNS
1.be careful of the broken glass on the floor.
2. The yard was covered in fallen leaves .
She submitted the written report on time.
4. The store returned the damaged goods to the supplier.
5. He had to buy a new ticket because the original was lost .
6. The painted wall looked fresh and new.
7.the bartender used crushed ice in the cocktails.
8. The signed contract was sent to the client for their records ]

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#OTHER USE OF PRESENT PARTICIPLES

1 ] AS ADJECTIVES
1. The barking dog woke up the neighborhood.
2. The shining stars lit up the night sky.
3. The sound of running water was soothing.
4. The exciting movie kept everyone on the edge of their seats.
5. The falling leaves created a colorful carpet on the ground.
6. The crying baby needed to be comforted.
7. The glowing embers provided warmth on a chilly evening.
8. The growing plant needed more sunlight.

2 ] IN PARTICIPIAL PHRASES
1. Running late, she skipped breakfast.
2. Singing loudly, he walked down the street.
3. Looking out the window, she admired the view.
4. Hoping for a better result, they continued practicing.
5. Working hard, he completed the project ahead of schedule.
6. Laughing at the joke, she almost cried.
7. Worried about the test, he studied all night.
8. Resting after the hike, they enjoyed a picnic.

3 ] IN REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES

1. The man standing by the door is my uncle.
2. The book written by the author is a bestseller.
3. The children playing in the park are my neighbors.
4. The house built in the 1800s needs restoration.
5. The movie directed by spielberg won several awards.
6. The documents submitted yesterday are on your desk.
7. The car parked outside belongs to my friend.
8. The woman sitting at the table is the new manager.

4 ] IN GERUND PHRASES
1. Swimming in the ocean is her favorite activity.
2. He enjoys reading books before bed.
3. They are interested in learning new languages.

53
4. Her hobby is painting landscapes.
5. The company focuses on improving customer service.
6. I spent the afternoon working on the project.
7. He is excited about starting a new job.
8. The team is responsible for organizing the event.

6 ] IN NOMINAL PHRASES
1. Swimming is a great way to stay fit.
2. I enjoy reading before bed.
3. Cooking takes a lot of patience.
4. Dancing requires a lot of practice.
5. Traveling can be very rewarding.
6. Writing is her passion.
7. Jogging in the park is relaxing.
8. Skiing is popular in the winter.

7 ] IN IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS
1. The breaking news was about the major earthquake.
2. The boring meeting lasted for hours.
3. The exciting development in the project was announced today.
4. There is a growing concern about climate change.
5. The new technology offers endless possibilities for innovation.
6. The ongoing project will continue through the end of the year.
7. The overwhelming response to the charity campaign was
heartwarming.
8. Traveling to japan was an amazing experience.

54
#DEGREE

POSITIVE DEGREE
1. She is as tall as her brother.
2. The garden is as beautiful as the one we saw in france.
3. This house is as old as the city itself.
4. He is as strong as an ox.
5. She is as smart as her older sister.
6. He runs as quickly as his competitor.
7. She completed the task as carefully as she could.
8. He explained the concept as clearly as possible.
9.she solved the problem as easily as she had anticipated.
10. The speaker talked as loudly as the crowd demanded.

COMPARATIVE DEGREE
1. She is taller than her brother.
2. This painting is more beautiful than the one we saw yesterday.
3. This book is older than the one on the shelf.
4. He is stronger than his friend.
5. She is smarter than her classmate.
6. He runs more quickly than his rival.
7. She completed the assignment more carefully than her peers.
8. He explained the concept more clearly than anyone else.
9. This problem is easier than the one we solved yesterday.
10. The music is louder than it was at the last concert.

SUPERLATIVE DEGREE
1. She is the tallest person in her family.

55
2. This is the most beautiful garden in the neighborhood.
3. This is the oldest building in the city.
4. He is the strongest athlete on the team.
5. She is the smartest student in her class.
6. He runs the most quickly of all the competitors.
7. She completed the project the most carefully among her team.
8. He explained the theory the most clearly of all the presenters.
9. This is the easiest test i have ever taken.
10. The music was the loudest at the final concert.

NO OTHER
1. No other dessert is as satisfying as chocolate cake.
2. No other singer captivates the audience like adele.
3. No other city in europe is as romantic as paris.
4. No other car in its class offers such advanced features.
5. No other movie this year has received as much acclaim as this one.
6. No other book has inspired me as much as to kill a mockingbird.
7. No other team has won as many championships as the new england
patriots.
8. No other smartphone on the market offers such a sleek design.
9. No other actor portrays villains as convincingly as anthony hopkins.
10. No other beach destination in the world compares to the maldives.

VERY FEW
1. Very few desserts are as satisfying as a perfectly baked cheesecake.
2. There are very few places as serene as a secluded mountain lake.
3. Very few cars are as reliable as a toyota.
4. There are very few novels as captivating as to kill a mockingbird.
5. Very few experiences are as exhilarating as skydiving for the first time.
6. Very few movies are as thought-provoking as inception.
7. There are very few athletes as talented as serena williams in tennis
history.
8. Very few cities are as vibrant as new york city at night.
9. There are very few smartphones as innovative as the latest model
from apple.
10. Very few leaders are as charismatic as nelson mandela.

ANY OTHER

56
1. She is more dedicated to her work than any other colleague in the
office.
2. This restaurant serves better sushi than any other place in town.
3. He speaks spanish more fluently than any other student in the class.
4. This company provides faster customer service than any other
telecommunications provider.
5. Their house is more energy-efficient than any other building on the
block.
6. She has more experience in marketing than any other candidate for
the job.
7. That movie is more suspenseful than any other film i've seen this year.
8. This laptop performs better than any other model in its price range.
9. His painting skills are more refined than any other artist in our group.
10. The new software is more user-friendly than any other program
we've used before.

MOST OTHER
1. She is more dedicated to her work than most other colleagues in the
office.
2. This restaurant serves better sushi than most other places in town.
3. He speaks spanish more fluently than most other students in the class.
4. This company provides faster customer service than most other
telecommunications providers.
5. Their house is more energy-efficient than most other buildings on the
block.
6. She is more organized than most other managers in the department.
7. This car handles corners better than most other vehicles in its class.
8. He scored higher on the exam than most other students in the school.
9. This smartphone has a longer battery life than most other models on
the market.
10. Their team communicates more effectively than most other teams in
the league.

ONE OF THE
1. She is one of the most dedicated employees in the company.
2. This restaurant is known as one of the best places to eat in the city.
3. He is considered one of the most talented musicians of his generation.
4. This book is regarded as one of the most influential works of
literature.

57
5. She is recognized as one of the greatest athletes in olympic history.
6. She is one of the kindest people i've ever met.
7. This film is considered one of the most important movies of all time.
8. He is known as one of the brightest minds in the field of physics.
9. This restaurant is regarded as one of the finest dining experiences in
the region.
10. She is recognized as one of the most influential leaders in her
community.

DOUBLE COMPARISION
1. The higher you go, the colder the temperature will be.
2. The deeper you dive underwater, the higher the water pressure will
be.
3. The more you eat, the fuller you will feel.
4. The faster you run, the more energy you will expend.
5. The greater the volume of a gas, the lower the pressure (at constant
temperature).
6. The more complex a task, the longer it will likely take to complete.
7. The higher the concentration of a solution, the more solute it
contains.
8. The stronger the magnet, the more metal objects it can attract.
9. The longer the exposure to sunlight, the darker the tan will be.
10. The more time you spend practicing a skill, the better you will likely
become at it.

58
#WH- CONJUCTION

WHO
1. The man who won the marathon trained for months.
2. Sheila, who is my best friend, will be visiting next week.
3. The students who studied diligently scored well on the exam.
4. The actor who starred in that movie won an academy award.
5. We hired a new secretary who speaks three languages fluently.
6. The neighbors, who have lived here for over twenty years, are hosting
a barbecue.
7. I met someone at the party who knows your cousin.
8. The scientist who discovered penicillin revolutionized medicine.
9. Those who arrived early got the best seats.
10. She's the ceo who turned the company around during the recession.

WHICH
1. I bought a new car, which is very fuel-efficient.
2. The book, which was recommended by my friend, turned out to be
excellent.
3. She pointed to the house, which had a beautiful garden.
4. The project, which took several months to complete, was finally
finished.
5. He showed me the picture, which was taken on their vacation.
6. We visited the museum, which had an impressive collection of
ancient artifacts.
7. The laptop, which i bought last year, is already outdated.
8. She wore the dress, which was made of silk, to the gala.
9. He pointed to the painting, which was hanging on the wall.
10. They discussed the plan, which seemed promising at first.

59
THAT
1. The book that i borrowed from the library was very interesting.
2. He found a job that pays well.
3. She bought a car that runs on electricity.
4. The movie that we watched last night was quite entertaining.
5. I met someone that knows your sister.
6. I appreciate the effort that you put into this project.
7. Do you know the person that won the competition?
8. She showed me the house that she wants to buy.
9. He gave me a book that he thought i would enjoy.
10. The restaurant that we visited last week had excellent service.

WHOSE
1. She is the woman whose car was stolen.
2. He's the professor whose lectures are always engaging.
3. The company, whose headquarters are in new york, has offices
worldwide.
4. I met a man whose daughter is in the same class as mine.
5. This is the book whose author won the nobel prize.
6. He's the athlete whose records still stand after decades.
7. This is the house whose windows were recently replaced.
8. She has a friend whose brother works in the same company.
9. They stayed at a hotel whose rooms overlooked the ocean.
10. I met a musician whose songs have topped the charts.

WHOM
1. She is the woman whom i met at the conference.
2. He is the lawyer whom we hired to handle the case.
3. The artist, whom everyone admires, will be exhibiting her latest work.
4. They invited a guest whom they had known for many years.
5. He is the student whom the teacher praised for his hard work.
6. He is the director whom everyone respects for his vision.
7. She hired a contractor whom her friend recommended.
8. They consulted a lawyer whom they believed could handle the case.
9. She is the scientist whom the committee appointed to lead the
research.
10. He is the artist whom the gallery featured in their latest exhibition.

60
WHY
1. She couldn't understand why he was so upset.
2. Tell me why you didn't finish the project on time.
3. I need to know why he changed his mind.
4. Can you explain why the prices have increased?
5. He asked me why i hadn't called him earlier.
6. I wonder why they chose that restaurant for the party.
7. She explained why she chose to study abroad.
8. He didn't say why he resigned from his job.
9. I'm not sure why they canceled the event.
10. Please explain to me why you made that decision.

WHERE
1. I'll meet you where we first met.
2. She likes to travel to places where she can relax.
3. Let's go to the park, where we can enjoy the sunshine.
4. He moved to a city where the cost of living is lower.
5. They stayed at a hotel where they could see the ocean from their
room.
6. Let's visit the town where your grandparents grew up.
7. She chose a university where she could study marine biology.
8. We went to a restaurant where they serve authentic italian cuisine.
9. He moved to a neighborhood where the schools are highly rated.
10. They found a camping spot where they could see the stars clearly.

WHEN
1. When the alarm went off, everyone woke up immediately.
2. She always feels more energetic when she exercises in the morning.
3. When you travel to a new country, it's important to learn about its
culture.
4. The restaurant is most crowded when the football game is on.
5. We should start cooking when the guests are about to arrive.
6. When they moved to the new house, they found a lot of unexpected
issues.
7. He was thrilled when he heard that he got the job.
8. When the baby is asleep, the parents can finally relax.
9. She will call you when she has the final decision.

61
10. When the internet connection is slow, it’s hard to watch videos
online.

WHENEVER
1. She sings in the shower whenever she feels stressed.
2. He calls his parents whenever he has free time.
3. I eat chocolate whenever i need a mood boost.
4. They visit their grandparents whenever they come to town.
5. She checks her email whenever she gets a notification.
6. He exercises in the morning whenever the weather is nice.
7. We go hiking whenever we visit the mountains.
8. She bakes cookies whenever there's a family gathering.
9. He watches movies whenever he has a day off.
10. They take their dog for a walk whenever they finish dinner.

WHATEVER
1. She will eat whatever is on the menu.
2. He can fix whatever needs repairing.
3. We'll watch whatever movie you choose.
4. She always wears whatever she finds comfortable.
5. He will read whatever book interests him.
6. We can go wherever you want to go.
7. He will do whatever it takes to succeed.
8. She buys whatever groceries are on sale.
9. They eat whatever is in season.
10. He will play whatever sport is in season.

WHICHEVER
1. You can choose whichever color you like best.
2. I'll eat whichever dessert you decide to make.
3. She can wear whichever outfit she prefers.
4. Whichever book you choose, i'm sure you'll enjoy it.
5. He can take whichever route is fastest.
6. You may use whichever tool is most suitable for the job.
7. She will attend whichever university offers her a scholarship.
8. We'll hire whichever candidate has the most experience.
9. You can stay in whichever hotel you prefer.
10. We can meet at whichever time is convenient for you.

62
# CAUSATIVE VERB

[ 1 ] GET

ACTIVE VOICE
- i got my friend to help me move.
- she got her children to clean their rooms.
- they got the contractor to finish the work on time.
- he got his car fixed yesterday.
- she got the report completed before the deadline.
- we need to get the house painted next week.
- the movie got us excited.
- the speech got everyone motivated.
- his words got me thinking deeply.

PASSIVE VOICE
1. She got her dress altered by the tailor.
2. He got the garden cleaned up by the landscaper.
3. They got their house painted by a professional.
4. The school got the playground rebuilt by the construction crew.
5. We got the report reviewed by an expert.
6. She got her car serviced by the mechanic.
7. He got the documents signed by the ceo.
The company got the website updated by a web designer.

[ 2 ] MAKE

ACTIVE VOICE

63
- the teacher made the students complete their homework.
- his parents made him apologize for breaking the window.
- the bad weather made us cancel our plans.
- her hard work made the project successful.
- their effort made the event a great success.
- his speech made everyone rethink their positions.
- the situation made it necessary for us to leave early.
- the urgency of the matter made him act quickly.
PASSIVE VOICE
1. She made the car washed by the service center.
2. He made the house painted by the contractors.
3. They made the report reviewed by the team.
4. The manager made the presentation prepared by the assistant.
5. We made the documents filed by the clerk.
6. She made the meal cooked by the chef.
7. He made the garden landscaped by the professionals.
8. The school made the playground renovated by the builders.

[ 3 ] HAVE

ACTIVE VOICE
- she had her hair cut at the salon.
- he had his car repaired by a mechanic.
- they had their house painted last summer.
- the teacher had the students complete the assignment by friday.
- he had his assistant book his flights for the business trip.
- the boss had us work overtime to finish the project.
- she had me worried sick about her safety.
- the news had him feeling excited and nervous at the same time.

PASSIVE VOICE
1. She had the car washed by the service center.
2. He had the house painted by the painters.
3. They had the report reviewed by the editor.
4. The manager had the presentation prepared by the assistant.
5. We had the documents filed by the clerk.

