Amoeba

Name Entamoeba Entamoeba Entamoeba Entamoeba Endolimax Entamoeba Dientamoeba Iodamoeba Acantamoeb Blastocystis Naegleria
Hystolitica / Hartmanni Coli Polecki Nana Gingivalis Fragilis Butschili a Hominis Fowleri
Dispar Spp.
(Sarcodina)

Trophs 15-20 um 5-12 um; 15-50 um; Single 6-12 um; single Pseudopodia single sluggish forms a pair of
commensal usual range 8- usual range distorted and usual range 8- nucleus are angular to nucleus motile flagella
form; >20 um 10um 20-25 um irregularly 10um broad-lobed trophozoites originating
invasive form shaped Motility: small, and large, usually feed on g- from the tip of
Motility: Motility: nucleus Sluggish, centrally- transparent. centrally bacteria, blue- a pear-
Motility: Usually Sluggish, usually non located located green algae shaped cell
Progressive, nonprogressiv non- small-to- progressive karyosome Although karyosome or yeasts body
with hyaline, e but may be progressive minute with blunt most surrounded
fingerlike progressive w/ blunt centrally pseudopods fine trophozoites by refractile, with single
pseudopods occasionally pseudopods located peripheral are achromatic and large
karyosome Nucleus: 1 chromatin. binucleate, granules nucleus
Nucleus: 1 Nucleus: 1 Nucleus: 1 visible some have
(Not visible in (often visible peripheral occasionally cytoplasm only one cytoplasm is with a
Peripheral unstained in unstained chromatin is in unstained often contains nucleus. coarsely centrally
chromatin: preparations) preparations) usually preparations ingested granular and located,
fine granules; delicate and leukocytes, The nucleus vacuolated densely
usually evenly Peripheral Peripheral uniform Peripheral bacteria and typically has a and can staining
distributed chromatin: chromatin: chromatin: other debris, fragmented contain nucleolus, a
and uniform Fine granules, coarse cytoplasm is None very rarely karyosome bacteria, large
size usually evenly granules, often red blood with discrete yeast, or endosome,
distributed irregular in vacuolated Karyosomal cells chromatin other finely
Karyosomal and uniform in size and with a hyaline chromatin: granules, and materials granulated
chromatin: size distribution border. Large, may also a thin nuclear cytoplasm
Small, irregularly extend membrane and a large
discrete; Karyosomal Karyosomal Blunt shaped agranular may be contractile
usually chromatin: chromatin: pseudopodia pseudopodia visible. vacuole
central but small, Large, may be seen. granular, while the
occasionally discrete; often discrete; vacuolated main cell
eccentric eccentric usually cytoplasm cytoplasm
eccentric remains
Finely finely granular Inclusions: granular in
granular cytoplasm Coarse often bacteria appearance.
cytoplasm vacuolated
Inclusions: cytoplasm
Inclusions: bacteria
erythrocytes, Inclusions:
bacteria bacteria,
 yeasts, or
other
materials
Cysts Spherical in usually usually Uninuceated; spherical, NO CYST cyst-like Single double spherical
shape – 10- spherical; 5- spherical; binucleate ovoid, or stages are nucleus walled,
20 um 10um occasionally seen rarely ellipsoidal; 5- rare displaying an It has a
oval, or Nucleus is 10um vary from outer wrinkled smooth,
Nucleus: 1-4 Nucleus: 4 in triangular in often large (⅓ nearly wall and an single-layered
mature cysts; shape – 15-25 of cyst’s Nucleus: 4 in spherical to inner, wall with a
Peripheral 1-2 immature um diameter) mature cysts; ellipsoidal in polygonally- single
chromatin cysts often fewer than 4 shape shaped wall nucleus.
present; fine, seen Nucleus: 8 in Karyosome is in immature
uniform mature cysts; pleomorphic cysts rarely large, usually ostioles are
granules, Peripheral 2 or more in regards to seen eccentrically seen at the
evenly chromatin immature size, shape, located point of
distributed present; fine, cysts and location. Peripheral karyosome contact
uniform occasionally chromatin: between two
Karyosomal granules, seen Light to heavy ABSENT Achromatic walls
chromatin: evenly Peripheral granules may
small, distributed Peripheral chromatin Karyosomal or may not be
discrete chromatin chromatin: present
usually Karyosomal present; Contains Large, usually around the
central chromatin: coarse inclusion of centrally karyosome
small, granules mass of located
Cytoplasm discrete, irregular in variable size large compact
chromatid usually size and and Cytoplasm mass
bodies – central distribution, numerous chromatoid (vacuole) of
Present; but often chromatoid bodies – glycogen in
elongate bars Cytoplasm appear more bodies Occasionally, the cyststage
w/ bluntly chromatid uniform than granules or
rounded ends bodies – in small oval
(cigar- Present; trophozoites masses seen
shaped, elongate bars
sausage) w/bluntly Karyosomal Glycogen
rounded ends chromatin: usually
Glycogen large, diffuse;
usually Glycogen discrete, concentrated
diffuse; usually usually mass seen
concentrated diffuse; eccentric but occasionally
mass often concentrated occasionally in young
present in mass is often central cysts; stains
young cysts; present in reddish brown
stains reddish young cysts; with iodine
 brown w/ Cytoplasm
iodine stains reddish chromatid
brown with bodies –
iodine Present;
usually
splinterlike w/
pointed ends

Glycogen
usually
diffuse, but
occasionally
well-defined
mass in
immature
cysts; stains
reddish brown
with iodine
Infective Cyst Cyst & Troph Mature Cyst Cyst & Troph Cyst Trophs Troph Cyst Troph -- Troph
Stage
Diagnostic Cyst & Troph Cyst & Troph Cyst & Troph Cyst & Troph Cyst & Troph Trophs Troph Cyst & Troph Cyst & Troph -- Troph
Stage
Phatogene Amoebic Invasisve Amoebic Diarrhea Acute & Gum Disease Diarrhea & Amebiasis in Causative Abdominal Amebic
sis Colitis Intestinal Dysentery Chronic other Immulogically Agent of GAE Pain Meningo-
Amebic Liver Amoebiasis Bloody Stool Diarrhea Halitosis gastrointestin compromised (Granulomato encephalitis
Abscess Amoebic al symptoms individual us Amebic Skin Rash
Liver Inspiratory Flatulence Gingival Encephalitis) PAM (Primary
Abscesses Restriction Bleeding Constipation Amebic
Anorexia Meningoence
Keratitis Fatigue
phalitis)
Nausea
Encephalitis Diarrhea
gastritis,
diarrhea,
Diagnosis DFS, FECT, histopathologi demonstration
Stool Culture, c stains and of
Serology microscopy trophozoites
in brain and
epithelial
biopsy CSF; bacteria
seeded agar
culture
medium;
 molecular
techniques
Treatment Metronidazole polytene
antibiotic
amphotericin
B
Pictures:
• Troph
s
• Cysts

