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ab hmt exp 1

Experiment 1 HMT

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Aslam Baig
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9 views

ab hmt exp 1

Experiment 1 HMT

Uploaded by

Aslam Baig
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment # 1

Objective:
To show that the energy radiated at any angle with a surface is equal to normal radiation
multiplied by the cosine of angle between the direction of radiation and normal to the surface.
Apparatus:

 Radiation heat transfer and exchange apparatus.


 Lux meter
 Angular Displacement Mechanism

Theory:
Radiation Heat Transfer Apparatus:
This apparatus consists of a fixed light source and a rotating platform or arm on which the lux
meter is mounted. It allows the light source to be rotated around the lux meter, making it
possible to measure light intensity at different angles. The lux meter is typically fixed at a
known distance from the light source. This distance is crucial for consistent measurements of
light intensity, and it remains constant throughout the experiment.

Figure 1.1 Radiation heat transfer and exchange apparatus

Lux Meter:

The lux meter in the apparatus is equipped with a sensitive photo-diode that converts light
into an electrical signal, which is then displayed as a lux reading on the meter. The lux (lx) is
the standard unit for illuminance, and it represents lumens per square meter (lm/m²). It is
calibrated to measure how bright light appears to the human eye, which is necessary to verify
Lambert’s Cosine Law.

Figure 1.2 Lux Meter

Angular Displacement Mechanism:

This is a graduated platform that allows the light source to be positioned at different angles,
typically between -90° and +90°. The angular scale ensures accurate measurement of the
angle of displacement relative to the light source.

Defination:
Lambert's Cosine Law, also known as the Cosine Law of Illuminance, is a fundamental
principle in the study of light and radiation. It states that the intensity of light or radiant
energy falling on a surface is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle between the
direction of the light and the normal (perpendicular) to the surface.

Mathematically, the illuminance E on a surface is given by:


𝐸=𝐼0cosθ

Where:

 𝐼0 is the luminous intensity (in candelas) emitted by the light source when
 E is the illuminance (in lux) on the surface.

perpendicular to the surface.


 θ is the angle between the light source direction and the surface normal.

Explanation of Lambert’s Cosine Law:

 Normal Incidence (θ = 0°):

of the light hits the surface. In this case, cos(0°)=1, so E= 𝐼0.


At 0° (directly facing the light source), the illuminance is at its maximum, as the full intensity
 Oblique Incidence (θ > 0°):

As the angle increases, the surface receives less energy per unit area because the same
amount of light is spread over a larger area. At an angle θ, the illuminance is reduced by a
factor of cos(θ).

 90° Angle (Parallel to the Surface):

When the angle is 90°, the light is parallel to the surface and no radiation falls directly on the
surface. In this case, cos(90°)=0, so E=0.

Lux:
The lux is a unit of measurement of brightness, or more accurately, illuminance. It ultimately
derives from the candela, the standard unit of measurement for the power of light.

Given the Illuminance Formula (or Cosine Law of Illuminance) is:

l
E= 2
cos θ
d

Where:

lm
E=¿ Illuminance (or density of luminous flux) reaching a surface ( 2 or lux )
m

I =¿ Luminous intensity or strength of a light source (candela or cd )

d=¿ Distance between light source and surface (m )

Procedure

1. Set-up and power-on the apparatus.


2. Place the light source and lux meter in front of each other i.e. 0 ° .
3. Measure distance between lux meter and light meter. Ensure the distance will be
200mm.
4. Note the reading on the lux meter.
5. Increase the angular displacement by 10 ° in clockwise direction and note the lux
reading.
6. Repeat step 5 until an angular displacement of 90 ° is achieved.
7. Repeat steps 5-6 for anti-clockwise displacement.

Observations and Calculations

Distance betweenlight source∧surface (d )=¿ 20cm

Sr # Angle of Displacement (θ ) Lux Meter Reading (lux ) Io cos Φ

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18
Sr # Angle of Displacement (θ ) Lux Meter Reading (lux ) Io cos Φ

19

Graph:

80

70

60

50

40 Lux meter
Io cosθ
30

20

10

0
-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

In this graph X axis shows the values of angle of displacement.

In this graph Y axis shows the values lux meter actual and theoretical I0Cos θ.

Conclusion:

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