64
6. She had the meal cooked by the chef.
7. He had the garden landscaped by the professionals.
8. The school had the playground renovated by the contractors.

#CONJUCTION

1)AND
1. I like to read books and watch movies.
2. She went to the store and bought some groceries.
3. He plays basketball and soccer.
4. They walked to the park and played on the swings.
5. Sarah is kind and generous.

2)BUT
1. She wanted to go out, but it started raining heavily.
2. He studied hard for the exam, but he didn't pass.
3. I wanted to buy the shoes, but they were out of my size.
4. They worked tirelessly on the project, but they couldn't meet the
deadline.
5. The movie was long, but it was very entertaining.

3)YET
1. He was tired, yet he stayed up to finish the project.
2. The weather was cold, yet we decided to go for a hike.
3. She didn't have much experience, yet she managed to complete the
task successfully.
4. The instructions were unclear, yet everyone understood the process.
5. The book was long, yet it was very engaging.

4)STILL
1. She was tired, still she finished the marathon.

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2. The restaurant was crowded, still we managed to get a table.
3. He had little experience, still his performance was impressive.
4. The project faced many challenges, still it was completed on time.
5. The weather was rainy, still they decided to have the picnic.

5)HOWEVER
1. She wanted to go to the beach; however, the weather was too cold.
2. The team had a great strategy; however, they lost the match.
3. He was excited about the job offer; however, he decided to decline it.
4. The novel was highly anticipated; however, it did not meet
expectations.
5. They prepared thoroughly for the presentation; however, technical
issues caused delays.

6)NEVERTHELESS
1. She was tired; nevertheless, she completed the marathon.
2. The road was slippery; nevertheless, he drove carefully.
3. The project faced many obstacles; nevertheless, it was finished on
time.
4. The weather forecast predicted rain; nevertheless, the event was
held outdoors.
5. He didn't have much experience; nevertheless, he performed
exceptionally well.

7)NONETHELESS
1. The task was difficult; nonetheless, she managed to finish it on time.
2. He was feeling sick; nonetheless, he attended the meeting.
3. The evidence was not conclusive; nonetheless, the decision was
made.
4. The road was blocked; nonetheless, they found an alternative route.
5. The project had several setbacks; nonetheless, it was completed
successfully.

8)THOUGH
1. She was late to the meeting, though she had left early.
2. He passed the exam, though he didn’t study much.

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3. The meal was expensive, though it was quite delicious.
4. They were exhausted from the hike, though they enjoyed the view.
5. The movie received mixed reviews, though it was a box office hit.

9)ALTHOUGH
1. Although it was raining, we decided to go for a walk.
2. She enjoyed the concert, although she wasn't feeling well.
3. Although the project was challenging, the team completed it
successfully.
4. He passed the test, although he hadn’t studied much.
5. Although the restaurant is expensive, the food is excellent.

10)EVEN THOUGH
1. Even though it was late, she stayed up to finish the book.
2. He went for a run, even though it was raining heavily.
3. Even though the deadline was tight, the team managed to submit the
report on time.
4. She smiled, even though she was feeling nervous.
5. Even though they had a small budget, they organized a successful
event.

11)EVEN IF
1. Even if it rains, we will go hiking.
2. She’ll attend the meeting, even if she has to leave early.
3. Even if the project fails, we’ll learn from the experience.
4. He would continue working on the proposal, even if it takes all night.
5. They’ll support the decision, even if it’s unpopular.

12)INSPITE OF
1. In spite of the rain, the event was held outdoors.
2. She completed the marathon in spite of her injury.
3. In spite of the challenges, they achieved their goal.
4. He managed to finish the project on time in spite of the tight
deadline.
5. In spite of the high cost, they decided to buy the house.

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13)DESPITE
1. Despite the heavy traffic, she arrived on time.
2. They succeeded in the project despite the numerous setbacks.
3. He was promoted despite having less experience than his colleagues.
4. Despite the cold weather, they enjoyed their outdoor picnic.
5. She maintained a positive attitude despite the difficult circumstances.

14)OR
1. Would you like tea or coffee?
2. You can go to the park now or wait until later.
3. He might attend the meeting, or he might stay home.
4. We can watch a movie tonight, or we can play a board game.
5. She can choose the red dress or the blue one for the party.

15)OTHERWISE
1. Make sure to set your alarm, otherwise, you might miss the flight.
2. He should study for the exam; otherwise, he could fail.
3. Please submit the form by friday, otherwise, it will be too late.
4. We need to leave now, otherwise, we’ll be stuck in traffic.
5. Take an umbrella with you, otherwise, you might get wet in the rain.

16)BECAUSE
1. She stayed home because she was feeling sick.
2. He was late because he missed the bus.
3. They canceled the picnic because it was raining.
4. The project was completed on time because everyone worked hard.
5. She didn’t go to the party because she had a prior commitment.

17)AS
1. She left early as she had a meeting scheduled.
2. He smiled as he received the good news.

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3. The children played outside as their parents prepared dinner.
4. She was promoted as a result of her hard work.
5. The team cheered as their coach announced the victory.

18)SINCE
1. I decided to stay home from work today, since I was feeling under the
weather.
2. Since the meeting has been postponed, we have more time to
prepare our presentations.
3. We should bring an extra jacket, since the weather forecast predicts a
drop in temperature.
4. She was late to the party, since she got stuck in traffic.
5. Since the store is having a sale, I plan to buy a new laptop.

19)DUE TO
1. The flight was delayed due to bad weather.
2. The match was canceled due to a power outage.
3. She missed the meeting due to a scheduling conflict.
4. The event was rescheduled due to unforeseen circumstances.
5. The road was closed due to construction.

20)OWING TO
1. The concert was postponed owing to technical difficulties.
2. The match was canceled owing to heavy rainfall.
3. They were late for the appointment owing to unexpected traffic.
4. The project was delayed owing to a shortage of materials.
5. The store closed early owing to a power outage.

21) BECAUSE OF
1. The flight was canceled because of the severe weather.
2. She was late to work because of heavy traffic.
3. The event was postponed because of a scheduling conflict.
4. They had to leave early because of an urgent call.
5. The store was closed because of a power outage.

22)THANKS TO

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1. The event was a success thanks to everyone’s hard work.
2. She was able to finish the project on time thanks to her team’s
support.
3. They found their lost dog thanks to the community’s help.
4. The school was able to purchase new equipment thanks to a
generous donation.
5. He recovered quickly from his illness thanks to the excellent care he
received.

23)SO
1. She studied hard for the exam, so she passed with flying colors.
2. It was raining, so they decided to stay indoors.
3. He was feeling tired, so he took a nap in the afternoon.
4. The restaurant was fully booked, so they had to find another place to
eat.
5. They practiced every day, so they won the championship.

24)THEREFORE
1. She was the top student in her class; therefore, she received a
scholarship.
2. The roads were icy and dangerous; therefore, the school was closed.
3. He forgot his umbrella, therefore, he got soaked in the rain.
4. The evidence was clear and convincing; therefore, the case was
settled quickly.
5. The company has seen significant growth this year; therefore, they
are expanding their offices.

25)THUS
1. The experiment was successful, thus proving the hypothesis correct.
2. She missed the deadline, thus delaying the entire project.
3. The team worked efficiently, thus completing the task ahead of
schedule.
4. The policy was implemented last month, thus leading to improved
performance.
5. He didn't follow the instructions, thus causing a malfunction in the
equipment.

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26)HENCE
1. The project was completed ahead of schedule, hence the early start
on the next phase.
2. She was the most qualified candidate, hence her appointment to the
position.
3. The product received excellent reviews, hence the high sales figures.
4. The weather was unseasonably warm, hence the unexpected increase
in outdoor activities.
5. The company has seen a drop in revenue, hence the need for budget
cuts.
#CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

27)IF

#TYPE 0
Type 0 conditional sentences are used to express general truths,
scientific facts, or situations that are always true when certain conditions
are met. They use the present simple tense in both the if-clause and the
main clause. Here are some examples of type 0 conditionals:

1. If you heat water to 100 degrees celsius, it boils.

2. If the sun sets, it gets dark.
3. If you mix red and blue, you get purple.
4. If you drop an object, it falls to the ground.
5. If plants receive enough sunlight, they grow.

#TYPE 1
Certainly! Type 1 conditional sentences are used to talk about real and
possible situations in the future. They use the present simple tense in
the if-clause and the future simple tense in the main clause. Here are
some examples of type 1 conditionals:

1. If it rains tomorrow, we will cancel the picnic.

2. If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
3. If she finishes her work early, she will join us for dinner.
4. If they call us, we will give them the information they need.
5. If you arrive on time, we will start the meeting without delay.

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#TYPE 2
Type 2 conditional sentences are used to discuss hypothetical or unlikely
situations in the present or future. They use the past simple tense in the
if-clause and the conditional mood (would + base form of the verb) in
the main clause. Here are some examples of type 2 conditionals:

1. If i had a million dollars, i would travel the world.

2. If she knew his number, she would call him.
3. If they lived closer, they would visit more often.
4. If we had a bigger house, we would host more gatherings.
5. If you were here, we would have a lot more fun.

#TYPE 3
Type 3 conditional sentences are used to discuss hypothetical situations
in the past that did not happen. They use the past perfect tense in the if-
clause and the conditional perfect (would have + past participle) in the
main clause. Here are some examples of type 3 conditionals:

1. If i had known about the meeting, i would have attended.

2. If she had studied harder, she would have passed the exam.
3. If they had left earlier, they would have caught the train.
4. If we had brought an umbrella, we wouldn’t have gotten wet.
5. If you had told me about the problem, i would have helped you.

28)UNLESS
1. We’ll go to the beach unless it rains.
2. She won’t pass the course unless she improves her grades.
3. You can’t join the team unless you complete the application process.
4. The event will be held outside unless the weather is too bad.
5. They won’t start the project unless they get the necessary approval.

29) SHOULD
1. Should you need any assistance, please don't hesitate to ask.
2. I will be happy to help should you require further information.
3. Should the meeting be rescheduled, i will inform you promptly.
4. Should it snow tomorrow, the roads might be slippery.

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5. You should call the customer service line should you encounter any
issues.

30)WERE
1. Were i to win the lottery, i would travel the world.
2. Were she more experienced, she might have been considered for the
promotion.
3. Were they aware of the changes, they could have adjusted their
plans.
4. Were it not for the traffic, we would have arrived on time.
5. Were we to start the project now, we could finish ahead of schedule.
31) HAD
1. Had i known about the traffic, i would have left earlier.
2. She would have passed the exam had she studied more.
3. Had they arrived on time, they would have caught the beginning of
the movie.
4. We could have gone to the beach had the weather been better.
5. Had he listened to the advice, he might have avoided the mistake.

32)AS LONG AS
1. You can borrow the car as long as you return it by midnight.
2. We can proceed with the project as long as we meet the deadline.
3. She will help with the event as long as she has enough time.
4. The offer is valid as long as the promotion runs.
5. You can stay at our house as long as you need to.

33) IN CASE
1. Take an umbrella with you in case it rains.
2. We should leave early in case there's traffic on the way.
3. I'll bring some extra food in case more guests arrive.
4. Keep your phone charged in case you need to make an emergency
call.
5. Save your work frequently in case the computer crashes.

34)ONLY IF

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1. You can go to the party only if you finish your homework first.
2. I will lend you the book only if you promise to return it by next week.
3. She will agree to the plan only if the terms are favorable.
4. The project will proceed only if we get the necessary approvals.
5. You can borrow the car only if you have a valid driver’s license.

35) PROVIDED THAT

1. You can go on the trip provided that you finish your assignments first.
2. The company will approve your request for leave provided that you
submit the necessary documents.
3. She will join the team for dinner provided that the meeting ends on
time.
4. The offer is valid for you provided that you make the purchase by the
end of the month.
5. We can start the project provided that we receive the funding in
time.

36)PROVIDED
1. You can have dessert, provided you eat all your vegetables.
2. We can proceed with the plans, provided that everyone agrees to the
terms.
3. The event will be held outside, provided the weather is clear.
4. She will accept the job offer, provided she receives a higher salary.
5. The company will sponsor the trip, provided you complete the
training program.

37) PROVIDING
1. You can borrow the book, providing you return it by next week.
2. We can go on the trip, providing we finish our work on time.
3. She will agree to the plan, providing that the terms are revised.
4. The team can start the project, providing they get the necessary
approvals.
5. I’ll help with the presentation, providing you give me the required
information.

38) PROVIDING THAT

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1. You can attend the event, providing that you respond by friday.
2. The company will cover your expenses, providing that you submit the
receipts.
3. She can join the team for the project, providing that she meets the
qualifications.
4. We can offer you a discount, providing that you make a purchase of
over $100.
5. You will be granted access to the facility, providing that you have the
necessary credentials.

39)SUPPOSE THAT
1. Suppose that you win the lottery, what would you do with the
money?
2. Suppose that the meeting is canceled, how will we communicate the
change to everyone?
3. Suppose that we move to a new city, how will it affect our daily
routine?
4. Suppose that the weather is perfect for the event, how many people
do you think will attend?
5. Suppose that you get the job offer, would you be willing to relocate?

40)WHAT IF
1. What if we don't finish the project on time, and the deadline is
missed?
2. What if the weather is unfavorable, and we need to change our
plans?
3. What if she decides to accept the job offer, and we have to adjust our
team structure?
4. What if they reject our proposal, and we need an alternative
strategy?
5. What if the system fails during the presentation, and we need a
backup plan?

41) WHETHER OR NOT

1. We will proceed with the event, whether or not it rains.

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2. She will attend the meeting, whether or not her report is finished.
3. They are planning to launch the product, whether or not the testing
results are positive.
4. You should submit the application, whether or not you feel confident
about it.
5. The company will implement the new policy, whether or not there
are objections from the staff.

42) AFTER
1. We can go for dinner after the meeting ends.
2. She felt much better after she took the medication.
3. The team celebrated after they won the championship.
4. He started working on the project after he received the approval.
5. They went for a walk after the rain stopped.

43) BEFORE
1. Make sure to finish your homework before you watch tv.
2. She called her friend before she went to the party.
3. We need to submit the report before the deadline.
4. He completed the training before starting his new job.
5. You should review the instructions before you begin the experiment.

44)WHILE
1. I listened to music while i worked on the project.
2. She smiled while he spoke.
3. They ate dinner while watching a movie.
4. The dog slept while the children played in the yard.
5. He finished his homework while waiting for the bus.

45)WHEN
1. She called me when she arrived at the airport.
2. We should leave when the rain stops.
3. He was happy when he received the good news.
4. The lights went out when the storm hit.
5. I will start cooking when the guests arrive.