No Cyst
Cysts are rare

Habitat Large Large Large Large Large mouth; gums Large Large CNS & Eyes Digestive CNS & Eyes
Intestine Intestine Intestine Intestine Intestine and teeth Intestine Intestine Tract
surface
Mode of Fecal-Oral Ingestion of Fecal-Oral Fecal-Oral Fecal-Oral kissing, Fecal-Oral Fecal-Oral inhalation of food or water acquired oral
transmissi contaminated droplet spray, cysts and or by contact or intranasal
on water or food sharing of trophozoites with human or when
utensils carried by the animal feces
swimming in
wind through
the contaminated
respiratory pools, lakes
tract, and rivers

wound, inhalation of
lesions or contaminated
traumas
dust
Definitive Human Human Human Primates, and Human Human Human Human Human Human, Human
Host Swine Swine,
Canids,
Primates, etc.
 Subphylum Mastigophora
Atrial Flagellates
Name Giardia lamblia Chilomastix mesnili Trichomonas vaginalis Trichomonas tenax Trichomonas hominis
Common Name Cercomonas intestinalis / G.
duodenalis / G. intestinalis
Infective Stage Cyst Cyst Trophozoite Trophozoite Trophozoite
Diagnostic Stage Cyst & trophozoite Cyst & Trophozoite Trophozoite Trophozoite Trophozoite
Disease it causes - Giardiasis / Traveler’s Non-pathogenic Urethritis, vaginitis Commensal Commensal
diarrhea
- Steatorrhea (fatty stool)
Diagnostic method Enterotest (string test) Stool exam Microscopic urinalysis Mouth scrapings DFS, permanent stained
smear
Definitive Host Human Human Human Human Human
Cyst None None None

- 5-10 µm (l)
- 8-17 µm (l); 6-10 µm (w) - Lemon-shaped
- Ovoid shape - With clear hyaline knob in
- 2-4 nucleus anterior end
- No peripheral chromatin - 1 nucleus; large central
karyosome; no peripheral
chromatin
- Well-defined cytostome
beside nucleus
Trophozoite

- 5-25 µm (l); 5-10 µm (w)

- Pear-shaped
- 1 nucleus; eccentric - Up to 30 µm long - 5-14 µm (l)
- 8-20 µm (l); 5-16 µm (w) - Ovoid, pear-shaped
- Pear-shaped, Teardrop karyosome; no peripheral - Oval, pear-shaped
chromatin - Rapid, jerky movement - 1 nucleus w/ chromatin
shape - 1 nucleus
- 4 flagella granules
- “Old man with glasses” Flagella – 3-5 anterior, 1
- 4 pairs of flagella - Spiral groove - - 5 flagella – 4 anterior,
posterior - 2/3 undulating membrane - 7-15 µm (l)
 - 2 ovoid nuclei with large - 1/2 undulating membrane - Full body undulating
karyosome membrane
Mode of transmission Oral-fecal Oral-fecal Sexual intercourse Oral / droplet Oral-fecal
Habitat Small intestine (duodenum) Cecum / colon Vagina / urethra Mouth Large intestine
Distribution/Location United state - Worldwide - -
(Most common parasitic
infection among children)
Treatment - Metronidazole (Flagyl) None Metronidazole (Flagyl) None None
- Tinidazole (Tindamax)
- Nitazoxanide (Alinia)

Subphylum Mastigophora
Blood and Tissue Flagellates (Hemoflagellates)
Name Trypanosoma brucei Trypanosoma brucei Trypanosoma cruzi Leishmania tropica Leishmania Leishmania donovani
gambiense rhodisiense braziliensis
Common Name West African sleeping East African sleeping
sickness sickness
Infective Stage - Metacyclic - Metacyclic - Metacyclic Promastigote Promastigote Promastigote
Trypomastigote Trypomastigote Trypomastigote
Diagnostic Stage Trypomastigote Trypomastigote - Blood – trypomastigote Amastigote Amastigote Amastigote
- Tissue – Amastigote
Disease it causes African trypanosomiasis African trypanosomiasis Chagas disease Old World cutaneous Mucocutaneous Visceral leishmaniasis
Sleeping sickness Sleeping sickness American leishmaniasis leishmaniasis / (Kala-azar / Dum Dum
(Chronic, lasts for years) (Easily cured at trypanosomiasis American leishmaniasis fever)
circulatory stage; fatal in
three to nine months)
Intermediate Host Tse-tse Fly Tse-tse Fly Reduviid bug Sandfly (Phlebotomus) Sandfly (Phlebotomus) Sandfly (Phlebotomus)
Definitive host Human Human Human Human Human Human
Stage - Epimastigote - Epimastigote - Amastigote - Amastigote - Amastigote - Amastigote
- Trypomastigote - Trypomastigote - Epimastigote - Promastigote - Promastigote - Promastigote
- Trypomastigote
Mode of transmission Insect bite Insect bite Insect bite Insect bite Insect bite Insect bite
Vector Tse-tse Fly (glossina) Tse-tse Fly Reduviid bug Sandfly Sandfly Sandfly
Habitat Blood, lymphatic system Blood, lymphatic system - Circulatory Skin Mucous membrane Bloodstream, internal
- Central nervous system organs
- Reticuloendothelial
system
Distribution/Location West Africa East Africa Central and South Africa, Asia, Europe Central & Northern India
America (Brazil) South America
Treatment - Pentamidine - Suramin - Nifurtimox and - Intralesional - Liposomal - Miltefosine
- Eflornithine - Melarsoprol Benznidazole antimonial injections amphotericin B
- Paromomycin
Picture

Phylum Ciliophora (Ciliates)

Name Balantidium coli
Infective Stage Cyst
Diagnostic Stage Cyst & Trophozoite
Disease it causes - Balantidiasis / Balantidial dysentery
- Ulcer with rounded base and wide neck
Reservoir Host - Pigs
- Human
Cyst

- 43-66 µm
- Kidney-shaped macronucleus
- Small spherical micronucleus
- Double cyst wall (cilia between cyst wall)
Troph

- 28-152 µm (l), 22-123 µm (w)

