Mathematics Droos Math

Droos Math
Prep 3 – First term Droos Math

The equality of two ordered pairs Second The constant function

If (𝒂 , 𝒃) = (𝒙, 𝒚), then 𝒂 = 𝒙 , 𝒃 = 𝒚 Definition
If 𝑿 = {𝟏, 𝟐} , 𝒀 = {𝟓, 𝟕, 𝟖} , then The function 𝒇: ℝ ⟶ ℝ where 𝒇 (𝒙) = 𝒃 , 𝒃 ∈ ℝ
is called a constant function or a constant polynomial function.

= {(𝟏, 𝟓), (𝟏, 𝟕), (𝟏, 𝟖), (𝟐, 𝟓), (𝟐, 𝟕), (𝟐, 𝟖)}
We can represent 𝑿 × 𝒀 by an arrow diagram Third The quadratic function
or graphical (Cartesian) diagram as follows:
Definition
The function 𝒇: ℝ ⟶ ℝ where 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄
where 𝒂, 𝒃 and 𝒄 are real numbers , 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎
«𝑿 × ∅ = ∅ × 𝑿 = ∅ because ∅ has no elements » is called a quadratic function and it is a polynomial function of the second degree.
The ordered pairs in which the first projection equals the second projection in the
previous Cartesian product (𝟏, 𝟏) , (𝟐, 𝟐) are represented in the arrow diagram by Finding the point of the vertex of the curve:
a loop to show that the arrow goes and returns to the same point. At the point of the vertex of the curve of the quadratic function, it will be:
−𝒃 −𝒃
•The 𝒙-coordinate = •The y-coordinate = 𝒇 ( )
•𝒏 (𝑿) = 𝟑 , 𝒏 (𝒀) = 𝟐 𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒂

•𝒏 (𝑿 × 𝒀) = 𝟔 , 𝒏 (𝒀 × 𝑿) = 𝟔 , 𝒏 (𝑿 × 𝑿) = 𝟗
i.e. 1- 𝒏 (𝑿 × 𝒀) = 𝒏 (𝒀 × 𝑿) = 𝒏 (𝑿) × 𝒏 (𝒀) where 𝒃 is the coefficient of 𝒙 , a is the coefficient of 𝒙𝟐
𝟐
2- 𝒏 (𝑿 × 𝑿) = (𝒏 (𝑿))

i.e.
• The set of 𝑿 = {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑} is called "the domain of the function". 𝒂 𝒄
If = ,then: 𝒂 × 𝒅 = 𝒃 × 𝒄
•The set of 𝒀 = {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔} is called "the codomain of the function." 𝒃 𝒅
• The set {𝟎, 𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟔} is called "the range of the Polynomial functions"
(The product of the extremes = the product of the means)
𝒂 𝒄
Polynomial functions If 𝒂 × 𝒅 = 𝒃 × 𝒄 , then =
𝒃 𝒅
The polynomial function is a function whose rule (the image of 𝒙) is a term or an
algebraic expression in condition that the following should be identified:
𝒂 𝒄
1- Each of the domain and the codomain of the function is the set of real numbers. If = , then 𝒂 = 𝒄𝒎 and 𝒃 = 𝒅𝒎 where 𝒎 is a constant ≠ 𝟎
𝒃 𝒅
2- The power (the index) of the variable 𝒙 in any of its terms is a natural number.

The graphical representation of the linear function

• The linear function 𝒇: ℝ ⟶ ℝ where
For example:
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 , 𝒂 ∈ ℝ − {𝟎} , 𝒃 ∈ ℝ 𝒂 𝟑
is represented graphically by a straight line If we say = = , ,then : 𝒂 = 𝟑 𝒎 , 𝒃 = 𝟒𝒎 where 𝒎 is a constant ≠ 𝟎
𝒃 𝟒
intersecting y-axis at the point (0, b) and
−𝒃
it intersects 𝒙-axis at the point ( , 𝟎)
𝒂

Mr. Mohamed said

 Mathematics Droos Math
Droos Math
Prep 3 – First term Droos Math

If 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 and 𝒅 are proportional quantities and we assume Definition :