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46)AS
1. She sang a song as he played the piano.
2. The children laughed as they opened their presents.
3. He got better at cooking as he practiced more.
4. The sun set as the city lights came on.
5. She took notes as the professor gave the lecture.
47)AS SOON AS
1. We’ll leave for the beach as soon as the rain stops.
2. She called me as soon as she arrived at the hotel.
3. He promised to return the book as soon as he finishes reading it.
4. The team will start the project as soon as they receive the materials.
5. I’ll let you know as soon as i hear any news.
48)WHEATHER
1. She couldn't decide whether to stay home or go to the party.
2. We need to know whether they are coming to the event.
3. I’m not sure whether we have enough time to finish the project.
4. He asked whether the meeting was still scheduled for tomorrow.
5. Whether you like it or not, the decision has been made.

49)THAT
1. She said that she would join us later.
2. I believe that we can finish this task by tomorrow.
3. It's important that you follow the instructions carefully.
4. He didn't realize that the store was closed on sundays.
5. They were surprised that the flight was delayed.

50)TILL
1. We’ll wait till the rain stops before heading out.
2. She worked at the office till late in the evening.
3. The store is open till 9 pm on weekdays.
4. He stayed at the party till everyone had left.
5. You can keep the book till next week if you need more time.

51)UNTIL

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1. We will wait until the rain stops.
2. She stayed at the office until late last night.
3. The store is open until 9 pm.
4. He didn’t leave the party until everyone had gone home.
5. You can borrow the book until next week.

52)NOT ONLY……BUT ALSO

1. She is not only a talented musician but also an accomplished painter.
2. He not only finished the project ahead of schedule but also exceeded
expectations.
3. The restaurant serves not only delicious food but also exceptional
service.
4. They not only visited paris but also traveled to several other
european cities.
5. The new software is not only user-friendly but also highly efficient.

53)EITHER..OR
1. You can either come with us now or meet us at the restaurant later.
2. We will either take a vacation in the summer or save it for the winter.
3. She will either call you back this afternoon or send an email.
4. You can either have coffee or tea with your breakfast.
5. The project will either be completed by next week or postponed until
further notice.

54)NEITHER..NOR
1. Neither the manager nor the assistant was available for the meeting.
2. She likes neither apples nor oranges.
3. They have neither the time nor the resources to tackle the new
project.
4. Neither option is suitable for our needs.
5. He is neither interested in sports nor in watching television.

55)BOTH …AND
1. She is both a talented musician and a skilled artist.
2. We need both the report and the presentation completed by friday.

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3. He enjoys both playing soccer and watching football.
4. The project requires both creativity and technical expertise.
5. They visited both paris and london on their european trip.

#FUNCTIONS

1)THOUGH
1. I was tired, though i decided to go for a run.
2. She said she would come to the party, though she's not sure yet.
3. The movie was long, though it was very entertaining.
4. He’s a great chef, though he doesn’t cook often.
5. The test was difficult; i think i did okay, though.

2)ALTHOUGH
1. Although it was raining, we decided to go for a walk.
2. She passed the exam with flying colors, although she didn’t study
much.
3. Although he is young, he has a lot of experience.
4. The restaurant was busy, although we managed to get a table.
5. Although the task was challenging, she completed it on time.

3)HOWEVER
1. She was tired; however, she finished her work before going to bed.
2. The book is difficult to read; however, it is very informative.
3. I wanted to go for a run; however, it started to rain.
4. The project is due next week; however, we still have a lot of work to
do.

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5. He didn’t like the movie; however, his friends enjoyed it.

4)AS
1. She works as a teacher at the local high school.
2. He spoke softly, as if he didn’t want anyone to hear him.
3. As the weather improves, we can start planning our outdoor
activities.
4. The dog followed us everywhere, as it was very loyal.
5. She ran as fast as she could to catch the bus.

5)BUT
1. I wanted to go to the park, but it started raining.
2. She’s very talented, but she lacks experience.
3. He tried hard, but he couldn’t finish the project on time.
4. The restaurant is expensive, but the food is amazing.
5. I understand your concerns, but i still believe this is the best
approach.

6)YET
1. The project is not complete, yet we have made significant progress.
2. She is very young, yet she has achieved a lot.
3. The weather has been unpredictable, yet the event went smoothly.
4. He has been practicing for months, yet he still finds the game
challenging.
5. We haven't decided on a date, yet we are considering several
options.

7)STILL
1. I’m tired, but i still want to finish this book.
2. The movie was long, yet it was still captivating throughout.
3. She has been practicing for weeks, and she still makes mistakes.
4. The store is closed, but the lights are still on.
5. He apologized for the delay, and we’re still waiting for the updated
schedule.

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8)INSPITE OF

INSPITE OF BEING
1. In spite of being inexperienced, he managed to impress everyone
with his innovative ideas.
2. In spite of being under the weather, she attended the important
meeting.
3. In spite of being skeptical about the plan, they decided to give it a try.
4. In spite of being overwhelmed with work, he found time to help his
colleague.
5. In spite of being far from home, she felt right at ease in the new city.

INSPITE OF HAVING
1. In spite of having a busy schedule, she managed to attend all the
important events.
2. In spite of having limited resources, the team achieved their goals.
3. In spite of having a fear of heights, he successfully completed the rock
climbing course.
4. In spite of having several setbacks, the project was completed on
time.
5. In spite of having little experience in the field, she quickly adapted
and excelled.

INSPITE OF +V4
1. In spite of studying hard, she did not pass the exam.
2. In spite of raining heavily, the outdoor event went ahead as planned.
3. In spite of working long hours, he felt he hadn’t made much progress.
4. In spite of feeling nervous, she delivered a great performance.
5. In spite of facing numerous challenges, the team completed the
project successfully.

INSPITE OF + NOUN
1. In spite of the heavy rain, the outdoor concert continued.

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2. In spite of the delays, the project was completed on time.
3. In spite of the high cost, they decided to purchase the luxury car.
4. In spite of the lack of experience, she was promoted to a managerial
position.
5. In spite of the difficulties, they managed to finish the marathon.

9)DESPITE
1. Despite the heavy snowfall, the flight departed on time.
2. She finished the marathon despite her injury.
3. Despite their efforts, the team could not win the championship.
4. He enjoyed the concert despite the loud noise.
5. Despite the high cost of living in the city, many people choose to live
there.

10)AS SOON AS
1. I’ll call you as soon as i arrive at the airport.
2. She started cooking dinner as soon as she got home.
3. The meeting will begin as soon as everyone has arrived.
4. As soon as the movie ended, the audience began applauding.
5. He will email you as soon as he finishes reviewing the document.

11)NO SOONER …THAN

1. No sooner had i arrived at the station than the train pulled in.
2. No sooner did she start cooking than the guests began to arrive.
3. No sooner had the movie begun than the power went out.
4. No sooner had the rain stopped than the sun came out.
5. No sooner had the meeting ended than everyone started discussing
the next project.

12)HARDLY/SCARCELY….WHEN
1. Hardly had i finished my meal when the waiter brought the bill.
2. Scarcely had the sun set when the streetlights came on.
3. Hardly had the guests arrived when the party started.
4. Scarcely had the movie begun when the lights flickered and went
out.

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5. Hardly had he left the house when it started raining.

13)IN ORDER TO
1. She studies hard in order to pass her exams with high grades.
2. He saved money every month in order to buy a new car.
3. They adjusted the schedule in order to accommodate everyone's
availability.
4. In order to improve his health, he started exercising regularly and
eating better.
5. The company invested in new technology in order to enhance
productivity.

14)IN ORDER THAT

1. He left early in order that he could avoid the rush hour traffic.
2. She saved diligently in order that she could afford a trip to europe.
3. The company implemented new procedures in order that efficiency
would be improved.
4. They studied late into the night in order that they might pass the
final exam.
5. The manager arranged a meeting in order that all team members
could discuss the project details.

15)SO THAT
1. She brought extra food so that everyone at the picnic would have
enough to eat.
2. He studied hard so that he could pass his exams with flying colors.
3. The team worked overtime so that they could complete the project
by the deadline.
4. They set up the chairs in a circle so that everyone could see and
participate in the discussion.
5. She saved a portion of her salary each month so that she could buy a
house in the future.

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16)WITH A VIEW TO
1. She attended the conference with a view to gaining new insights for
her research.
2. The company launched a new marketing campaign with a view to
increasing brand awareness.
3. He took a course in advanced management with a view to advancing
his career.
4. They are renovating the office with a view to creating a more
productive work environment.
5. The government is implementing new policies with a view to
reducing pollution levels.

17)AS IF
1. She acted as if she had won the lottery.
2. He looked at me as if he didn’t recognize me.
3. The room was a mess, as if a tornado had struck.
4. She spoke as if she were the expert on the subject.
5. He ran as if his life depended on it.

18)AS
1. She works as a graphic designer at a marketing firm.
2. He sings as if he were a professional musician.
3. As the sun set, the sky turned beautiful shades of orange and pink.
4. The cake tastes as good as it looks.
5. She was promoted to manager as a result of her hard work.

19)WOULD RATHER
1. I would rather stay home tonight than go out.
2. She would rather read a book than watch tv.
3. They would rather have lunch at a café than at a fast-food
restaurant.
4. He would rather drive himself to the airport than take a taxi.
5. I would rather you didn't mention it to anyone.

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20)WOULD PREFER
1. I would prefer to stay home tonight rather than go out.
2. She would prefer tea instead of coffee.
3. They would prefer to have the meeting in the morning rather than in
the afternoon.
4. He would prefer working from home to commuting to the office
every day.
5. I would prefer if you could finish the report by friday.

21)PREFER
1. I prefer coffee to tea in the morning.
2. She prefers reading novels rather than watching movies.
3. They prefer to walk to work instead of driving.
4. He prefers spending his vacation at the beach rather than in the
mountains.
5. We prefer to have our meetings in the afternoon rather than in the
morning.

22)HAD BETTER
1. You had better finish your homework before going out with friends.
2. We had better leave now if we want to avoid the traffic.
3. She had better call her parents and let them know she’s safe.
4. He had better check the weather forecast before planning the
outdoor event.
5. They had better review the contract thoroughly before signing it.

85
#LINKERS

1. ADDITION

- AND
1)the process diagram shows how raw materials are processed into
finished products, and how these products are then packaged and
distributed.

2) governments should invest in renewable energy sources, and they

should also promote energy conservation among citizens.

3) talk about a favorite hobby. I enjoy painting and drawing, and i also
like to visit art galleries for inspiration.

4) the survey results indicate a rise in interest in online courses and a

decrease in traditional classroom attendance.

- ALSO
1. The diagram outlines the process of water purification. It also details
how the filtered water is stored and distributed.

86
2 while some believe that technology is essential for modern education,
it is also important to consider the benefits of traditional teaching
methods.

3. Talk about a favorite book. The novel has an engaging plot, and it
also explores complex themes related to human nature.

4. What are the advantages of living in a city? Cities offer better job
opportunities and entertainment options, and they also provide access
to advanced healthcare and educational facilities.

Investing in renewable energy sources can reduce dependence on fossil

fuels, and it can also create new job opportunities in the green energy
sector.
6. Improving public transportation can decrease traffic congestion, and
it also makes commuting more convenient for residents.
- BESIDES
1. The process diagram illustrates the stages of recycling paper. Besides,
it outlines the benefits of recycling for reducing landfill waste.

2. While some argue that online education is more flexible, it can lack
the personal interaction of traditional classrooms. Besides, students may
miss out on hands-on experiences and practical applications.

3. Talk about a favorite hobby. I enjoy gardening and find it relaxing.

Besides, it gives me a sense of accomplishment as i see my plants grow
and flourish.

4. What are the advantages of learning a second language? It improves

cognitive abilities and opens up career opportunities. Besides, it also
allows for better cultural understanding and international travel
experiences.

5. Many argue that urban green spaces are important for environmental
health. Besides, they also provide recreational areas for residents and
contribute to community well-being.

- FURTHERMORE

87
1. Learning a second language enhances cognitive skills and can improve
problem-solving abilities. Furthermore , it provides individuals with
greater cultural awareness and understanding, which is crucial in today’s
globalized world.

2. The book i read last month was not only engaging but also
educational. Furthermore , it provided valuable insights into human
psychology, making it a profound experience for me.

3. The graph illustrates a significant increase in tourist numbers for

country a over the past decade.
Furthermore , country a's rise in popularity can be attributed to
improved travel infrastructure and marketing strategies.

4. My hometown has a beautiful park where people can enjoy outdoor

activities. Furthermore , there are several cultural events held
throughout the year that attract visitors from neighboring areas.
5. Technology in the classroom facilitates interactive learning and access
to a vast array of resources. Furthermore , it allows for personalized
learning experiences, catering to different learning styles and paces.

- IN ADDITION
1. Renewable energy sources like solar and wind power are
environmentally friendly and help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In
addition , they can also create new job opportunities in green
technology sectors.

2. During my holiday, i visited several historical landmarks and enjoyed

local cuisine. In addition , i had the chance to participate in traditional
festivals, which made the experience even more enriching.

3. The pie chart reveals that the majority of household spending goes on
housing. In addition , a significant portion is allocated to food and
transportation, reflecting the basic necessities of daily life.

4. One of my favorite hobbies is gardening, which i find relaxing and

rewarding. In addition , it provides a great way to get outdoors and stay
active, which benefits both my physical and mental health.

88
5. Social media platforms have made it easier to stay connected with
friends and family. In addition , they offer tools for networking and
professional development, expanding opportunities for personal growth.

- MOREOVER
1. Public transportation reduces the number of vehicles on the road,
which helps decrease air pollution. Moreover , it can lead to significant
savings for individuals who would otherwise spend a considerable
amount on owning and maintaining a car.

2. One of my favorite places to relax is the beach. The sound of the

waves and the fresh sea breeze are incredibly soothing. Moreover , the
beach offers various activities like swimming and beach volleyball, which
makes it an ideal spot for both relaxation and recreation.

3. The bar chart indicates that city a experiences the highest average
temperatures throughout the year. Moreover , city a has a more
consistent temperature range compared to the other cities, which
fluctuate significantly.

4. I recently dined at a new italian restaurant in town. The food was

delicious and the service was excellent. Moreover , the restaurant had a
cozy ambiance that made the dining experience even more enjoyable.

5. Technology has revolutionized education by making information

more accessible and interactive. Moreover , it facilitates remote
learning, which is particularly beneficial for students in remote areas or
those who cannot attend traditional classes.

- NOT ONLY... BUT ALSO

1. Regular exercise is not only beneficial for physical health, improving
cardiovascular fitness and muscle strength, but also enhances mental
well-being by reducing stress and anxiety.

2. The festival was not only a great opportunity to experience different

cultures through various performances and food stalls but also a chance
to meet and connect with people from around the world.

89
3. The line graph illustrates that internet usage has increased
significantly over the years. The rise is not only evident across all age
groups but also reflects a growing trend in both personal and
professional contexts.