- Kidney-shaped macronucleus
- Small spherical micronucleus
- Layers of cilia around organism
- *Largest protozoan parasite
Mode of transmission Oral – fecal
Habitat Cecum and colon
Treatment - Oxytetracycline (Tetramycin)
- Iodoquinol
- Metronidazole (Flagyl)
 PLASMODIUM
NAME P. FALCIPARUM P. VIVAX P. OVALE P. MALARIAE
Malignant Tertian Benign Tertian Benign Tertian Quartan Tertian
DIAGNOSTIC ring forms and Schizont stage mature schizont Developing trophozoite, immature
STAGE gametocyte forms and mature schizonts
DISTINCTIVE → Target RBC – may infect cells of all - Target RBC – young and → Target RBC – young and → Target RBC – only mature RBC
FEATURES ages immature immature → Enlargement/distortion does not
→ Deadliest plasmodium specie - Has very enlarged and distorted → The only specie discussed that has occur because mature cell is not
→ The only specie that can have RBC oval and fimbriated RBC pliable
multiple rings in ring form - The only specie discussed that has → JAMES’ DOTS → The only specie discussed that has
→ The only specie with headphone irregular ameboid appearance in its band formation on trophozoite stage
configuration trophozoite stage → ZIEMANN’S DOTS – fine & dust-like
→ The only specie discussed that is - SCHÜFFNER’S dots – aka
crescent shaped in its gametocyte eosinophilic stippling, tiny granules in
form cytoplasm, present in all forms
→ MAURER’S DOTS -irregular to
comma-shaped cytoplasmic dots
DIAGNOSTIC Thick and thin smear Thick and thin smear Thick and thin smear Thick and thin smear
METHOD
DISTRIBUTION/ Tropics and subtropics areas Tropics and subtropics areas - Primarily found in tropical Africa Tropics and subtropics areas
LOCATION where it surpassed P. vivax’ Less frequent than p. vivax and
frequency of occurrence falciparum
→ Found in Asia and South America
DISEASE IT CAUSE → Malignant tertian malaria → Benign tertian malaria → Benign Tertian Malaria → Quartan malaria
→ Black water fever → Vivax malaria → Ovale malaria → Malarial malaria
→ Aestivoautumnal malaria
→ Subtertian malaria
→ Falciparum malaria
STAGE FORM
RING FORM RBC: Normal, no distortion RBC: Normal, Schuffner’s dots RBC: Oval, enlarged, distorted, RBC: Normal, no distortion
fimbriated (ragged cell wall)

→ Delicate cytoplasmic ring → Smaller than P. vivax

→ Circle config. – 1 chromatin dot → Single chromatin dot → Ring inside P. ovale isa larger → Occupies 1/6 of RBC
→ Headphone config.– 2 chromatin dots → Ring sounds a vacuole → Ring is thicker in P. ovale somewhat → Heavy chromatin dot
 → Scanty cytoplasm → Occasional pseudopods ameboid in appearance → Vacuole may appear filled in
→ Small vacuole →Accolé (appliqué forms possible) → Pigment forms early
→ Multiple rings common
→ Accolé (appliqué forms possible)
DEVELOPING RBC: Normal, no distortion RBC: Enlarged, distorted RBC: Oval, enlarged, distorted, RBC: Normal, no distortion
TROPHOZOITE fimbriated (ragged cell wall)

→ Heavy rings common → Non ameboid solid cytoplasm

→ Fine pigment granules → Irregular ameboid appearance → Ring appearance usually → Roundish, oval, band or bar shape
→ Mature forms only seen in severe → Ring remnants are common maintained until late development → Cytoplasm contains coarse dark
infection → Presence of hemozoin (a remnant → Ameboid tendencies (but P. vivax brown pigment, may mask
of parasite feeding on RBC visible as is more evident chromatin material
brown pigment) → Vacuoles absent in mature stages
→ Brown pigment becomes
apparent, increases in number and
visibility as parasites mature

BAT DI NYO NALANG AKO SINKSAK ANDAME

HUHUHUH
IMMATURE SCHIZONT RBC: Normal, no distortion RBC: Enlarged, distorted RBC: Oval, enlarged, distorted, RBC: Normal, no distortion
fimbriated (ragged cell wall)

→ Multiple chromatin bodies → Multiple chromatin bodies → Similar to P. vivax, only smaller
surrounded by cytoplasm → Often contains clumps of brown → Progressive diving chromatin → May contain large and dark
→ Only detected in severe infection pigment surrounded with cytoplasmic peripheral or central granules
material—often maintains circular
shape early in development
MATURE SCHIZONT RBC: Normal, no distortion RBC: Enlarged, distorted RBC: Oval, enlarged, distorted, RBC: Normal, no distortion
 fimbriated (ragged cell wall)

→ Typically consist of 8-36 merozoites → 12-24 merozoites occupy most of

in cluster arrangement infected RBC → Parasite occupy 75% of RBC → Typically contains 6-12 merozoites
→ Only detected in severe infection → Merozoites surrounded by → Rosette arrangement of merozoites → Rosette arrangement/ irregular
cytoplasmic material (avg of 8) clusters
→ Brown pigment may be present → Central arrangement of brown-green
visible
→ RBC may not be se
MICROGAMETOCYTE RBC: Normal, no distortion RBC: Enlarged, distorted RBC: Oval, enlarged, distorted, RBC: Normal, no distortion
fimbriated (ragged cell wall)