𝒂 𝒄 𝟏 𝒎
that: = = 𝒎 , then 𝒂 = 𝒃𝒎 , 𝒄 = 𝒅𝒎 It is said that 𝒚 varies inversely as 𝒙 and it is written 𝒚 ∝ if 𝒚 =
𝒃 𝒅 𝒙 𝒙
i.e. 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒎 ,where (m is a constant ≠ 𝟎)
If the variable 𝒙 took the two values 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 and as a result for that y took the two
𝒚 𝒙
values 𝒚𝟏 and 𝒚𝟐 respectively , then: 𝟏 = 𝟐
𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟏
If a , b , c , d , e , f , ... are proportional quantities and we assume that : Resources of collecting data is classified into
𝒂 𝒄 𝒆
= = = m , then 𝒂 = 𝒃𝒎 , 𝒄 = 𝒅𝒎 , 𝒆 = 𝒇𝒎 1- Primary resources (field resources)
𝒃 𝒅 𝒇 2- Secondary resources (historical resources)
𝒂 𝒃
The quantities a, b and c are said to be in continued proportion if = The range = the greatest value - the smallest value
𝒃 𝒄
𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔
Remember that The mean =
𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬
The middle proportion between two quantities The median of a set of values is the value which lies at the middle of the set of values
= ± √𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒘𝒐 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔 after ordering them.
•The mode of a set of values is the most common value in the set.
𝒃 = ±√𝒂𝒄 The advantages of range:
• It is an easy and simple method that gives a quick idea about the divergence or
convergence of the values.
Standard deviation:
𝒂 𝒃
If 𝒂 , 𝒃 and 𝒄 are in continued proportion and we assume that: = =𝒎 It is the most important, common and accurate measure of dispersion. We can
𝒃 𝒄
𝒃 = 𝒄𝒎 𝒂 = 𝒄𝒎𝟐 calculate it by calculating the positive square root of the average of squares of
deviations of the value from their mean. It is denoted by 𝝈 and it is read as (sigma).
First: Calculating the standard deviation of a set of values
̅)𝟐
𝚺(𝒙−𝒙
If 𝒂 , 𝒃 , 𝒄 and 𝒅 are in continued proportion and we assume The standard deviation 𝝈 = √
𝒏
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 Where:
that: = = = 𝒎 then: 𝒄 = 𝒅𝒎 , 𝒃 = 𝒅𝒎𝟐 and 𝒂 = 𝒅𝒎𝟑
𝒃 𝒄 𝒅
Definition: 𝒙 denotes a value of the values,
̅ denotes the mean of the values and it is read as 𝒙 bar,
𝒙
It is said that y varies directly as 𝒙 and it is written 𝒚 ∝ 𝒙 if 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙
𝒏 denotes the number of values,
𝒚 𝜮 denotes the summation operation.
i.e. = 𝒎 (where 𝒎 is a constant ≠ 𝟎)
𝒙
If the variable 𝒙 took the two values 𝒙𝟏 and 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒚
𝒚 𝒙
took the two values 𝒚𝟏 and 𝒚𝟐 respectively ,then : 𝟏 = 𝟏 Second: Calculating the standard deviation of a frequency distribution:
𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐
For any frequency distribution:
Note that: ̅)𝟐 𝒌
𝚺(𝒙−𝒙
The standard deviation 𝝈 = √
The graph of this relation is a straight line passing through the origin point (𝟎 , 𝟎) 𝚺𝐤
Where:
𝒙 represents the value or the centre of the set,
𝒌 represents the frequence of the value or the set,
𝚺(𝒙×𝒌)
̅ (the mean) =
𝜮 𝒌 is the sum of frequences and 𝒙
𝚺𝒌