4. Spring is not only a beautiful time of year because of the blooming

flowers and mild temperatures but also a season that brings a sense of
renewal and energy after the cold winter months.

5. Government regulations are crucial for ensuring environmental

protection. They are not only necessary for reducing pollution and
conserving natural resources but also vital for setting standards that
encourage businesses and individuals to adopt more sustainable
practices.

AS WELL AS
1. Education is crucial for personal development, as it provides
individuals with the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in their
careers. As well as its career benefits, education also promotes critical
thinking and informed decision-making.

2. During my trip to japan, i visited several historic temples and enjoyed

the local cuisine. As well as these cultural experiences, i also had the
opportunity to explore beautiful natural landscapes, such as mount fuji.

3. The table indicates that city a has the highest average temperatures
throughout the year. As well as having higher temperatures, city a also
experiences a more stable climate compared to city b, which has
significant seasonal variations.

4. One of my favorite hobbies is painting. As well as being a creative

outlet, painting also helps me relax and unwind after a busy day.

5. Technology has transformed communication by making it faster and

more convenient. As well as enhancing personal connections through
social media and instant messaging, technology also plays a crucial role
in business communications and remote work.

90
 2. CONTRAST

- BUT
1. Online learning offers flexibility and convenience for students who
have busy schedules. But it can also lead to a sense of isolation and a
lack of face-to-face interaction with peers and instructors.

2. I would love to visit iceland because of its stunning natural landscapes

and unique geological features. But i’m concerned about the high cost
of travel and accommodation.

3. The bar chart shows that the most popular extracurricular activity is
sports, with a high number of participants. But fewer students are
involved in arts and music, indicating a possible preference or resource
allocation issue.

4. I enjoyed reading the book because of its engaging plot and well-
developed characters. But i found the ending to be somewhat
predictable and not as impactful as i had hoped.

5. Technology can enhance the learning experience by providing

interactive tools and resources. But it is important to ensure that it
does not replace traditional teaching methods entirely or create an over-
reliance on digital devices.

- HOWEVER
1. Urbanization can lead to economic growth and improved
infrastructure. However , it often results in increased pollution and
congestion, which can negatively affect residents' quality of life.

2. I had a wonderful time traveling with my friend; we explored new

cities and tried different cuisines. However , we also had some
disagreements about our travel plans, which led to a few tense
moments.

3. The pie chart shows that renewable energy sources make up a

significant portion of the total energy consumption. However , fossil

91
fuels still account for a substantial percentage, highlighting the need for
further transition to cleaner energy.

4. I enjoy playing tennis because it’s a great way to stay fit and have fun.
However , it can be challenging to find time to play regularly due to my
busy schedule.
5. Working from home offers flexibility and reduces commuting time.
However , it can also lead to feelings of isolation and difficulties in
separating work from personal life.

- ON THE OTHER HAND

1. Living in a city provides access to a wide range of amenities and job
opportunities. On the other hand , it often comes with higher living
costs and increased noise and pollution.

2. I would love to visit japan for its rich culture and beautiful landscapes.
On the other hand , the language barrier and high cost of living might
make it challenging to travel there.
3. The bar chart indicates that public transportation is the most
commonly used mode of transport. On the other hand , private vehicles
are preferred by a smaller but significant portion of the population,
suggesting differing travel needs and preferences.

4. Spring is my favorite season because of the pleasant weather and

blooming flowers. On the other hand , summer can be quite hot and
uncomfortable, making it less enjoyable for outdoor activities.

5. Technology in education can enhance learning by providing

interactive tools and resources. On the other hand , it may lead to
distractions and over-reliance on digital devices, which could impact
students' attention spans and critical thinking skills.

- WHEREAS
1. Public transportation is cost-effective and reduces traffic congestion.
Whereas , private cars offer greater convenience and flexibility but
contribute to higher levels of pollution and traffic problems.

2. My vacation to the beach was incredibly relaxing, with beautiful

weather and a peaceful environment. Whereas , my trip to the

92
mountains was more adventurous and challenging, involving hiking and
exploring rugged terrain.

3. The line graph shows a steady increase in global temperatures over

the past century. Whereas , regional temperatures have varied
significantly, with some areas experiencing much greater warming than
others.

4. During weekdays, i follow a strict routine with work and scheduled

activities. Whereas , on weekends, i enjoy a more relaxed schedule with
spontaneous activities and leisure time.

5. Online learning offers flexibility and the ability to study from

anywhere. Whereas , traditional classroom learning provides structured
environments and direct interaction with teachers and peers, which can
enhance the learning experience.

- WHILE
1. Urban living offers a wide range of amenities and job opportunities,
making it an attractive option for many people. While this can lead to a
vibrant and dynamic lifestyle, rural living provides a quieter and more
peaceful environment, often with closer ties to nature.

2. The wedding was a joyous occasion filled with celebration and

happiness. While everyone was enjoying the festivities, i took a
moment to reflect on the meaningful journey that had led to this special
day.

3. The pie chart indicates that renewable energy sources account for a
growing share of total energy consumption. While this trend is
promising, fossil fuels still constitute a significant portion, which
highlights the ongoing challenge of transitioning to sustainable energy.

4. I enjoy classical music for its complexity and emotional depth. While
i find it relaxing and intellectually stimulating, i also appreciate pop
music for its upbeat rhythms and ability to energize me.

93
5. Government involvement in healthcare can ensure that medical
services are accessible to all citizens. While this can lead to more
equitable health outcomes, it may also result in longer wait times and
increased bureaucratic challenges.

- NEVERTHELESS
1. Technology has revolutionized the way we communicate, making it
faster and more convenient. Nevertheless , it has also led to a decrease
in face-to-face interactions, which can affect the quality of personal
relationships.

2. I faced many obstacles while trying to complete my project, including

tight deadlines and unexpected technical issues. Nevertheless , i
managed to finish the project on time and received positive feedback
from my supervisor.

3. The graph shows a significant increase in employment rates over the

past decade. Nevertheless , there are still concerns about job quality
and wage stagnation, which affect many workers despite the overall
increase in employment.

4. I would love to visit paris because of its rich history and cultural
landmarks. Nevertheless , i am aware that it is a very expensive city,
which might make it challenging for me to plan a visit.

5. Renewable energy sources are crucial for reducing carbon emissions

and combating climate change. Nevertheless , the transition to
renewable energy can be costly and may face resistance from industries
reliant on fossil fuels.

- NONETHELESS
1. Working from home offers numerous benefits, such as flexibility and
the elimination of commuting. Nonetheless , it can also lead to
challenges like isolation and difficulties in maintaining a clear work-life
balance.

94
2. The project was incredibly demanding, requiring long hours and
meticulous attention to detail. Nonetheless , i found it to be a valuable
learning experience that significantly enhanced my skills and confidence.

3. The bar chart shows that plastic waste constitutes the largest portion
of total waste produced. Nonetheless , organic waste also represents a
significant percentage, which highlights the need for comprehensive
waste management strategies.

4. I enjoy winter for its cozy atmosphere and holiday festivities.

Nonetheless , i find the cold weather challenging and sometimes prefer
the milder temperatures of other seasons.

5. Social media platforms can facilitate communication and provide a

platform for self-expression. Nonetheless , they can also contribute to
issues such as misinformation and online harassment.

- ALTHOUGH
1. Urban living provides access to a wide range of services and
entertainment options. Although it can be exciting and convenient, it
also comes with higher living costs and increased noise and pollution
compared to rural areas.

2. The concert was amazing and the performance was spectacular.

Although the venue was crowded and the seats were uncomfortable,
the overall experience was worth it because of the great music and
atmosphere.

3. The line graph indicates a steady increase in internet usage over the
past decade. Although the overall trend is upward, there are
fluctuations in usage rates during specific years, reflecting varying levels
of technological adoption.

4. I enjoy gardening because it allows me to relax and connect with

nature. Although it requires a lot of time and effort to maintain, the
satisfaction of seeing my plants grow makes it worthwhile.

95
5. Technology can enhance the learning experience through interactive
tools and resources. Although it can also lead to distractions and over-
reliance on digital devices, its benefits in providing access to information
and facilitating remote learning are significant.

- EVEN THOUGH
1. Living in a city offers numerous advantages, such as better job
opportunities and access to a wide range of amenities. Even though it
provides these benefits, the high cost of living and constant noise can be
significant drawbacks for many residents.

2. I worked hard to complete the project on time, putting in extra hours

and staying focused. Even though i faced several obstacles along the
way, such as technical issues and tight deadlines, i successfully delivered
the project by the deadline.

3. The pie chart shows that renewable energy sources constitute a

significant portion of total energy consumption. Even though this
percentage is substantial, fossil fuels still make up a considerable part of
the energy mix, reflecting the ongoing reliance on non-renewable
resources.

4. I love eating spicy food because it adds a lot of flavor to the dishes.
Even though it can sometimes be too intense for my taste, i enjoy the
variety of spices and how they enhance the overall dining experience.

5. Remote work offers flexibility and reduces commuting time, which

can improve work-life balance. Even though it has these advantages,
some people struggle with maintaining productivity and feel isolated
from their colleagues.

- YET
1. Technology has revolutionized education by providing access to a
wealth of information and interactive tools. Yet , it can also lead to
distractions and over-reliance on digital devices, which may negatively
affect students' attention spans and learning outcomes.

96
2. The book was engaging and well-written, offering deep insights into
human psychology. Yet , i found some parts to be repetitive and could
have been edited down for a more concise narrative.

3. The bar chart shows that public transportation is the most widely
used mode of transport. Yet , a significant number of people still prefer
using private vehicles, indicating a strong preference for personal
convenience over public options.

4. I enjoy painting because it allows me to express my creativity and

relax. Yet , it can be time-consuming and sometimes frustrating when i
don't achieve the results i want.

5. Government initiatives can significantly improve public health by

funding medical research and promoting healthy lifestyles. Yet , there
are still gaps in healthcare access and quality that need to be addressed
to ensure equitable health outcomes for all citizens.

3. COMPARISON

- SIMILARLY
1. Technology has transformed communication by making it quicker and
more convenient. Similarly , it has enhanced the ability to connect with
people across the globe, breaking down geographical barriers and
facilitating international collaboration.

2. During my trip to italy, i visited several historic landmarks and

enjoyed the local cuisine. Similarly , my visit to france was marked by
exploring ancient architecture and savoring traditional french dishes.

3. The bar chart shows that plastic waste constitutes the largest portion
of total waste. Similarly , metal and paper waste make up significant
portions, reflecting the diverse nature of waste production.

4. I enjoy running because it keeps me fit and allows me to clear my

mind. Similarly , i find cycling to be an excellent exercise that provides a
good cardiovascular workout while also being enjoyable.

97
5. Government funding is crucial for improving educational
infrastructure and resources. Similarly , investing in teacher training and
professional development is essential for enhancing the quality of
education and ensuring effective teaching.

- LIKEWISE
1. Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining a healthy
lifestyle, as it improves cardiovascular health and reduces stress.
Likewise , a balanced diet plays a crucial role in supporting overall well-
being and preventing chronic diseases.

2. My mentor has been a tremendous influence on my professional

growth, providing valuable guidance and support. Likewise , my parents
have been instrumental in shaping my values and work ethic through
their example and encouragement.

3. The line graph illustrates a significant increase in renewable energy

usage over the past decade. Likewise , there has been a noticeable
decline in the use of fossil fuels, reflecting a growing shift towards more
sustainable energy sources.

4. I enjoy spending holidays with my family because it allows us to

reconnect and create lasting memories. Likewise , i appreciate taking
vacations to explore new places and experience different cultures, as it
broadens my perspective and provides a break from routine.

5. Preserving cultural heritage is vital for maintaining a sense of identity

and historical continuity within a community. Likewise , protecting
natural landmarks and environments is important for ensuring future
generations can appreciate and learn from them.

- IN THE SAME WAY

1. Regular physical exercise improves overall health and boosts energy
levels. In the same way , engaging in mental exercises, such as puzzles
and reading, can enhance cognitive functions and mental agility.

98
2. I enjoyed visiting the historic city of rome for its ancient architecture
and cultural richness. In the same way , my trip to athens was
memorable due to its historical landmarks and rich cultural heritage.

3. The pie chart shows that a significant portion of time is spent on

work-related activities. In the same way , a considerable amount of time
is dedicated to leisure activities, reflecting the balance between work
and personal life.

4. I enjoy eating italian food for its rich flavors and variety of dishes. In
the same way , i appreciate chinese cuisine for its diverse ingredients
and bold flavors, which offer a similarly satisfying culinary experience.

5. Investing in renewable energy sources helps reduce carbon emissions

and combat climate change. In the same way , supporting energy
efficiency measures, such as better insulation and energy-saving
appliances, contributes to environmental sustainability.

- JUST AS
1. Technology has transformed the way students learn by providing
access to a wealth of resources and interactive tools. Just as technology
enhances learning in schools, it also facilitates remote work and online
collaboration in professional settings.

2. I had an amazing time exploring the scenic landscapes of new

zealand. Just as the natural beauty of new zealand was breathtaking,
my trip to canada offered similarly stunning views and outdoor
adventures.

3. The bar chart illustrates that cars are the most commonly used mode
of transport. Just as cars are preferred for their convenience, bicycles
are also favored in certain areas for their environmental benefits and
cost-effectiveness.

4. I love gardening because it allows me to connect with nature and

grow my own plants. Just as gardening provides a relaxing and fulfilling
experience, painting also offers a creative outlet and a way to unwind.

99
5. Regular physical exercise improves overall health and well-being by
enhancing cardiovascular fitness and reducing stress. Just as physical
exercise benefits the body, engaging in mindfulness and meditation can
similarly improve mental health and emotional stability.

4. CAUSE AND EFFECT

- BECAUSE
1. Public transportation reduces the number of cars on the road, which
in turn lowers traffic congestion and pollution. Because of this, it is an
environmentally friendly option that helps in reducing the carbon
footprint of urban areas.

2. I will never forget my graduation day because it marked the

culmination of years of hard work and dedication. It was a moment of
personal achievement and joy shared with family and friends.

3. The line graph shows a steady increase in employment rates over the
past decade. Because of economic growth and job creation initiatives,
more people have been able to find employment opportunities.

4. I enjoyed reading the book because it had a compelling storyline and

well-developed characters. The author’s writing style kept me engaged
from beginning to end.

5. Investing in renewable energy is crucial for sustainable development.

Because it reduces reliance on fossil fuels, it helps to mitigate climate
change and preserve natural resources for future generations.

- SINCE
1. Online shopping has become increasingly popular due to its
convenience and accessibility. Since it allows people to shop from the
comfort of their homes and compare prices easily, it has significantly
changed consumer habits.
2. I took a cooking class last year and learned to make several new
dishes. Since then, i have been able to cook a variety of meals and
enjoy experimenting with different recipes.

100
3. The bar chart indicates that renewable energy sources have gained
popularity over the past decade. Since they are more sustainable and
environmentally friendly, their increased usage reflects a growing
awareness of environmental issues.