→ Sausage, banana, or crescent → Large pink to purple chromatin → Large pink to purple chromatin
shaped mass surrounded by colorless to pale → Large pink to purple chromatin mass surrounded by colorless to pale
→ Dispersed central chromatin with halo mass surrounded by colorless to pale halo
nearby black pigment usually visible → Brown pigment common halo → Brown pigment common
→ Brown pigment common → Similar with P.vivax but smaller
→ Similar with P.vivax but smaller → Pigment usually darker and
coarser, older forms in oval shape
MACROGAMETOCYTE RBC: Distorted by parasite RBC: Enlarged, distorted RBC: Oval, enlarged, distorted, RBC: Normal, no distortion
fimbriated (ragged cell wall)
 → Round to oval cytoplasm
→ Sausage, banana, or crescent → Round to oval cytoplasm → Eccentric chromatin mass → Round to oval cytoplasm
shaped → Eccentric chromatin mass → Delicate light-brown pigment— → Eccentric chromatin mass
→ Compact chromatin → Delicate light-brown pigment— may be visible throughout the cell → Delicate light-brown pigment—
→ Black pigment surrounding may be visible throughout the cell → Similar with P.vivax but smaller may be visible throughout the cell
chromatin may be visible → Similar with P.vivax but smaller
→ Pigment usually darker and
coarser, older forms in oval shape
HELP KUYA WIL
 NEMATODES
Name of parasite Ascaris lumbricoides Ancylostoma Ancylostoma braziliense Ancylostoma caninum Necatur americanus Trichuris trichuria
duodenale
Common name Giant intestinal Old world hookworm Cat hookworm Dog hookworm New world hookworm, American Whipworm
roundworm, murderer
Lumbricus teres,
eenworm
Infective stage Embryonated egg Filariform larvae Filariform larvae Filariform larvae Filariform larvae Embryonated eggs
Diagnostic stage Fertilized egg Eggs in feces Eggs in feces Eggs in feces Eggs in feces Unembryonated eggs
Disease it Ascariasis, Ascaris Ancylostomiasis, Ancylostomiasis, Ancylostomiasis, Necatoriasis, Hookworm Trichuriasis
causes pneumonitis, Loeffler’s Hookworm infection, Hookworm infection, Hookworm infection, infection, Creeping eruption
syndrome, Multiple Creeping eruption Creeping eruption Creeping eruption
abscess
Intermediate - - - - - -
host
Definitive host Human Human Human Human Human Human
MOT Soil transmitted, fecal- Skin penetration, fecal- Skin penetration, fecal-oral Skin penetration, fecal-oral Skin>Mouth Ingestion of eggs
oral route, ingestion of oral route route route
eggs
Features - Egg: Unfertilized- - Egg: thin smooth - Egg: thin smooth - Egg: thin smooth - Egg: thin smooth colorless - Whip with a long and
ovoid or elongate, colorless shell with 4-8 colorless shell with 4-8 colorless shell with 4-8 shell with 4-8 cell stage of slender thread-like
unembryonated, cell stage of cell stage of embryonic cell stage of embryonic embryonic cleavage anterior portion and
generally larger and embryonic cleavage cleavage cleavage with thicker, wider
narrower than - Morula ball handles.
fertilized eggs, thin - Rhabditiform larva: - Rhabditiform larva: long - Rhabditiform larva: long
shell,usually long buccal cavity, buccal cavity, small buccal cavity, small - Rhabditiform larva: long - Eggs: Mucogelatinous
corticated but small genital genital primordium genital primordium buccal cavity, small genital bipolar plugs. Barrel
sometimes can be primordium primordium shaped. A smooth but
uncorticated. - Filariform larva: short - Filariform larva: short thick shell covers it.
- Filariform larva: short esophagus with pointed esophagus with pointed - Filariform larva: short
- Fertilized egg- esophagus with tail tail esophagus with pointed tail - Adult male: has a
rounder than pointed tail sightly coiled tail
unfertilized egg, - Adult: grayish-white to - Adult: grayish-white to - Adult: grayish-white to pink in
thick shelled and - Adult: grayish-white to pink in color pink in color color - Adult female: rounded
has chitin, pink in color - Somewhat thick - Somewhat thick - Somewhat thick and somewhat blunt
undeveloped cellular - Somewhat thick - Male: long with - Male: long with - Male: long with prominent posterior tail that is
embryo - Male: long with prominent posterior prominent posterior posterior copulatory bursa not coiled
prominent posterior copulatory bursa copulatory bursa
- Adult male: ventrally copulatory bursa - No teeth but it has semi
curved posterior with - Head continuous in - Head continuous in lunar cutting plates
2 spicules same direction as the same direction as the
body body
 - Adult female: - Head continuous in
- Pencil lead same direction as the - Teeth: 3 pairs of
thickness, paired body - Teeth: 1 pair small, 1 ventral teeth
reproductive organs pair larger
in posterior 2/3
- Teeth: 2 pairs of
ventral teeth, equal
in size
Pictures

Left: fertilized
Right: unfertilized

Size - Eggs: - Eggs: 55-60 um and - Eggs: 55-60 um and - Eggs: 55-60 um and - Eggs: 60-75 um and 35-40 um - Egg: 50-55 by 25 um
- Unfertilized: 85-95 35-40 um by width 35-40 um by width 35-40 um by width by width
um - Adult female worm:
- By 38-45 um - Rhabditiform larva: - Rhabditiform larva: 270 - Rhabditiform larva: 270 - Rhabditiform larva: 270 by 15 30-50 mm with a
270 by 15 um (newly by 15 um (newly by 15 um (newly um (newly hatched)- 540-700 range of 35-50 mm
- Fertilized: 40-75 by hatched)- 540-700 um hatched)- 540-700 um hatched)- 540-700 um um in 5 years
30-59 um in 5 years in 5 years in 5 years - Adult male: ranges
- Male: 5-10 mm from 30-45 mm in
- Male: 5-10 mm - Male: 5-10 mm - Male: 5-10 mm legth
- Female: 9-12
- Female: 9-12 mm - Female: 9-12 mm long - Female: 9-12
long
Habitat GI tract Small intestine, jejunum Small intestine, jejunum Small intestine, jejunum Small intestine, jejunum Large intestine
Distribution Most common Worldwide distribution Worldwide distribution Worldwide distribution Worldwide distribution Most common in Asia,
intestinal helminth Africa, South America,
infection in the world, with some cases
second in frequency in identified in the US
US
Treatment Albendazole, Albendazole, Albendazole, Albendazole, Albendazole, Mebendazole, Mebendazole,
Mebendazole, Mebendazole, Pyrantel Mebendazole, Pyrantel Mebendazole, Pyrantel Pyrantel pamoate Albendazole
Payrantel pamoate pamoate pamoate pamoate
Diagnostic DFS, Kato katz, Kato Harada-Mori method, Harada-Mori method, DFS Harada-Mori method, DFS Harada-Mori method, DFS DFS, Kato-katz
Method to be thick DFS
used
Name of Trichinella spiralis Capilaria Enterobius Angiostrongylus Toxocara canis, Dracunculus Strongyloides
parasite philippinensis vermicularis cantonensis Toxocara cati medinensis stercoralis
Common Garbage worm, Muscle Pudoc worm, Pinworm, Parastrongylus Dog ascarid, cat Fiery serpent of the Threadworm
name worm, Pork worm Mystery worm Sitworm cantonensis ascarid East, Guinea worm
Rat lungworm
Infective Encysted larva in Embryonated Embryonated eggs L3 larvae L3 larva L3 larva L3 filariform larva
stage striated muscle Eggs, encysted larva
Diagnostic Encysted larva in Unembryonated eggs Eggs, specifically Larvae L3 larva Adult worm in skin Rhabditiform larva
stage striated muscle those that are in the
anal folds
Disease it Trichinosis, Capillariasis, Enterobiasis Angiostrongyliasis Toxocariasis Dracunculiasis Strongyloidiasis
causes Trichinellosis Borborygmi
Intermediate Pig Fish Human Mollusk Dog, cat Crustacean copepods -
host
Definitive Human Human Human Human, Rat Human, dog, cat Human Human, Dogs
host
MOT Ingestion of encysted Ingestion of larvae Rarely, eggs may be Ingestion of L3 larva Ingestion of l larva Ingestion of L3 larva Direct skin penetration
larva airborne of L3 larva
Retroinfection-
migration of newly
hatched larva from the
anal skin to the rectum
Fecal-oral route
Features Coiled encysted larva Eggs: has flattened Eggs- oval, flat on one Female: Barber’s pole Eggs resembles Largest and longest Eggs: Indistinguishable
with a distinctive bipolar plugs, nut- side appearance Ascaris lumbricoides nematode between hookworm
inflammatory infiltrate shaped thich striated eggs but are generally eggs but they are
shell Shell- double layered, Male: Kidney-shaped larger slightly smaller.
Adult male: curved thick, colorless and single-lobed Contains 4-8 cell of
posterior end with two caudal bursa Adults are large and embryonic cleavage
rounded appendages. Adult- has a long pink with thin hyaline shell
Thin anterior end, pointed tail that
small mouth, long and resembles a pin. Rhabditiform larva:
slender digestive tract Yellowish white in color short buccal cavity with
prominent genital
Adult female: blunt, primordium
round posterior end;
single ovary with vulva Filariform larva: Long
in anterior fifth of the esophagus with
body. Thin anterior notched tail
end, small mouth, long
and slender digestive Secondary specie:
tract Strongyloides
fuelleborni causes
 swollen-belly
syndrome
Pictures