Mr. Mohamed said

 Mathematics Droos Math
Droos Math
Prep 3 – First term Droos Math

By noticing: 𝒎(∠𝑩) + 𝒎 (∠𝑪) = 𝟗𝟎° " compleme ntary angles" 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑪
In a right-angled triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse is equal to the
sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides. 𝑨𝑩 𝟏 𝑩𝑪 √𝟑 𝑨𝑩 𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟎° = = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟎° = = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝟎° = =
𝑨𝑪 𝟐 𝑨𝑪 𝟐 𝑩𝑪 √𝟑
i.e. 𝑩𝑪 √𝟑 𝑨𝑩 𝟏 𝑩𝑪
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝟎° = = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟔𝟎° = = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟔𝟎° = = √𝟑
If ABC is a right-angled triangle at A , then: 𝑨𝑪 𝟐 𝑨𝑪 𝟐 𝑨𝑩
(𝑩𝑪)𝟐 = (𝑨𝑩)𝟐 + (𝑨𝑪)𝟐
•From the previous relation, we can deduce the following two relations: 𝟏 𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝟓° = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝟓° = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟒𝟓° = 𝟏
(𝑨𝑩)𝟐 = (𝑩𝑪)𝟐 − (𝑨𝑪)𝟐 (𝑨𝑪)𝟐 = (𝑩𝑪)𝟐 − (𝑨𝑩)𝟐 √𝟐 √𝟐

There are three main trigonometrical ratios of the acute angle, and they are: Distance between two points: -
1- The sine of the angle: Is denoted by (sin) and equals 𝑴𝑵 = √(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐
𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆
𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒉𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆
2- The cosine of the angle: Is denoted by (cos) and equals
If 𝑪 is midpoint of ̅̅̅̅
𝑨𝑩
𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐
𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐡𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐞 =( , )
𝟐 𝟐
3 The tangent of the angle: Is denoted by (tan) and equals If the straight line passes through the two points (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) and (𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) , then:
𝒚 −𝒚
𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 1- The slope of straight line (𝒎) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏 «where 𝒙𝟏 ≠ 𝒙𝟐 »
𝟐 𝟏
𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 2- The slope of straight line = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 where 𝜽 is the measure of the positive angle which the straight
line makes with the positive direction of the 𝒙-axis.
− 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐱
Remember that 3- The slope of straight line =
𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐲
•The sum of measures of two complementary angles = 90°
•The sum of measures of two supplementary angles = 180° The slope of any horizontal straight line (parallel to 𝒙-axis) = zero
•The sum of measures of the interior angles of any triangle = 180° The slope of any vertical straight line (parallel to 𝒚-axis) is undefined.
i.e. If ∆ 𝑨𝑩𝑪 is a right – angled triangle at 𝑩 , then: If 𝑳𝟏 //𝑳𝟐 , then 𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐
i.e. If two straight lines are parallel, then their slopes are equal and vice versa
If 𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐 , then 𝑳𝟏 //𝑳𝟐
i.e. If the two straight lines have equal slopes, then the two straight lines are parallel.

If 𝑳𝟏 and 𝑳𝟐 are two straight lines of slopes 𝒎𝟏 and 𝒎𝟐 respectively and

𝑳𝟏 ⊥ 𝑳𝟐 , then 𝒎𝟏 × 𝒎𝟐 = −𝟏 , unless one of them is parallel to one of the coordinate axes.
According to angle 𝐀 According to angle 𝐂 i.e. The product of the slopes of the perpendicular straight lines = -1 and vice versa:
𝐎𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐁𝐂 𝐎𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐀𝐁 If 𝑳𝟏 and 𝑳𝟐 are two straight lines of slopes 𝒎𝟏 and 𝒎𝟐 and 𝒎𝟏 × 𝒎𝟐 = −𝟏 , then 𝑳𝟏 ⊥ 𝑳𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐀 = = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐂 = =
𝐇𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐀𝐂 𝐇𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐀𝐂 i.e If the product of the two slopes of two straight lines equals -1 , then the two straight lines are
𝐀𝐝𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐁 𝐀𝐝𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐁𝐂 perpendicular (orthogonal).
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐀 = = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐂 = =
𝐇𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐀𝐂 𝐇𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐀𝐂
𝐎𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐁𝐂 𝐎𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐀𝐁
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐀 = = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐂 = = If the question of a straight line in the form : 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄 , then:
𝐀𝐝𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐁 𝐀𝐝𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐁𝐂
* The slope of the straight line = 𝒎
* The length of the intercepted part from y-axis = |𝒄|
and it passes through point (0,c)

Mr. Mohamed said