4. I make a habit of exercising every morning. Since this routine helps

me stay fit and energized throughout the day, i find it essential for
maintaining my overall well-being.

5. Technological advancements have accelerated rapidly over the past

few decades. Since the advent of the internet and smartphones, the
way we communicate and access information has transformed
dramatically.

- AS
1. Learning a second language can enhance cognitive abilities and
cultural awareness. As it helps to develop better problem-solving skills
and adaptability, it is a valuable asset in today’s globalized world.

2. My high school teacher has had a profound impact on my life. As a

dedicated educator, she inspired me to pursue my interests and develop
a passion for learning.

3. Living in a big city offers a vibrant lifestyle and numerous

opportunities. As in a small town, it also has its own unique advantages,
such as a close-knit community and a slower pace of life.

4. I enjoy painting because it allows me to express my creativity. As

with writing, it provides a way to channel my thoughts and emotions
into a tangible form.

5. The chart illustrates the various uses of water in different sectors. As

shown, agriculture accounts for the largest portion, followed by
industrial and domestic uses.

- DUE TO
1. Urbanization has led to increased economic growth and improved
infrastructure in cities. Due to

101
The influx of people moving to urban areas, however, there has been a
rise in traffic congestion and pollution.

2. I had to miss a significant part of my exam preparation due to an

unexpected illness. This made it challenging to perform well, but i
managed to catch up and complete my studies in time.

3. The line graph illustrates a sharp increase in average global

temperatures over the past century. Due to the high levels of
greenhouse gases, the earth is experiencing more frequent and severe
heatwaves.

4. My trip was delayed due to severe weather conditions. Although the

delay was inconvenient, it allowed me to explore the local area and
enjoy some unexpected activities.

5. Renewable energy sources are becoming more critical as concerns

about climate change grow. Due to the finite nature of fossil fuels and
their environmental impact, investing in renewable energy is essential
for sustainable development.

- OWING TO
1. Globalization has led to increased cultural exchange and economic
growth. Owing to the ease of international communication and trade,
businesses are able to reach global markets more effectively.

2. I missed my friend's wedding owing to a sudden work commitment

that i couldn't reschedule. Although i was disappointed, i managed to
send my best wishes and a gift to celebrate their special day.

3. The bar chart illustrates a significant increase in the use of renewable

energy sources over the past decade. Owing to growing environmental
concerns and government incentives, there has been a noticeable shift
away from fossil fuels.

4. I love visiting the beach because it's relaxing and picturesque. Owing
to the clear blue water and pleasant weather, it provides a perfect
escape from the stresses of daily life.

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5. Maintaining a work-life balance is crucial for overall well-being and
productivity. Owing to the increasing demands of modern work
environments, many people find it challenging to allocate time for
personal activities and family.

- THEREFORE
1. Technology has significantly improved the speed and efficiency of
communication. Therefore , it has facilitated global business operations
and made it easier for people to stay connected regardless of their
location.

2. I took a course on digital marketing last year, which provided me with

valuable skills and knowledge. Therefore , i was able to apply these skills
in my job, leading to a promotion and increased responsibilities.

3. The pie chart illustrates that a significant portion of household

expenses is spent on housing. Therefore , it is evident that housing costs
represent a major financial burden for many families.

4. I enjoy hiking because it allows me to explore nature and stay fit.

Therefore , i try to go on hiking trips whenever i have free time to
maintain a healthy lifestyle and appreciate the outdoors.

5. Investing in education is crucial for the development of a country’s

future workforce. Therefore , governments should allocate substantial
resources to educational programs to ensure that all students have
access to quality education.

- THUS
1. Urbanization has led to the development of infrastructure and
increased economic opportunities. Thus , cities have become major
hubs for business and innovation, attracting people from various regions
seeking better prospects.

2. I had to choose between two job offers that both seemed appealing.
After careful consideration, i decided to take the one that offered more
career growth. Thus , i was able to advance my professional skills and
achieve long-term goals.

103
3. The line graph indicates a sharp increase in internet usage over the
past decade. Thus , it reflects the growing reliance on digital technology
for communication, entertainment, and information access.

4. I start my day with a morning workout to stay fit and energized. Thus
, i am able to maintain a healthy lifestyle and handle daily tasks with
more vigor and enthusiasm.

5. Protecting natural resources is essential for maintaining biodiversity

and combating climate change. Thus , implementing effective
conservation strategies is crucial for ensuring a sustainable future for
upcoming generations.

- CONSEQUENTLY
1. Educational technology has transformed traditional learning methods
by integrating interactive tools and resources. Consequently , students
have access to a more engaging and personalized learning experience,
which can improve educational outcomes.

2. I had to manage a complex project with a tight deadline at work. I

organized my tasks efficiently and sought help when needed.
Consequently , the project was completed on time and received positive
feedback from my supervisors.

3. The pie chart illustrates that a large portion of household expenses is

allocated to housing. Consequently , there is less budget available for
other categories such as leisure and savings.

4. I enjoy swimming because it provides a full-body workout and helps

me relax. Consequently , i feel more physically fit and mentally
refreshed after each session.

5. Public health initiatives aim to prevent diseases and promote healthy

lifestyles. Consequently , they can reduce healthcare costs and improve
the overall quality of life for communities.

- SO

104
1. Regular exercise improves physical health by enhancing
cardiovascular fitness and muscle strength. So , incorporating exercise
into daily routines can lead to a healthier lifestyle and reduced risk of
chronic diseases.

2. I set a goal to improve my public speaking skills by attending

workshops and practicing regularly.
So , i became more confident in delivering presentations and was able to
speak effectively in front of large audiences.

3. The bar chart illustrates a decrease in the use of non-renewable

energy sources. So , the shift towards renewable energy is evident,
reflecting a growing commitment to sustainability.

4. I enjoy reading books because they allow me to explore different

worlds and ideas. So , i make time for reading every day to relax and
stimulate my mind.

5. Technology provides numerous educational resources and interactive

tools that enhance learning experiences. So , it has become an essential
component of modern education systems.

5. CONDITION

- IF
1. If governments increase funding for public transportation, it could
lead to reduced traffic congestion and lower pollution levels.

2. If i had the opportunity to travel abroad, i would choose japan to

experience its unique culture and traditions.

3. If the current trend of increasing renewable energy consumption

continues, we can expect a significant decrease in carbon emissions over
the next decade.

4. If i could choose any hobby to learn, i would pick playing a musical

instrument because it seems both challenging and rewarding.

105
5. If more people adopted a plant-based diet, it could significantly
reduce the demand for livestock farming and help combat climate
change.

- UNLESS
1. Economic growth will be difficult to sustain unless governments
implement effective policies to address income inequality.

2. I wouldn’t have enjoyed the trip as much unless i had taken a

guided tour to learn more about the historical sites.

3. The line graph shows that the temperature will continue to rise
unless significant measures are taken to curb greenhouse gas emissions.

4. I wouldn’t consider moving to a new city unless i could find a job

that offers better career prospects and living conditions.

5. Public health initiatives will not be successful unless they are

supported by both government funding and community engagement.

- PROVIDED THAT
1. Economic policies can lead to improved social welfare provided that
they are well-designed and effectively implemented.

2. I would consider adopting a pet provided that i have enough time

and resources to take care of it properly.

3. The increase in renewable energy usage will contribute to

environmental sustainability provided that the investment in clean
technologies continues to rise.

4. I’m willing to work overtime provided that it helps me achieve my

career goals and doesn’t negatively affect my work-life balance.

5. Higher education can be a significant advantage in the job market

provided that the skills and knowledge gained are relevant to the
industry.

106
- AS LONG AS
1. Companies can reduce their environmental impact as long as they
invest in sustainable practices and adopt green technologies.

2. I am happy to help with the project as long as it doesn’t interfere

with my other responsibilities and deadlines.

3. The increase in public transportation use will benefit urban areas as

long as the infrastructure supports the higher demand.

4. I enjoy working on collaborative projects as long as the team

communicates effectively and everyone contributes equally.

5. Students can achieve academic success as long as they have access

to quality resources and receive adequate support from their educators.

- IN CASE
1. Governments should implement emergency plans for natural
disasters in case unexpected events occur, ensuring that communities
are prepared and can respond effectively.

2. I always carry a spare phone charger in case my battery runs out

during the day, ensuring that i stay connected.
3. The company has increased its inventory levels in case there is a
sudden surge in customer demand, helping to avoid potential shortages.

4. I keep an umbrella in my car in case it starts raining unexpectedly, so

i’m prepared for sudden weather changes.

5. Employers should provide training programs in case employees

need to adapt to new technologies or methodologies, ensuring they
remain competent and effective.

6. TIME

- WHEN

107
1. The effectiveness of public health campaigns is often enhanced
when they are tailored to specific demographic groups and address
their unique needs.

2. I felt a great sense of accomplishment when i completed my first

marathon, as it was a personal goal i had worked hard to achieve.

3. The line graph shows a significant rise in sales when the company
launched its new marketing strategy, indicating a positive impact on
consumer interest.

4. I usually feel more productive when i set clear goals for the day and
prioritize my tasks, helping me stay focused and organized.

5. Education systems can become more effective when they

incorporate diverse teaching methods that cater to different learning
styles and abilities.
- WHILE
1. While many people believe that technology improves
communication, others argue that it can lead to social isolation and
reduced face-to-face interactions.

2. I enjoy reading books while commuting to work because it helps me

make productive use of travel time and relax before starting the day.

3. The chart shows that sales increased steadily while marketing

efforts were intensified, indicating a direct correlation between the two
factors.

4. I prefer working in a quiet environment while studying because it

allows me to concentrate better and absorb information more
effectively.

5. Governments should invest in renewable energy sources while

simultaneously addressing the needs of industries dependent on fossil
fuels to ensure a balanced transition.

- AS SOON AS

108
1. Cities should implement efficient waste management systems as
soon as possible to address the growing problem of pollution and
environmental degradation.

2. I felt immense relief as soon as i finished my final exams, knowing

that i could finally relax and enjoy a break from studying.

3. The graph illustrates that there was a sharp increase in energy

consumption as soon as the new industrial sector was established in
the region.

4. I usually start my workday as soon as i arrive at the office, to make

the most of the quiet morning hours before meetings and phone calls
begin.

5. It is crucial for companies to adopt remote work policies as soon as

possible, especially in light of recent global events that have
demonstrated the effectiveness of flexible work arrangements.
- BEFORE
1. Governments should focus on improving education before
addressing other issues like infrastructure, as a strong educational
foundation is essential for long-term development.

2. I usually prefer to plan my activities before the weekend starts, so i

can make the most of my free time and avoid last-minute stress.

3. The bar chart shows a rise in mobile phone usage before the
introduction of smart devices, which indicates a shift in consumer
technology preferences.

4. I like to exercise in the morning before going to work, as it helps me

start the day with more energy and focus.

5. It is important to consider the environmental impact before starting

new construction projects, to ensure that they do not harm local
ecosystems or contribute to pollution.

- AFTER

109
1. Countries should invest in renewable energy sources after
conducting thorough research to ensure that they are economically
viable and environmentally beneficial.

2. I like to unwind after a long day at work by reading a book or

watching a movie, as it helps me
Relax and de-stress.

3. The data shows a noticeable increase in online shopping after the

implementation of the new e-commerce regulations, indicating a shift in
consumer behavior.

4. I usually go for a walk after dinner, as it helps with digestion and

gives me a chance to enjoy the evening air.

5. Policies aimed at reducing traffic congestion should be evaluated

regularly after their implementation to assess their effectiveness and
make necessary adjustments.

- UNTIL
1. Education policies should focus on student well-being until a
comprehensive support system is established, ensuring that all students
have access to the resources they need to succeed.

2. I stayed at the library until it closed, working on my research paper

to ensure i had everything
Completed before the deadline.

3. The graph indicates a steady increase in sales until the end of the
year, after which a significant decline is observed due to seasonal
changes.

4. I usually work on my assignments until late in the evening, as i find i

am most productive during the quiet hours of the night.

5. Public transport systems should be improved until they are reliable

and efficient enough to encourage more people to use them instead of
driving.

- ONCE

110
1. Countries should implement strict environmental regulations once
the harmful effects of pollution become evident, to prevent further
damage to ecosystems.

2. I felt a great sense of accomplishment once i completed my final

project, as it was a challenging task that required months of hard work.

3. The data indicates a sharp rise in tourist arrivals once the new
international airport opened, reflecting the impact of improved travel
infrastructure.

4. I enjoy visiting museums once i have some free time during the
weekends, as it allows me to learn about art and history in a relaxed
setting.

5. It is essential for companies to adapt to technological advancements

once they become available, to stay competitive in the rapidly evolving
market.

- DURING
1. Governments should focus on improving mental health services
during economic downturns, as people may experience increased stress
and anxiety during these times.

2. I prefer listening to music during my daily commute because it

makes the journey more enjoyable and helps me relax before starting
my workday.

3. The chart shows a significant increase in online shopping during the

holiday season, reflecting higher consumer spending during this period.

4. I usually exercise during the evenings because i find i have more

energy and motivation to work out after a day at work.

5. It is important to ensure the safety of workers during construction

projects, as accidents are more likely to occur without proper
precautions and safety measures in place.

7. PURPOSE

111
- IN ORDER TO
1. Governments should invest in renewable energy sources in order to
reduce dependence on fossil fuels and combat climate change
effectively.

2. I took extra courses in order to improve my skills and increase my

chances of getting a promotion at work.

3. The company increased its production capacity in order to meet the

growing demand for its products, as indicated by the rise in sales figures.

4. I follow a strict study schedule in order to ensure that i cover all the
necessary material before my exams.

5. Cities should expand their public transportation networks in order to

reduce traffic congestion and lower pollution levels.
- SO THAT
1. Governments should invest in public healthcare so that all citizens
have access to essential medical services, regardless of their economic
status.

2. I always keep a backup of my important documents so that i can

recover them easily in case of a computer failure or data loss.

3. The company introduced a new software system so that employees

can streamline their workflow and improve productivity.

4. I set reminders on my phone so that i don't forget important

appointments or deadlines throughout the week.

5. Schools should incorporate more practical skills into their curriculum

so that students are better prepared for the real world and can apply
their knowledge effectively in their careers.

- FOR THE PURPOSE OF

112
1. Governments should allocate more funds to public education for the
purpose of improving educational outcomes and ensuring equal
opportunities for all students.

2. I took a cooking class for the purpose of learning new culinary

techniques and enhancing my skills in the kitchen.

3. The new facility was built for the purpose of increasing the
company’s production capacity and meeting the growing demand for its
products.

4. I read books regularly for the purpose of expanding my knowledge

and improving my vocabulary.

5. Public policies should be designed for the purpose of addressing

social inequalities and ensuring that all citizens have access to basic
needs and opportunities.