Size Encysted larva: 75-120 Male: 2.33-3.2 mm Eggs Female: 21-25 mm Female: .5-10 cm long 600-800 mm in length Eggs: 48 by 35 um
um long and 4-7 um Female: 2.5-4.3 mm 48-60 um long and 2 mm in diameter
wide Male: 4-6 cm long Rhabditiform larva: 220
Adult Male: 16-19 mm long by 15 um
Adult male: 2 by .04 Male: 2-4 mm
mm Filariform larva: 90 um
Female: 7-14 mm
Adult female: 4 by .05 Adult: 2 by .04 um
mm
Habitat Muscle Small intestine Human small intestine, Small intestine Small intestine Subcutaneous tissue Small intestine
colon
Distribution Worldwide distribution Northern Philippines, Prevalent around the Worldwide distribution Worldwide distribution Worldwide distribution United States and
Japan, Thailand, world, but most Europe
Taiwan, Iran, Egypt common in US
Treatment Thiabendazole Albendazole, Albendazole Albendazole, Albendazole, Albendazole, Albendazole,
Mebendazole Mebendazole Mebendazole Mebendazole Mebendazole Mebendazole
Pyrantel pamoate
Diagnostic Muscle biopsy DFS, Kato-katz Scotch tape method DFS, Kato-katz DFS, Kato-katz Coiling method Baermann funnel
Method to technique
be used
 COCCIDIANS

Name Isospora Belli Cyclospora Sarcocystis Hominis Sarcocystis Toxoplasma gondii Cryptosporidium parvum Cryptosporidium hominis
cayetanensis Suihominis

Other Name Cytoisospora belli cyanobacterium-like Sarcocystis spp Sarcocystis spp - Cryptosporidium spp Cryptosporidium spp
body
(CLB) Small cocci

Opportunistic parasite
Infective - sporulated - sporulated oocyst/ - Intermediate host: - Intermediate host: - Tachyzoites (in - Mature cyst - Mature cyst
Stage oocyst/ - Mature Oocyst Mature oocyst Mature oocyst groups)
- Mature Oocyst
- Definitive host: - Definitive host: - Bradyzoites (tissue
sarcocyst sarcocyst cysts)

- Sporozoites
Hala ang qt ni jpop <3 (oocyst)
Diagnostic unsporulated unsporulated oocyst sporulated oocyst sporulated oocyst Bradyzoites sporulated oocyst sporulated oocyst
Stage oocyst
Disease it Cystoisosporiasis, Cyclosporiasis Sarcospodiasis Sarcospodiasis Toxoplasmosis Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidiosis
Cause coccidiasis
Sabin Feidman
Syndrome
Diagnostic - Enterotest (string - DFS - Fecal floatation - Fecal floatation - demonstration of the - Safranin Stain (Acid Fast - Safranin Stain (Acid Fast
Method test) (formalin ether/ethyl (formalin ether/ethyl organism in Stain) Stain)
- concentration acetate acetate - biopsy of lymph - ▪Trichrome Stain (Acid - ▪Trichrome Stain (Acid
techniques - and other - and other node, bone marrow, Fast Stain) Fast Stain)
sedimentation sedimentation spleen - ▪ Enzyme Immunoassay - ▪ Enzyme Immunoassay
- acid-fast methods) methods) - and other tissues (EIA) (EIA)
- staining (Kinyoun’s - ▪ Polymerase Chain - ▪ Polymerase Chain
stain) - Serology test Reaction (PCR) Reaction (PCR)
- ▪ Rapid - ▪ Rapid
- Safranin staining Immunochromatographic Immunochromatographic
Cartridge Cartridge
- PCR test - Assays - Assays

Jpop igop - Enterotest - Enterotest

Intermediate - - cattle swine Human - -
host
Definitive Human Human Human Human Cat Mammals (Human) Mammals (Human)
Host
Feature - Sporocysts - oocyt - Sporocysts- Oocyst - Oocyst - Oocyst - Oocyst
- Unsporulated oocyst
- Non infectious

Oocyst
- Spherical
- Double walled
- Nonretractile - sporulated oocyst - sporulated oocyst
- four sporozoites - four sporozoites - ▪ Subspherical to • 1 oocyst: 4 fusiform • 1 oocyst: 4 fusiform
- Oocyst - sporulated oocyst - discrete - discrete spherical sporozoites sporozoites
- thin walled - two sporocysts with - refractile residual - refractile residual • Does NOT stain with • Does NOT stain with
- transparent two sporozoites body body - Sporulated oocyst iodine, and is ACID- iodine, and is ACID-
- ovoid in shape each.
FAST FAST
- Zoite • Very hard and resistant • Very hard and resistant
- sporulated - Zoite (60c) (60c)
oocyst
• Infective for 2 to 6 • Infective for 2 to 6
- two sporocysts
months in environment months in environment
each containing
(withstand) (withstand)
four sporozoites
-- - doughnut shaped

- Bradyzoite
- Banana shaped cell - Banana shaped cell
(pointed anterior (pointed anterior
end) apical complex end) apical complex

- Slow growing
stage inside tissue
cyst

- Marks the chronic

stage of infection
 - Resistant to low pH
and digestive
enzymes during
stomach passage

- Tachyzoite

- Crescent shaped
- Organelles (Causes
penetration in cells),
such as rhoptries
and micronemes,
which are
associated with cell
penetration, are
found in a short
conoid on the
anterior end.

- A spherical nucleus
is found in the
posterior end
Size 20 – 33 µm by 10 – Oocyst size: 7.5 - 10 Sporocyst: 9-16 µm Sporocyst: 9-16 µm 4-8 µm by 2-3 µm Oocyst: 4-5 µm Oocyst: 4-5 µm
19 µm. µm

Mode of Oral - Fecal Oral - fecal Oral - Fecal Oral - Fecal - Oral – Fecal Oral - Fecal Oral - Fecal
transmission - ingestion of
tachyzoites and
bradyzoites in the
- flesh of infected
host
- Undercooked meat
- Mother of fetus
- Rare: Organ
transplant
- Blood transfusion
Habitat - small intestine small intestine Human Intestine Human Intestine Blood Intestinal villi Intestinal villi
 - distal duodenum
and proximal
ileum Kiss mo nga aq
Distribution / Tropical and sub- Tropical and sub- immunocompromised Swimming pool, water - Swimming pool, water
Location tropical areas tropical areas patients playgrounds playgrounds
- Unpasteurized milk
Qt mo naman hehe - Apple cider
Treatment Co-trimoxazole Co-trimoxazole No effective treatment No effective treatment Pyrimethamine Nitazoxanide Nitazoxanide
Pyrimethamine but Co-trimoxazole but Co-trimoxazole Sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine was useful was useful

MICROFILARIA
Name of Wuchureria Brugia malayi Brugia timori Loa loa Mansonella Mansonella Mansonella Onchocerca
the bancrofti ozzardi perstans streptocerca volvulus
parasite
Common Bancroft’s Filariasis Malayan Filariasis The Timor Filaria African Eye Worm Ozzard’s Filaria Perstans Filaria Convoluted Filaria
name or Eye Worm
Sizes Adult Male: 2-4 cm Adult Male: 13-23 mm Worm: 265-323 Adult Male: 30-34 Adult Male: 26mm Male: 35mm (long) Male: 50 µm Male: 1.9-4.2cm
Adult Female: 8- Adult Female: 43-55 mm µm (length) 4.40 mm (long) 70 µm 45-60mm (wide) (diameter) Female: 33-50cm
10 cm Worm: 220–250 x 6-7 µm µm (width) Adult Female: 40- (wide) Female: 70-80 Female (length): Microfilariae: 220-
Worm: 200-300 x 70 mm Adult Female: (long) 80-120 27mm 360mm
8-10 µm Worm: 250-300 x 49mm (long) 150 (wide) Female
6-8 µm µm (wide) Microfilariae: 200 (anteriorly): 50 µm
Worm: 150-200 x 4 µm (long) 4.5 µm wide
µm (wide) Female (Mid-
body): 85 µm
Infective L3 stage L3 stage L3 stage L3 stage L3 stage L3 stage L3 stage L3 stage
stage
Diagnostic Adult worm Adult worm Adult worm Adult worm Adult worm Adult worm Adult worm Adult worm
stage
Disease it Lymphatic Lymphatic Filariasis Lymphatic Loiasis Mansonella Perstans Filariasis Streptocerca Onchocerciasis/
causes Filariasis Filariasis Filariasis and Kampala Filariasis River blindness
Definitive Human Human, monkeys, Human, monkeys, Human Human Human Human Human
Host domestic cats, and forest domestic cats, and
carnivores forest carnivores
MOT Insect bite Insect bite Insect bite Insect bite Insect bite Insect bite Insect bite Insect bite
Vectors Culex, Aedes, Mansonia, Anopheles, Anopheles Tabanid Flies: Biting midges: Biting midges: Biting midges: Black Flies:
Anopheles Aedes Female mango fly Culicoides Culicoides Culicoides Simulium
(chrysops) Black Flies:
Simulium
Distributio Tropics and South-east Asia, Indian Indonesian West and Central Caribbean, Central Africa and South West and Central Africa, Yemen,
n subtropics subcontinent archipelago, Timor, Africa and South America America Africa Central and South
worldwide Lesser Sunda America
Islands
Adult Lymphatic system Lymphatic system Lymphatic system Subcutaneous Subcutaneous Mesenteries, Dermis Subcutaneous and
habitat tissues, tissue connective tissues deeper tissues
conjunctivae of abdominal
organs
Habitat of Blood Blood Blood Blood Blood Blood Skin Skin
microfilaria
Periodicity Nocturnal Nocturnal Nocturnal Diurnal Aperiodic Aperiodic Diurnal
Sheath Present Present Present Present Absent Absent Absent Absent
Tail - Tapered - Tapered - Tapered - Tapered - Long, slender, - Bluntly rounded - Bluntly rounded, - Typically flexed
- anucleate - Subterminal and - Subterminal and - Nuclei irregular pointed - Nuclei to end of bent into hooked - Tapered to a
terminal nuclei widely terminal nuclei spaced to end - Anucleate tail - Nuclei to end of point
separated widely separated tail tail - Anucleate
Features - Short head - Long head space - Long head - Single row of - Small size - Small size - Slender shape - Flexed tail
space - Sheath stains pink in space nuclei to the end - Long slender tail - Blunt tail filled - Hooked tail filled - Occurs in skin,
- Dispersed nuclei Giemsa - Sheath of tail - Aperiodic with nuclei with nuclei occasionally in
- Sheath - Terminal and unstained in - Sheath - Aperiodic - Occurs in skin urine or blood
unstained in subterminal nuclei Giemsa unstained in after treatment
Giemsa - Terminal and Giemsa
- Body in smooth subterminal
curves nuclei
Treatment Diethylcarbamazin Diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazin Diethylcarbamazin Diethylcarbamazin Diethylcarbamazin Diethylcarbamazin Diethylcarbamazin
e (DEC), (DEC), Ivermectin, and e (DEC), e (DEC), e (DEC), e (DEC), e (DEC), e (DEC),
Ivermectin, and Albendazole Ivermectin, and Ivermectin, and Ivermectin, and Ivermectin, and Ivermectin, and Ivermectin, and
Albendazole Albendazole Albendazole Albendazole Albendazole Albendazole Albendazole
Laboratory Peripheral Blood - Knott’s technique - - Identification of - Microfilariae in - Microfilariae in - Microfilariae in - Analysis of skin
diagnosis Smear (PBS) - Immunochromatographi microfilariae Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral snips
c test - Knott’s Blood Smear Blood Smear Blood Smear - Analysis of
- Diethylcarbamazine Technique (PBS) (PBS) (PBS) biopsies
- IFA, ELISA, specific IgE - Ultrasound - ELISA
and IgG4 antibody - PRC - Parasite in DNA
detection
- Monoclonal antibody,
Polymerase Chain
Reaction (PCR)
Picture