8. CLARIFICATION

- THAT IS TO SAY
1. Education should focus on developing critical thinking skills in
students, that is to say , it should teach them how to analyze, evaluate,
and apply knowledge effectively.

2. I enjoy outdoor activities like hiking and cycling, that is to say , i

prefer spending my free time in nature rather than indoors.

3. The chart indicates a rise in renewable energy consumption over the

past decade, that is to say , there has been a significant shift towards
more sustainable energy sources.

4. I usually go for a walk in the evening, that is to say , i prefer to

exercise and clear my mind after work rather than in the morning.

5. To address climate change effectively, governments must implement

strict environmental regulations, that is to say , they need to enforce
laws that reduce emissions and promote sustainable practices.

113
- IN OTHER WORDS
1. Governments should prioritize investment in renewable energy
sources to combat climate change. In other words , they need to shift
focus from fossil fuels to sustainable energy options.

2.i enjoy traveling to new places because it broadens my perspective. In

other words , exploring different cultures and environments helps me
understand the world better.

3. The data shows a decrease in air pollution levels after the

implementation of stricter regulations. In other words , the new policies
have been effective in improving air quality.

4. I prefer working in a quiet environment in other words , i find it

easier to concentrate and be productive without distractions.

5. Investing in early childhood education is crucial for long-term societal

benefits. In other words , supporting young children’s education today
will lead to a more educated and capable workforce in the future.

- TO PUT IT ANOTHER WAY

1. Education systems need to adapt to modern technological
advancements. To put it another way , schools should integrate digital
tools into their curricula to prepare students for the digital age.

2. I find cooking to be very relaxing. To put it another way , preparing

meals helps me unwind and de-stress after a busy day.

3. The graph indicates a significant increase in online shopping over the

past year. To put it another way , more consumers are turning to e-
commerce instead of traditional retail stores.

4. I prefer taking public transport over driving. To put it another way ,

using buses and trains is more convenient and less stressful for me than
dealing with traffic and parking.

114
5. Governments must implement stricter regulations to combat climate
change. To put it another way , more aggressive policies are needed to
effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

9. EMPHASIS

- INDEED
1. Climate change is a pressing issue affecting ecosystems worldwide.
Indeed , rising global temperatures and melting ice caps are clear
indicators of its impact.

2. I find reading books to be very beneficial. Indeed , it not only

improves my knowledge but also enhances my imagination and
relaxation.

3. The data reveals a steady increase in renewable energy consumption

over the past decade. Indeed , this trend reflects a growing
commitment to sustainable practices.
4. I think exercise is crucial for maintaining good health. Indeed ,
regular physical activity can help prevent various health issues and
improve overall well-being.

5. Economic growth can lead to improved living standards. Indeed ,

many developing countries have seen significant advancements in
healthcare and education as their economies have grown.

- IN FACT
1. Some people believe that technological advancements lead to job
losses. In fact , many new technologies create opportunities for new
types of employment and improve overall productivity.

2. I enjoy visiting historical sites during my travels. In fact , learning

about the history and culture of a place often enhances my travel
experience and provides deeper insights.

115
3. The data shows a significant increase in electric vehicle sales over
the past five years. In fact , the market share for electric vehicles has
nearly doubled during this period.

4. I prefer living in a city rather than a rural area. In fact , the

convenience of amenities and job opportunities in urban areas
outweighs the slower pace of life in the countryside.

5. Education is essential for personal development and economic

growth. In fact , studies have shown that higher levels of education are
linked to increased earning potential and improved quality of life.

- CERTAINLY
1. Investing in renewable energy is crucial for sustainable development.
Certainly , the benefits of reducing carbon emissions and mitigating
climate change outweigh the initial costs.
2. I believe that traveling can be a transformative experience. Certainly
, it broadens one’s perspective and helps in understanding different
cultures and lifestyles.

3. The survey indicates a high level of customer satisfaction with the

new product. Certainly , the positive feedback highlights the product's
effectiveness and user appeal.

4. I enjoy outdoor activities, such as hiking and cycling. Certainly , these

activities not only provide physical exercise but also offer a refreshing
break from daily routines.

5. Effective public transportation systems can significantly reduce traffic

congestion. Certainly , improved access to reliable transport options
encourages more people to use public transit instead of driving.

- ESPECIALLY
1. Healthy eating habits are important for overall well-being. Especially
, consuming fruits and vegetables can provide essential nutrients and
reduce the risk of chronic diseases.

116
2. I enjoy various forms of art, but i am particularly fond of painting.
Especially , i appreciate abstract art because it allows for personal
interpretation and creativity.

3. The data shows a significant increase in online shopping during the

holiday season. Especially , the surge in e-commerce activity is evident
during major sales events like black friday.

4. I prefer exercising outdoors. Especially , i enjoy jogging in the park

because the fresh air and natural surroundings make the experience
more enjoyable.

5. Education systems should focus on developing critical thinking skills.

Especially , this approach is beneficial in preparing students for complex
problem-solving and decision-making in their future careers.

- ABOVE ALL
1. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is crucial for long-term well-being.
Above all , regular exercise and a balanced diet are essential
components that can significantly enhance overall health.

2. I value my time with family and friends greatly. Above all , spending
quality time with loved ones brings me the most happiness and
fulfillment.

3. The survey results indicate a high level of customer satisfaction with

the new product. Above all , the quality and reliability of the product
were highlighted as the most important factors.

4. When choosing a career, there are many factors to consider. Above

all , finding a job that aligns with your passions and interests can lead to
greater job satisfaction and long-term success.

117
5. While economic growth is important for a country’s development,
environmental protection should not be overlooked. Above all ,
preserving natural resources and reducing pollution are vital for
ensuring a sustainable future.

10. EXAMPLE

- FOR EXAMPLE
1. Many cities are investing in green spaces to improve residents'
quality of life. For example , parks and recreational areas can provide
essential relief from urban stress and promote physical activity.

2. I enjoy various hobbies, for example , painting and playing the guitar.
These activities not only help me relax but also allow me to express my
creativity.

3. The chart illustrates different sources of renewable energy. For

example , solar and wind power are highlighted as significant
contributors to reducing reliance on fossil fuels.

4. I like to cook different cuisines at home. For example , i often

prepare italian dishes like pasta and pizza, which allow me to explore
new flavors and cooking techniques.

5. Public transportation offers several benefits over private vehicles.

For example , it can reduce traffic congestion and lower greenhouse gas
emissions, contributing to a cleaner environment.

- FOR INSTANCE
1. Many factors contribute to effective learning in schools. For
instance , incorporating interactive activities and technology into lessons
can enhance student engagement and understanding.

2. I enjoy various outdoor activities. For instance , hiking in the

mountains and cycling through scenic routes are two of my favorite
ways to stay active and enjoy nature.

118
3. The data reveals a trend toward increasing use of renewable energy
sources. For instance , solar power installations have grown significantly
in recent years, reflecting a shift towards more sustainable energy
solutions.

4. I like to travel and experience different cultures. For instance , my

trip to japan introduced me to unique traditions and cuisines, enriching
my understanding of global cultures.

5. There are many strategies for reducing stress. For instance ,

practicing mindfulness and engaging in regular physical exercise are
effective ways to manage stress levels and improve mental health.

- SUCH AS
1. Healthy eating habits can improve overall well-being. Such as
consuming a variety of fruits and vegetables, which provide essential
vitamins and minerals necessary for maintaining good health.

2. I enjoy a range of outdoor activities, such as hiking, cycling, and

kayaking. These activities not only keep me fit but also allow me to
explore beautiful natural landscapes.

3. The chart displays several methods of reducing carbon emissions.

Such as increasing the use of electric vehicles and improving public
transportation infrastructure.

4. I like to read various types of literature, such as historical novels,

science fiction, and biographies. Each genre offers a different
perspective and keeps my reading experience diverse.

5. Governments can implement various measures to promote

environmental conservation, such as encouraging recycling programs
and investing in renewable energy sources.

- NAMELY
1. Several factors contribute to the success of a project, namely
effective planning, clear communication, and strong teamwork.

119
2. I have a few hobbies that i am passionate about, namely painting,
gardening, and playing the piano. Each of these activities allows me to
express my creativity in different ways.

3. The survey results show a preference for two types of leisure

activities, namely outdoor sports and digital gaming, among the
younger population.

4. I often visit various types of restaurants, namely italian, thai, and

mexican, to enjoy different culinary experiences and explore new
flavors.

5. There are several reasons why people might choose to work from
home, namely increased flexibility, reduced commuting time, and
better work-life balance.

11. SUMMARIZATION

- IN CONCLUSION
1. In conclusion, while there are various arguments both for and against
online education, it is clear that its flexibility and accessibility offer
significant benefits, especially for those who require a more adaptable
learning environment.

2. In conclusion, my experience volunteering at the community center

was incredibly rewarding. It allowed me to develop new skills, meet
diverse individuals, and contribute positively to my local area.

3. In conclusion, the data highlights a significant rise in renewable

energy usage over the past decade. This trend suggests a growing
commitment to sustainable practices and indicates positive progress
towards reducing carbon emissions.

4. In conclusion, while my daily routine varies, i find that having a

structured schedule helps me stay productive and maintain a healthy
work-life balance.

5. In conclusion, the implementation of stricter environmental

regulations is crucial for addressing the pressing issue of climate change.

120
Such measures will ensure long-term sustainability and protect natural
resources for future generations.

- TO SUM UP
1. To sum up, while online education presents challenges such as a lack
of face-to-face interaction, its flexibility and accessibility provide
significant advantages, making it a valuable alternative to traditional
learning methods.

2. To sum up, my trip to japan was an unforgettable experience. I

immersed myself in the culture, enjoyed delicious cuisine, and made
lasting memories with new friends.

3. To sum up, the data illustrates a clear upward trend in the adoption
of renewable energy sources, reflecting an increased commitment to
sustainable practices and a shift away from fossil fuels.

4. To sum up, i find that exercising regularly and maintaining a balanced

diet are key to staying healthy and feeling energetic throughout the day.

5. To sum up, implementing comprehensive public health policies and

investing in preventive measures are essential steps in improving overall
health outcomes and reducing healthcare costs.

- OVERALL
1. Overall, the benefits of integrating technology into education
outweigh the potential drawbacks. While there are concerns about
screen time and distractions, technology can enhance learning
experiences and accessibility.

2. Overall, my experience studying abroad was incredibly enriching. I

gained new perspectives, improved my language skills, and built lifelong
friendships, despite the challenges of adapting to a new culture.

3. Overall, the report indicates a significant improvement in customer

satisfaction after the implementation of the new service protocol. The
majority of respondents reported a more positive experience with the
company's customer support.

121
4. Overall, i find that living in a city offers more opportunities compared
to rural areas. The convenience of amenities, job prospects, and cultural
activities make urban living more appealing to me.

5. Overall, while there are valid arguments on both sides regarding the
impact of globalization, it is clear that the positive aspects, such as
increased economic opportunities and cultural exchange, often
outweigh the negative consequences.

- IN SUMMARY
1. In summary, while there are valid arguments for both traditional and
online education, the flexibility and accessibility offered by online
learning often provide significant benefits that can outweigh its
limitations.

2. In summary, my experience working on a community project was

highly rewarding. It allowed me to develop new skills, engage with
diverse people, and contribute positively to the local community.

3. In summary, the data demonstrates a marked increase in the use of

renewable energy sources over the past decade. This shift indicates a
growing commitment to sustainable energy solutions and a reduction in
reliance on fossil fuels.

4. In summary, i enjoy a variety of leisure activities, such as reading,

cooking, and hiking. Each of these activities provides me with relaxation
and helps me balance my busy schedule.

5. In summary, although there are challenges associated with

urbanization, the benefits such as economic growth, improved
infrastructure, and increased cultural opportunities make it a favorable
development in modern society.

122
#COMPLEX SENTENCES
1. Many people are adopting healthier lifestyles due to increased
awareness of nutrition; for example , individuals are now more likely to
choose organic foods and exercise regularly.

2. The research presents several key findings about the impact of

urbanization on social behavior. To sum up , while urbanization can lead
to economic growth, it also poses challenges such as increased pollution
and social inequality.

3. Despite the challenges associated with remote working, such as

potential isolation and communication issues, the benefits, including
flexible hours and reduced commuting, are significant. In conclusion ,
remote working offers a viable alternative to traditional office
environments when managed effectively.

4. There are numerous ways to reduce energy consumption at home,

such as installing energy-efficient appliances, using programmable
thermostats, and improving insulation.

123
5. The city has several excellent public transportation options, namely
an extensive metro system, numerous bus routes, and bike-sharing
programs, which make commuting convenient for residents.

6. Adopting a balanced diet is important for maintaining good health.

Especially , incorporating a variety of fruits and vegetables into your
daily meals can provide essential vitamins and minerals.

7. There are many qualities that make a good leader, above all the
ability to inspire and motivate
Others. Effective leaders are those who can unite their team towards a
common goal.

8. The study found that students who engage in active learning

techniques perform better academically. In other words , interactive
methods such as group discussions and hands-on activities enhance
learning outcomes.

9. The company’s new policy aims to improve employee satisfaction by

offering flexible working hours. To put it another way , employees will
have the freedom to adjust their schedules to better fit their personal
needs.

10. The new environmental regulations are expected to have a positive

impact on air quality. Overall , these measures should lead to a
significant reduction in pollutants and contribute to a healthier living
environment.

#COMPOUND SENTENCES

1. Many people are opting for a plant-based diet, and for example ,
more restaurants are now offering vegan menu options.

2. The study revealed several important findings, and to sum up ,

adopting healthier lifestyle habits leads to improved overall well-being.

3. Remote working has its advantages, such as flexibility and reduced

commuting, and in conclusion , it can be a beneficial arrangement when
effectively managed.

124
4. Various methods can be used to improve energy efficiency, such as
upgrading insulation and installing energy-efficient lighting, and each
method offers unique benefits.

5. The city has several excellent public facilities, namely its state-of-
the-art library and modern sports complex, and these amenities
significantly enhance residents' quality of life.

6. Maintaining a balanced diet is essential for good health, and

especially , eating a variety of fruits and vegetables can provide crucial
nutrients.

7. Leadership requires various skills, above all the ability to

communicate effectively and inspire a team, and these qualities are
crucial for achieving success.

8. The new policy aims to improve employee work-life balance, and in

other words , it allows employees to better manage their professional
and personal responsibilities.

9. The company’s recent changes are intended to boost productivity,

and to put it another way , they are designed to create a more efficient
and motivated workforce.

10. The project faced several challenges, including budget constraints

and tight deadlines, but overall , it was completed successfully and met
all the key objectives.

#COMPLEX-COMPOUND SENTENCES
1. Many people are adopting sustainable practices in their daily lives
because they are concerned about the environment, for example , they
are reducing their plastic use and supporting eco-friendly products.