CESTODES

Name Diphyllobothrium Dipylidium Caninum Echinococcus Hymenolepis Hymenolepis Nana Taenia Solium Taenia Saginata
Latum Granulosus Diminuta
Common Freshwater broad Pumpkin seed Hydatid cyst disease Rat tapeworm Dwarf Tapeworm Pork Tapeworm Beef Tapeworm
Name fish tapeworm, tapeworm
Infective Plerocercoid Larva Cysticercoid Embryonated egg Cysticercoid Cysticercoid Cysticerci Cysticerci
Stage
Diagnostic Unembryonated eggs, Proglottids/eggs in Hydatid cyst in various Eggs passed in feces Eggs in stool Eggs or gravid Eggs or gravid
Stage prologttid packets organs proglottids proglottids
Disease it Diphyllobothriasis, Dipylidiasis Echinococcosis Hymenolepiasis Hymenolepiasis Cysticercosis, Taeniasis
causes Pernicious anemia (hydatid disease) Neurocysticercosis
Intermediate 1. Planktonic - Ctenocephalides 1. Sheep 1. Arthropods - Swine/Pig Cattle
Host crustacean canis (dog flea) •Goat • Grain/flour
2. Fresh water - Ctenocephalides felis beetles
fish (trout, pike, and (human flea) • Tribolium spp.
salmon,) - Trichodectes canis • Tenebrio spp.
(dog louse)
Definitive Human Dogs, Cats, Foxes & Dogs, Human Rats (rodents), Human Humans Human Human
Host Human (mostly (Accidental host)
children)
Size: Egg - 55-75 µm by 40-50 - 35 to 40 µm; range - 40 by 30 um - 70-85 by 60-80 um - 30 to 50 µm - 30-35 um in - 30-35 um in
• Adult µm 31 to 50 µm by 27 - 5 mm/3-9 mm long - 20 to 60 cm - 15 to 40 mm in diameter diameter
- 2—15 m to 48 µm length - 3-5 m - 4-8 m
- 10-70 cm and is 2-3
mm in diameter.
Mode of Consumption of Ingestion of adult flea Dogs infected by Direct ingestion of Direct ingestion of Ingestion of cysticerci Ingestion of cysticerci
Transmission undercooked paratenic containing cysticercoid. eating raw meat of eggs/cysticercoid- eggs/cysticercoid- in infected pork in infected beef
host fish. infected animals infected arthropods infected arthropods
Humans primarily
infected by ingestion of
eggs
Habitat Small intestine. Small intestine Lungs, liver, spleen, Small intestine Small intestine Small intestine Small intestine
skeletal muscle, eye,
and brain tissues
LYMPHATICS
Distribution Europe, North Europe, Philippines, China and Central Prevalent worldwide Prevalent worldwide Cosmopolitan Cosmopolitan
America, Asia China, Japan, Asia, South America, most prevalent in the predominantly in South predominantly in Africa
Argentina, United North and East Africa, southern America
states and Australia United States,
Treatment Praziquantel Praziquantel Surgery, Albendazole, Praziquantel Praziquantel Praziquantel Praziquantel
Niclosamide high dose of Niclosamide Niclosamide Niclosamide
Mebendazole Albendazole Surgery
Proglottids

Has 3 proglottids: an Width of each 175-220 segments, 3

Wider than Pumpkin seed shaped
immature, mature and proglottid is greater testes and 1 ovary 7-13 uterine branches
long with a central enclosing packed
a gravid proglottid than its length.
rosette-shaped uterine melon seed/rice grain- 15-30 uterine branches
structure. shaped (mature and
gravid)
Scolex

It has grooves rather Globular, has 4

than muscular suckers suckers, and 4 acetabula and Small pear-shaped
and hooks. No crown protusible, rose thorn- Four suckers & double rostellum lacking bearing 4 deep
in head. shaped hooks row rostellum w/ hooks hooks suckers with an 4 suckers w/ no hooks
unarmed rostellum 4 suckers and a double
row of hooks
 • Egg

Brown radially striated Round or slightly oval

embryophore & cannot with a striated outer Brown radially striated
Operculated with a be differentiated from Bipolar thickenings and embryophore Brown radially striated
Round to oval with an membrane and a thin
terminal knob, similar Taenia eggs. polar filaments (Nonoperculated) embryophore
oncosphere that has 6 inner membrane w/ out
to (Nonoperculated) (Nonoperculated) (Nonoperculated)
hooklets. polar filament
trematode eggs.
Nonoperculated (Nonoperculated)
• Larvae Elongated procercoid Cysticercoid Hydatid Cysticercoid Cysticercoid Cysticercus Cysticercus
larva
• Adult

It consists of 3,000 –
Unsegmented narrow
4,000 proglottids which Cucumber shaped has Long flattened ribbon-
About 5 mm long & neck, and a large body
can shed up to a rectangular and Long cylindrical body like tapeworm that is
has 3 proglottids when Transparent, and has a formed by hundred
million eggs a day broader than long white in color
intact. long slender neck proglottids
strobili.
Others Longest human Flea tapeworm, Smallest tapeworms in Larger than H.nana Smallest tapeworm Causes severe Causes mild diseases
tapeworm. Only cucumber tapeworm Taeniidae diseases
tapeworm that lays & Double-pored
eggs and where these tapeworm
eggs may be
recovered from the
feces.
Diagnostic Sedimation Technique DFS Exploratory cyst Direct examination of Direct examination of Stool examination for Microscopic
method to be punctures, x-ray, eggs eggs eggs or proglottids examination of stool for
used immunologic test like eggs, proglottids or
Bentomite Flocculation scolex
Test, Casoni
Intradermal Test
 TREMATODES
Echinostomid spp; Intestinal Liver Flukes
Flukes
Name Fasciolopsis Buski Echinostoma Ilocanum Fasciola Hepatica Clonorchis sinensis Opisthorchis felineus

Common Name Giant intestinal fluke Garrison’s fluke Large liver fluke or sheep Chinese or oriental liver fluke Cat liver fluke
Infective Stage Cercaria Metacercariae Metacercariae Metacercariae Metacercariae
Diagnostic Stage Unembryonated eggs Unembryonated eggs passed in Unembryonated eggs passed in Unembryonated eggs passed Unembryonated eggs
feces feces in feces passed in feces
Disease it causes Faciolopsiasis Echinostomiasis Fascioliasis Clonorchiasis Opisthorchiasis
1st Intermediate Host a) Snail SNAIL 1) Lmynae philippinensis Freshwater snails
b) Segmentina 1) Gyraulus convexiusculus 2) Aquatic plants
c) hippeutis 2) Hippeutis umbilicalis 3) Ipomea obscura (kangkong)
3) Pila conica (“kuhol”) 4) Nasturium oficinnale
2nd Intermediate Host PLANTS SNAIL 1. Watercress Freshwater fish and occasionally shrimps
a) Trapa bicornis (Water 1) Gyraulus convexiusculus 2. water chestnuts
caltrop) 2) Hippeutis umbilicalis
b) Elicharis Tuberosa 3) Pila conica (“kuhol”)
(Water chestnut)
c) Ipomea Aquatica (Water
morning glory)
Definitive Host Humans & Pigs Human, dog, cats, rats, pigs Cattle, sheep, and humans Human or carnivorous mammals
Mode of Transmission Ingestion of metacercariae Consumption of raw or Ingestion of metacercariae on Consumption of raw, undercooked fish, salted, dried or
on the aquatic plants undercooked snails vegetation pickled fresh water fish that harbor encysted metacercaria
Feature: Adult

Much longer than wide Cone-shaped anterior end, with

extensive branching of the
Very large fluke and has intestines and the reproductive
poorly developed oral and organs.
ventral suckers. The body
of the worm tapers to a
rounded anterior end. Reddish- brown in color
and ovary and testes are
 Flat, transparent, attenuated nearer each other, both of
anteriorly, rounded posteriorly which are deeply lobulated
and has highly branched testis
Egg

Operculated eggs, oval Straw-colored operculated and The eggs of this liver fluke are Eggs is yellowish brown, ovoid Operculated and possess
and brown ovoid large, broadly ellipsoidal, and has distinctly convex prominent opercular
unembryonated, operculate, and operculum that fits into the 'shoulders' and and
yellowish brownish in color.The thickened rim of eggshell and abopercular knob.
opecular end is more visible at small protuberance an
higher magnification; present a abopercular end.
shell irregularity
Size: Egg - 130-150 by 78-100 µm. - 83 to 116 µm by 58 to 69 - 140 to 180 µm by 63 to 90 - 26-30 µm by 15-17 µm - 19-30 µm long by 10-20
Adult - 20 -75mm long by 0.5 to - 2.5 to 6.6 mm in length x 1 to - 30mm long - 8-25 mm in length and 1.5 to µm wide
0.3mm thick 1.35 mm in width 5 mm in width - 7-12 mm in length and
1.5-3mm in width
Habitat Intestinal wall of the Small Intestine Biliary ducts and gall bladder of Bile ducts and gall bladder Biliary and pancreatic
mammalian hosts the definite host. ducts
LIVER
Distribution Asia and the Indian Northern Luzon, Leyte, Samar Worldwide, including Europe, the Endemic in Japan, China, Europe, Turkey, Korea,
subcontinent and provinces of Mindanao in the Middle East, and Asia Korea and Vietnam Japan, Vietnam, India
Philippines and other Southeast
and East Asian countries
Treatment Praziquantel Praziquantel Triclabendazole Praziquantel or albendazole Praziquantel
Diagnostic method Routine fecal examination Microscopic identification of eggs Formol-ether concentration Ova and parasite (O&P) stool examinations
in the stool Ultrasound or CT scan
Laparoscopy
Chemotherapy
Name of Heterophyid spp. Schistosoma spp.
Parasite Heterophyes Metagonimus Schistosoma japonicum Schistosoma mansoni Schistosoma haematobium Paragonimus westermani Opisthorchis viverrni
heterophyes yokogawai
katsurada;
Haplorchis
taichui nishigori
Common Heterophyid Minute Blood fluke Mansoni’s blood fluke Bladder fluke/ Urinary Oriental lung fluke Southeast Asian liver
Name Fluke/ Von’s intestinal fluke blood fluke fluke
Seibold’s Metagonimus
Fluke yokogawai –
Yokogawa’s
fluke
Infective Metacercaria larva Cercaria Metacercaria Metacercaria larva
Stage
Diagnostic Embryonated egg Egg Unembryonated egg Embryonated egg
Stage
Disease it Heterophyiasis Oriental schistosomiasis, Schistosomiasis Vesical schistosomiasis, Paragonimiasis; Opisthorchiasis
Cause Katayama disease, schistosmal hematuria, endemic hemoptysis;
schistosomiasis japonica urinary bilharziasis Pulmonary Paragonimiasis
1st Snail (Pironella and Cerithidea) Oncomelaria hupensis Biomphalaria Bulinus, Physopsis, Snail--Antemelania Bithynia
intermediate quadrasi Biomphalaria asperata and Antemelania
Host dactylus
2nd Fishes (tilapia and mullet) NONE Crab, crayfish Cyprinidae and
intermediate Sundathelphusa Cobitidae
Host phuluppina
Definitive Human, cats, dogs, foxes and Human Humans Human, fish-eating
Host other fish eating mammals mammals
Mode of Ingestion of metacercaria Skin penetration by cercaria Ingestion of raw or Ingestion of
Infection encysted in fish undercooked fish with undercooked fish
metacercaria containing
metacercaria
Feature: - Elongated - oval or pyriform Female Female Female - Reddish brown - coffee - Leaf-like, with
Adult - Long, slender, with oral - Long and slender with - Long and slender with bean transparent
and ventral suckers oral and ventral spines oral and ventral suckers - Round anterior tegument
- Ovary – centrally located Ovary is anterior to the - Ovary is posterior to the - Slightly tapered
Male mid-portion of the mid portion of the posterior
- With oral and ventral organism organism
suckers Male Male
- Shorter and stouter with - With oral and ventral - With oral and ventral
gynecophoral canal suckers o Shorter and suckers
- Cuticle has no stouter with a - Shorter and stouter with
tuberculation gynecophoral canal a gynecophoral canal
 - With 6-9 small testes in - Cuticle has fine
column or group tuberculation [tegument
coarsely tuberculated]
- With 4-5 large testes in
cluster
Adult Male Male Male

Female Female Female

Egg

Prominent opercular shoulders; Pear-shape with lateral Large, relatively thick,

Shape is ovoidal or Shape is elongate ovoidal golden brown shell; Yellowish brown,
ovoid, brownish yellow; does subglobular, with thin shell, with thin shell and lateral spine ovoid; distinctly
not have abopercular prominent operculum at
rudimentary or abbreviated spine. the broader end; convex operculum;
protuberance. lateral spine and cellular small protuberance
thickened abopercular
debris attached to the shell; at the abopercular
end.
Lateral knob end
Size: Egg - 20-30 µm x 15-17 µm - 70-100 by 55-65 µm - 114-175 by 45-70 µm - 1110-170 by 38-70 µm - 80-120 by 45-70 µm - 30mm long
Adult - 1-2mm in length by 0.3- - 12-20mm - 12-20mm - 12-20mm - 7.5-12mm by 3-5mm - 8-12 mm long and
0.4mm 1.5-3 mm wide
Habitat Small intestine of the definitive Small intestine Superior Large intestine Inferior Urinary bladder plexus Lungs Biliary tract, liver
host mesenteric mesenteric
Distribution Africa, the Japan, Siberia, China, Hong Kong, Endemic in China, Africa, Syria, Iran, Iraq, Several areas of the world, Far East: Japan,
Near East, and China, the Indonesia, Japan, Philippines and India Arabia, Yemen including portions of Asia Korea, Philippines
the Far East. Philippines, Philippines (Luzon, and Africa, India, and Vietnam, India,
Spain, Greece, Mindanao, Mindoro, Samar, South America. Hongkon
and the Leyte)
Balkans.
Treatment - Praziquantel (DOC) - DOC: Praziquantel (Biltricide) - Praziquantel (DOC) - Praziquantel
- 25mg/kg/dose TID in 1 day - Anti-inflammatory drugs - 25mg/kg of BW x (DOC)
#times a day - 25mg/kg TID for
- Corticosteroids 2 days
- Bithionol - 60mg/kg TID for
- 15 to 25mg/kg BID on 1 day
alternate days for 10 to
15 days
- Triclabendazole
Diagnostic Modified Kato-Thick Method / o Stool Exam o Urine Examination – (+) o Microscope – Detection • Identification of
Method Stool analysis o Serology o Micropore filtration of eggs in the sputum, parasite egg in stool
o ELISA o Cystoscopy stool or aspirated materials • Duodenal or biliary
o Rectal Biopsy o Immunodiagnostic tests from abscesses or pleural aspiration
o Kato-Katz o Ultrasound effusion • Serology
o mmunodiagnostic tests o Chest radiographs • Imaging of the liver
o Circum-Oval Precipitin Test (COPT) o Cerebral radiographs • Histopathology of
o Cercaria Huellen Reaction (CHR) o CBC – acute stage malignant growth
o Fluorescent Antibody Test(FAT) o Immunologic methods • Cholangiography –
o Ultrasound “arrowhead sign”
• ELISA
• PCR