2. The research highlights the importance of early childhood education,

showing that it improves long-term academic performance and social
skills. To sum up , investing in high-quality early education yields
significant benefits for future generations.

125
3. Cities are increasingly investing in green infrastructure to combat
urban heat islands and improve air quality. In conclusion , while these
investments require substantial funding, they offer long-term benefits
that enhance the quality of urban life.

4. There are various ways to promote healthy living, such as engaging in

regular physical activity and eating a balanced diet, which can
significantly reduce the risk of chronic diseases and improve overall well-
being.

5. The city is known for its vibrant cultural scene and numerous
historical landmarks. Namely , the annual arts festival and the historic
downtown district attract thousands of tourists each year.

6. Learning a new language can be challenging, but it is also highly

rewarding. Especially , when you immerse yourself in a country where
the language is spoken, you gain a deeper understanding of the culture
and improve your fluency.

7. Effective communication is crucial for successful teamwork because

it helps prevent misunderstandings and fosters collaboration. Above all ,
it ensures that all team members are aligned with the project's goals and
objectives.

8. The new legislation aims to enhance public safety by introducing

stricter regulations on vehicle emissions. In other words , it is designed
to reduce air pollution and protect environmental health.

9. The company's latest initiative focuses on increasing employee

engagement through professional development programs and flexible
working conditions. To put it another way , the aim is to boost job
satisfaction and productivity by addressing key employee needs.
10. The new technology has revolutionized the way we communicate by
making it faster and more convenient. Overall , it has led to increased
global connectivity and has transformed both personal and professional
interactions.

126
#PARAPHRASING METHODS

1. SYNONYMS
Method: Replace words or phrases with their synonyms.
Certainly! Here are ten examples of long sentences using various
methods of paraphrasing, appropriate for ielts contexts. Each sentence
is extended to include multiple clauses or details for complexity and
depth.

1. Using synonyms and additional details

- original: The company's recent decision to expand internationally has
led to increased revenue.
- paraphrase: The corporation's recent choice to extend its operations
across global markets has resulted in a significant rise in its financial
earnings, as it opens up new revenue streams and customer bases.

2. Changing sentence structure with additional information

- original: Many students find that participating in extracurricular
activities improves their academic performance.

127
- paraphrase: A significant number of students discover that engaging
in various extracurricular activities, such as sports and clubs, not only
enhances their overall academic performance but also helps them
develop important life skills.

3. Using different parts of speech with complex details

- original: Public transportation can be more efficient than private cars.
- paraphrase: The efficiency of public transit systems often surpasses
that of private vehicles, especially when considering factors such as
reduced traffic congestion, lower environmental impact, and the cost-
effectiveness of shared rides.

4. Changing active to passive voice with extra context

- original: The committee will review the proposals next week.
- paraphrase: Next week, the proposals will be reviewed by the
committee, which is responsible for evaluating all submitted documents
to ensure that they meet the required standards and align with the
project's objectives.

5. Combining sentences with additional information

- original: The new software update improves security. It also enhances
user interface.
- paraphrase: The latest software update not only strengthens security
measures to protect user data but also significantly improves the user
interface, offering a more intuitive and streamlined experience for its
users.

6. Using definitions and explanations in extended sentences

- original: Climate change is a pressing issue.
- paraphrase: Climate change, which refers to the long-term alteration
in temperature and typical weather patterns on earth, is an urgent
concern that affects global ecosystems, sea levels, and weather stability,
making it a critical issue for policymakers and scientists alike.

7. Changing word order with added clauses

- original: The research findings are crucial for understanding disease
prevention.
- paraphrase: Understanding disease prevention relies heavily on the
research findings, which are crucial as they provide insights into effective
strategies and interventions that can mitigate the spread of illnesses and
improve public health.

128
 8. Using different sentence types with additional information
- original: The city is expanding rapidly.
- paraphrase: Given that the city is undergoing rapid expansion, it is
essential to address the associated challenges, such as increased
demand for housing and infrastructure, while also leveraging the
opportunities for economic growth and improved living standards.

9. Changing direct to indirect speech with extra details

- original: The manager said, 'we need to increase our marketing
budget.'
- paraphrase: The manager indicated that it is necessary to augment
the marketing budget to enhance the company's visibility and
competitive edge in the market, thereby driving greater brand
recognition and sales performance.

10. Using formal synonyms and additional context

- original: Employees should receive training to improve their skills.
- paraphrase: It is essential for employees to undergo professional
development training aimed at enhancing their skill sets, as this will not
only contribute to their personal career growth but also improve overall
organizational efficiency and productivity.

2. CHANGING THE SENTENCE STRUCTURE

Method: Alter the structure of the sentence while retaining the original
meaning.

1. Original sentence:
People are increasingly using public transportation to reduce their
carbon footprint.

- changed structure:
To mitigate their carbon footprint, more and more individuals are opting
for public transportation, which is seen as a more sustainable alternative
compared to driving personal vehicles.

2. Original sentence:
Students who excel academically often have access to more
opportunities.

129
- changed structure:
Access to a wider range of opportunities is often granted to students
who perform exceptionally well academically, as their achievements
open doors to scholarships, advanced programs, and prestigious
institutions.

3. Original sentence:
Companies that invest in employee training see a boost in productivity.

- changed structure:
Productivity tends to increase significantly in companies that allocate
resources toward comprehensive employee training programs, as these
initiatives enhance skills and improve overall job performance.

4. Original sentence:
Technological advancements have transformed the way people
communicate.
- changed structure:The manner in which individuals communicate has
been revolutionized by technological advancements, leading to faster
exchanges of information and more diverse communication platforms.
5. Original sentence:
Effective leadership requires the ability to inspire and motivate a team.

- changed structure:
An essential aspect of effective leadership is the capacity to both inspire
and motivate team members, which fosters a positive working
environment and drives collective success.

6. Original sentence:
Many people find that practicing mindfulness can reduce stress.

- changed structure:
The reduction of stress is a benefit frequently experienced by individuals
who engage in mindfulness practices, which help to promote mental
clarity and emotional stability.

7. Original sentence:
The economy benefits from investments in renewable energy sources.

- changed structure:

130
Investments made in renewable energy sources contribute positively to
the economy by creating new job opportunities, reducing reliance on
fossil fuels, and promoting sustainable growth.

8. Original sentence:
Children who participate in after-school activities often develop better
social skills.

- changed structure:
Enhanced social skills are commonly developed by children involved in
after-school activities, as these programs provide opportunities for
interaction, teamwork, and personal growth outside the classroom.

9. Original sentence:
Reducing plastic waste requires both individual efforts and systemic
changes.

- changed structure

To effectively tackle the issue of plastic waste, it is necessary to combine

individual actions with systemic reforms, such as stricter regulations on
plastic production and improved recycling programs.

10. Original sentence:

Health experts recommend a balanced diet for maintaining overall well-
being.

- changed structure:
For the maintenance of overall well-being, health experts advocate for
the adoption of a balanced diet, which includes a variety of nutrients
and minimizes the consumption of processed foods.

3. USING DIFFERENT PARTS OF SPEECH

Method: Convert nouns into verbs, adjectives into nouns, etc.

1. Original sentence (noun to verb):

The company’s expansion into international markets has been
successful.

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- changed structure: The success of the company’s expansion into
international markets has been significant, as it has enabled the business
to tap into new customer bases and increase global sales.

2. Original sentence (adjective to noun):

Implementing sustainable practices is beneficial for the environment.
- changed structure: The environmental benefits resulting from the
implementation of sustainable practices are substantial, as these
practices contribute to reduced pollution and conservation of resources.

3. Original sentence (verb to noun):

The team worked hard to achieve their goals for the project.
- changed structure: The achievement of the project goals was made
possible by the team’s diligent work and persistent effort.

4. Original sentence (adverb to adjective):

The new policies were implemented efficiently by the administration.
- changed structure: The efficiency of the administration in
implementing the new policies was evident, as the changes were rolled
out swiftly and effectively.

5. Original sentence (noun to adjective):

The conclusion of the research paper was well-received by the academic
community.
- changed structure: The academic community received the research
paper’s conclusion with much appreciation, reflecting the significance
and thoroughness of the findings presented.

6. Original sentence (adjective to verb):

The innovative design of the product attracted significant attention.
- changed structure: The product’s design innovatively attracted
considerable attention, drawing interest from both consumers and
industry experts.

7. Original sentence (verb to noun):

Her ability to manage multiple projects simultaneously was impressive.
- changed structure: The impressive nature of her ability to handle
simultaneous project management reflects her exceptional
organizational and multitasking skills.

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 8. Original sentence (adverb to noun):
The seminar was conducted smoothly and effectively.
- changed structure: The smooth and effective conduct of the seminar
was attributed to the meticulous planning and preparation by the
organizers.

9. Original sentence (adjective to noun):

Regular practice leads to improved performance in sports.
- changed structure: The improvement in sports performance is a
result of consistent practice, which enhances skills and physical
conditioning.

10. Original sentence (noun to adverb):

The development of renewable energy technologies has progressed
rapidly.
- changed structure: The rapid progress in the development of
renewable energy technologies highlights the swift advancements being
made in this field.

4. CHANGING ACTIVE VOICE TO PASSIVE VOICE (AND

VICE VERSA)
Method: Switch between active and passive voice to change the
sentence focus.

Active to passive voice

1. Original sentence (active):

The research team conducted a comprehensive analysis of the
environmental impact of industrial activities, which included collecting
data from multiple sources and evaluating long-term effects.
- changed structure (passive):
A comprehensive analysis of the environmental impact of industrial
activities was conducted by the research team, with data collected from
multiple sources and long-term effects evaluated.

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2. Original sentence (active):
The marketing department will launch a new advertising campaign next
quarter, aiming to increase brand awareness and attract a broader
customer base.
- changed structure (passive):
A new advertising campaign, aimed at increasing brand awareness and
attracting a broader customer base, will be launched by the marketing
department next quarter.

3. Original sentence (active):

The government has introduced several measures to combat climate
change, including stricter emission regulations and incentives for
renewable energy use.
- changed structure (passive):
Several measures to combat climate change, including stricter emission
regulations and incentives for renewable energy use, have been
introduced by the government.

4. Original sentence (active):

The scientist presented her findings at the international conference,
highlighting the breakthrough advancements in renewable energy
technology.
- changed structure (passive):
The findings were presented by the scientist at the international
conference, with breakthrough advancements in renewable energy
technology highlighted.

5. Original sentence (active):

The committee reviewed the proposed changes to the company’s policy
and approved the revisions after thorough discussion and consideration.
- changed structure (passive):
The proposed changes to the company’s policy were reviewed by the
committee and the revisions were approved after thorough discussion
and consideration.

Passive to active voice

6. Original sentence (passive):

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Extensive research is conducted annually by the academic institutions to
explore the impacts of urbanization on local ecosystems.
- changed structure (active):
Academic institutions conduct extensive research annually to explore
the impacts of urbanization on local ecosystems.

7. Original sentence (passive):

The annual performance evaluations are completed by the human
resources department and feedback is provided to each employee.
- changed structure (active):
The human resources department completes the annual performance
evaluations and provides feedback to each employee.

8. Original sentence (passive):

A significant amount of funding is allocated by the government to
support scientific research and technological innovations.
- changed structure (active):
The government allocates a significant amount of funding to support
scientific research and technological innovations.

9. Original sentence (passive):

The historic documents were carefully preserved by the archivists to
ensure their protection and accessibility for future generations.
- changed structure (active):
Archivists carefully preserved the historic documents to ensure their
protection and accessibility for future generations.

10. Original sentence (passive):

The project’s success was attributed to the collaborative efforts of the
entire team, which were facilitated by effective communication and
shared goals.
- changed structure (active):
The entire team’s collaborative efforts, facilitated by effective
communication and shared goals, were attributed to the project’s
success.

5. COMBINING OR SPLITTING SENTENCES

Method: Combine short sentences into a longer one or split a long
sentence into shorter ones.

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 Combining sentences

1. Original sentences:
- the conference was informative.
- it covered recent advancements in renewable energy.

- combined sentence:
The conference was informative as it covered recent advancements in
renewable energy.

2. Original sentences:
- the new policy was implemented.
- it aimed to reduce waste and improve recycling rates.

- combined sentence:
The new policy, which aimed to reduce waste and improve recycling
rates, was implemented successfully.

3. Original sentences:
- she completed her master's degree.
- she had to balance work and study commitments.

- combined sentence:
She completed her master's degree while balancing work and study
commitments.

4. Original sentences:
- the company increased its investment in research.
- it is expected to lead to significant technological innovations.

- combined sentence:
The company increased its investment in research, which is expected to
lead to significant technological innovations.

5. Original sentences:
- many students excel in their exams.
- they participate in additional tutoring sessions.

- combined sentence:

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Many students who excel in their exams do so because they participate
in additional tutoring sessions.

Splitting sentences

6. Original sentence:
The new community center, which is equipped with modern facilities
and provides various recreational activities, has been well-received by
the local residents.
- split sentences:
- the new community center has been well-received by the local
residents. It is equipped with modern facilities and provides various
recreational activities.

7. Original sentence:
Despite the heavy rain, the outdoor event continued as planned, and
many attendees enjoyed the activities and performances.
- split sentences:
- despite the heavy rain, the outdoor event continued as planned. Many
attendees enjoyed the activities and performances.

8. Original sentence:
The researcher conducted a series of experiments to test the hypothesis,
and the results were published in a prestigious journal.
- split sentences:
- the researcher conducted a series of experiments to test the
hypothesis. The results were subsequently published in a prestigious
journal.

9. Original sentence:
The new software update includes several improvements, such as
enhanced security features and a more user-friendly interface, which
will benefit users.
- split sentences:
- the new software update includes several improvements. These
include enhanced security features and a more user-friendly interface,
which will benefit users.

10. Original sentence:

The city council approved the construction of a new park, and it will
provide green space for residents and promote community activities.

137
- split sentences:
- the city council approved the construction of a new park. It will
provide green space for residents and promote community activities.

.
6. USING DEFINITIONS OR EXPLANATIONS
Method: Provide a definition or explanation of the terms used.

Examples using definitions or explanations

1. Original sentence:
- sustainable development is crucial for the future of our planet.

- with definition/explanation:
Sustainable development, which refers to the practice of meeting
current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs, is crucial for the future of our planet.

2. Original sentence:
- renewable energy sources are important for reducing greenhouse gas
emissions.

- with definition/explanation:
Renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power,
which are derived from natural processes that are replenished
constantly, are important for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

3. Original sentence:
- cognitive dissonance can affect decision-making processes.

- with definition/explanation:
Cognitive dissonance, a psychological phenomenon where a person
experiences discomfort due to conflicting beliefs or attitudes, can
significantly affect decision-making processes.

4. Original sentence:
- globalization impacts economies in various ways.

- with definition/explanation:

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Globalization, the process by which businesses and other organizations
develop international influence or start operating on an international
scale, impacts economies by increasing trade, creating competition, and
fostering cultural exchange.

5. Original sentence:
- organic farming methods are gaining popularity.

- with definition/explanation:
Organic farming methods, which involve growing crops without the use
of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers and focusing on maintaining soil
health through natural processes, are gaining popularity due to their
environmental benefits.

6. Original sentence:
- artificial intelligence has various applications in modern technology.

- with definition/explanation:
Artificial intelligence (ai), which refers to the simulation of human
intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and learn, has
various applications in modern technology, including in autonomous
vehicles, virtual assistants, and data analysis.

7. Original sentence:
- the placebo effect can influence medical treatments.

- with definition/explanation:
The placebo effect, which occurs when a patient experiences a perceived
improvement in their condition due to believing they are receiving
treatment, can influence the effectiveness of medical treatments.

8. Original sentence:
- ecosystem services play a vital role in human well-being.

- with definition/explanation:
Ecosystem services, which are the benefits provided by natural
ecosystems such as clean air, water, and pollination of crops, play a vital
role in human well-being by supporting essential life processes and
contributing to economic stability.

9. Original sentence:

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- financial literacy is essential for managing personal finances.

- with definition/explanation:
Financial literacy, the ability to understand and effectively manage
various aspects of personal finance such as budgeting, investing, and
debt management, is essential for making informed decisions and
ensuring financial stability.

10. Original sentence:

- climate change poses significant risks to global health.

- with definition/explanation:
Climate change, which involves long-term alterations in temperature
and weather patterns, poses significant risks to global health by
increasing the frequency of extreme weather events, spreading vector-
borne diseases, and exacerbating existing health issues.

7. CHANGING THE WORD ORDER

Method: Reorder the words in the sentence while maintaining the
original meaning.

Examples of changing word order

1. Original sentence:
- the new policy will be implemented by the government next year.

- changed word order:

- next year, the government will implement the new policy.

2. Original sentence:
- the researchers have discovered a new method for treating the
disease.

- changed word order:

- a new method for treating the disease has been discovered by the
researchers.

3. Original sentence:

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- many people were surprised by the sudden announcement of the new
regulations.

- changed word order:

- by the sudden announcement of the new regulations, many people
were surprised.

4. Original sentence:
- the company’s annual report highlights several key achievements.

- changed word order:

- several key achievements are highlighted in the company’s annual
report.

5. Original sentence:
- the conference, which was attended by experts from various fields,
covered important topics.

- changed word order:

- important topics were covered at the conference, which was attended
by experts from various fields.

6. Original sentence:
- the novel, written by the renowned author, has received critical
acclaim.

- changed word order:

- critical acclaim has been received by the novel, which was written by
the renowned author.

7. Original sentence:
- the development of the new technology will lead to significant
changes in the industry.

- changed word order:

- significant changes in the industry will result from the development of
the new technology.

8. Original sentence:

141
- the team achieved their goals through hard work and dedication.

- changed word order:

- through hard work and dedication, the team achieved their goals.

9. Original sentence:
- the workshop offered practical advice on improving public speaking
skills.

- changed word order:

- practical advice on improving public speaking skills was offered by the
workshop.

10. Original sentence:

- the study, which focused on climate change impacts, was conducted
over several years.

- changed word order:

- over several years, the study focusing on climate change impacts was
conducted.

8. USING EXAMPLES OR ILLUSTRATIONS

Method: Add specific examples to clarify or illustrate the meaning.

Examples using examples or illustrations

1. Original sentence:
- various countries have adopted different approaches to tackle air
pollution.

142
- with example/illustration:
Various countries have adopted different approaches to tackle air
pollution. For instance, china has implemented stringent emissions
standards and invested heavily in electric vehicles, while countries like
norway have focused on incentivizing the use of renewable energy
sources and improving public transportation systems.

2. Original sentence:
- education systems worldwide face challenges in adapting to modern
technological advancements.

- with example/illustration:
Education systems worldwide face challenges in adapting to modern
technological advancements. For example, in the united states, many
schools are struggling to integrate digital tools into their curricula due to
limited funding, while in south korea, the government has invested
significantly in digital classrooms and online resources to enhance
learning.

3. Original sentence:
- urban areas often struggle with issues related to housing and
infrastructure.

- with example/illustration:
Urban areas often struggle with issues related to housing and
infrastructure. For example, in cities like new york, high property prices
and a shortage of affordable housing have led to increased
homelessness, whereas cities like tokyo have implemented extensive
public transportation networks to alleviate congestion and support
housing development.

4. Original sentence:
- healthy eating is essential for maintaining overall well-being.

- with example/illustration:
Healthy eating is essential for maintaining overall well-being. For
instance, a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, such as the
mediterranean diet, has been shown to reduce the risk of chronic
diseases like heart disease and diabetes, whereas a diet high in

143
processed foods and sugars can lead to obesity and related health
problems.

5. Original sentence:
- climate change has significant impacts on global agriculture.

- with example/illustration:
Climate change has significant impacts on global agriculture. For
example, in sub-saharan africa, changing rainfall patterns and increasing
temperatures have led to reduced crop yields and food insecurity, while
in countries like canada, warmer temperatures have extended the
growing season and increased the production of certain crops.

6. Original sentence:
- technology has transformed the way we communicate.

- with example/illustration:
Technology has transformed the way we communicate. For instance, the
rise of social media platforms such as facebook and twitter has enabled
people to stay connected with friends and family around the world
instantly, while traditional forms of communication like postal mail have
seen a significant decline in use.

7. Original sentence:
- economic development can lead to improved quality of life.

- with example/illustration:
Economic development can lead to improved quality of life. For
example, the rapid economic growth in countries like south korea and
singapore has resulted in higher standards of living, better healthcare
systems, and increased access to education, whereas in less developed
nations, economic stagnation can lead to persistent poverty and limited
access to essential services.

8. Original sentence:
- environmental conservation efforts are crucial for preserving
biodiversity.

- with example/illustration:
Environmental conservation efforts are crucial for preserving
biodiversity. For example, the establishment of national parks and

144
wildlife reserves, such as the serengeti national park in tanzania, helps
protect endangered species and their habitats, while deforestation and
habitat destruction can lead to loss of species and ecosystem
degradation.

9. Original sentence:
- public health initiatives play a key role in disease prevention.

- with example/illustration:
Public health initiatives play a key role in disease prevention. For
instance, vaccination programs, such as those for measles and polio,
have significantly reduced the incidence of these diseases worldwide,
while health education campaigns focusing on smoking cessation have
contributed to lower rates of lung cancer and respiratory illnesses.

10. Original sentence:

- work-life balance is important for overall job satisfaction.

- with example/illustration:
Work-life balance is important for overall job satisfaction. For example,
companies like google and facebook offer flexible work schedules and
on-site amenities to help employees manage their personal and
professional lives, leading to higher levels of employee satisfaction and
productivity, whereas workplaces with rigid schedules and limited
personal time can contribute to burnout and decreased job satisfaction.

9. CHANGING DIRECT TO INDIRECT SPEECH (AND VICE

VERSA)
Method: Convert direct speech into indirect speech, or vice versa.

Direct to indirect speech

1. Direct speech:

145
- he said, i will complete the project by next week.”
- indirect speech:
- he said that he would complete the project by the following week.

2. Direct speech:
- we have been working on this for months, she explained, and we are
finally seeing results.”
- indirect speech:
- she explained that they had been working on it for months and were
finally seeing results.

3. Direct speech:
- the manager said, the new policy will be implemented starting next
month.”
- indirect speech:
- the manager said that the new policy would be implemented starting
the following month.

4. Direct speech:
- i don’t understand the instructions, he admitted, and i need further
clarification.”
- indirect speech:
- he admitted that he did not understand the instructions and needed
further clarification.

5. Direct speech:
- you must submit your applications by friday, the professor warned.
- indirect speech:
- the professor warned that we had to submit our applications by friday.

6. Direct speech:
- the event was a huge success, she stated, and everyone enjoyed
themselves.”
- indirect speech:
- she stated that the event had been a huge success and that everyone
had enjoyed themselves.

7. Direct speech:
- i will be attending the conference next month, john mentioned, and i
hope to network with industry leaders.”
- indirect speech:

146
- john mentioned that he would be attending the conference the
following month and hoped to network with industry leaders.

8. Direct speech:
- we are considering expanding our services, the ceo said, but we need
to analyze market trends first.”
- indirect speech:
- the ceo said that they were considering expanding their services but
needed to analyze market trends first.

9. Direct speech:
- i have completed the report, she confirmed, and i will send it to you
shortly.”
- indirect speech:
- she confirmed that she had completed the report and would send it to
me shortly.

10. Direct speech:

- the study’s findings are promising, the researcher commented, and
they could lead to new treatments.”
- indirect speech:
- the researcher commented that the study’s findings were promising
and could lead to new treatments.

Indirect to direct speech

1. Indirect speech:
- he said that he would visit the museum the next day.
- direct speech:
- he said, i will visit the museum tomorrow.”

2. Indirect speech:
- she mentioned that they had finished the project earlier than
expected.
- direct speech:
- she mentioned, we finished the project earlier than expected.”

3. Indirect speech:
- the supervisor asked if the report had been completed and whether it
would be submitted on time.

147
- direct speech:
- the supervisor asked, has the report been completed? Will it be
submitted on time?”

4. Indirect speech:
- he suggested that we should meet for coffee to discuss the details.
- direct speech:
- he suggested, we should meet for coffee to discuss the details.”

5. Indirect speech:
- the teacher reminded the students that the exam was scheduled for
the following monday.
- direct speech:
- the teacher reminded the students, the exam is scheduled for next
monday.”

6. Indirect speech:
- she explained that the seminar had been postponed due to
unforeseen circumstances.
- direct speech:
- she explained, the seminar has been postponed due to unforeseen
circumstances.”

7. Indirect speech:
- the ceo mentioned that the company was planning to launch a new
product line soon.
- direct speech:
- the ceo mentioned, we are planning to launch a new product line
soon.”

8. Indirect speech:
- he confessed that he had forgotten to send the email and would do so
immediately.
- direct speech:
- he confessed, i forgot to send the email, but i will do so immediately.”

9. Indirect speech:
- she asked if i had received the invitation and whether i would be
attending the event.
- direct speech:

148
- she asked, did you receive the invitation? Will you be attending the
event?”

10. Indirect speech:

- the director announced that the rehearsal would start at 10 am the
next day.
- direct speech:
- the director announced, the rehearsal will start at 10 am tomorrow.”

10. USING DIFFERENT SENTENCE TYPES

Method: Change the sentence type, such as turning statements into
questions or vice versa.

Examples of different sentence types

1. Declarative sentence:
- example:
- the rapid advancements in technology have significantly transformed
the way we communicate, making it easier to connect with people
across the globe instantaneously.
- explanation:
- this sentence makes a statement about how technology has changed
communication.

2. Interrogative sentence:
- example:
- how have the recent developments in artificial intelligence impacted
various industries, and what are the potential future implications for the
workforce?
- explanation:
- this sentence asks a question about the effects of ai developments and
their future impact.

3. Imperative sentence:
- example:
- please ensure that you submit all the required documents by the
deadline to avoid any complications with your application process.

149
- explanation:
- this sentence gives a command or instruction regarding the submission
of documents.

4. Exclamatory sentence:
- example:
- what an incredible breakthrough in medical research that could
potentially cure diseases that were once considered incurable!
- explanation:
- this sentence expresses strong emotion or excitement about a medical
breakthrough.

5. Complex sentence:
- example:
- although the new policy aims to reduce carbon emissions significantly,
it remains to be seen whether it will achieve the desired results in the
long term, given the current challenges.
- explanation:
- this sentence includes a main clause and a dependent clause, showing
contrast and uncertainty.

6. Compound sentence:
- example:
- the company has introduced several innovative products this year, and
these products have been well received by consumers, which has
boosted their sales figures significantly.
- explanation:
- this sentence joins two independent clauses with a coordinating
conjunction, demonstrating a cause-and-effect relationship.

7. Complex-compound sentence:
- example:
- despite the initial resistance from some employees, the new
management system was implemented successfully, and it has already
led to improved efficiency in several departments, as anticipated by the
management team.

- explanation:

150
- this sentence combines multiple independent and dependent clauses
to convey complex information about the implementation of a
management system.

8. Rhetorical question:
- example:
- isn’t it time we all took responsibility for our impact on the
environment and started making more sustainable choices in our daily
lives?
- explanation:
- this question is posed to encourage reflection rather than to seek an
answer.

9. Conditional sentence:
- example:
- if the government invests in renewable energy technologies, it could
reduce dependence on fossil fuels and help mitigate climate change,
which is crucial for future generations.
- explanation:
- this sentence expresses a condition and its potential outcome using the
if clause.

10. Comparative sentence:

- example:
- compared to traditional methods of learning, online education offers
greater flexibility and access to resources, allowing students to learn at
their own pace and from any location.
- explanation:
- this sentence compares two methods of learning, highlighting the
advantages of online education.

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#DIFFERENT FORMS OF A WORD
1)improve

- base form (verb): To improve your writing skills, you need to practice
regularly.
- past tense: She improved significantly after receiving feedback.
- present participle: Improving your skills takes dedication and effort.
- past participle: The techniques have been improved over time.
- noun (improvement): There has been noticeable improvement in her
performance.

2)achieve

- base form (verb): To achieve success, one must set clear goals.
- past tense: She achieved her goals through hard work.
- present participle: Achieving success often involves overcoming
challenges.
- past participle: The goals have been achieved through perseverance.
- noun (achievement): His achievements were celebrated by the entire
team.

3)information

- noun (information): The information provided was comprehensive

and clear.
- adjective (informative): The report was very informative and
detailed.
- verb (inform): Please inform me of any changes to the schedule.
- present participle (informing): Informing the public about the new
policy is important.

4)research

- noun (research): The research conducted provides valuable insights.

- adjective (research-based): The research-based approach yielded
significant results.
- verb (research): Researchers conducted a thorough study on the
subject.
- present participle (researching): Researching current trends is crucial
for market analysis.

152
5)solution

- noun (solution): Finding a solution to environmental issues is critical.

- adjective (solvable): Many environmental problems are solvable with
the right approach.
- verb (solve): We need to solve these problems through collective
efforts.
- present participle (solving): Solving these issues requires innovative
thinking.

6) develop

- base form: Students should develop good study habits.

- past tense: She developed new skills during her internship.
- present participle: Developing effective strategies is key to success.
- past participle: The plan has been developed with careful
consideration.
- noun (development): The development of new technologies has
transformed the industry.

7)analyze

- base form: We need to analyze the data thoroughly.

- past tense: He analyzed the results of the experiment.
- present participle: Analyzing trends can provide valuable insights.
- past participle: The data has been analyzed to draw meaningful
conclusions.
- noun (analysis): The analysis revealed several key findings.

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154