MLT Unit 2 Perceptron
MLT Unit 2 Perceptron
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Home Resources AI & Machine Learning What is Perceptron: A Beginners Guide for Perceptron
By Mayank Banoula
Last updated on May 10, 2023 215545
Table of Contents
Biological Neuron
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A neural network link that contains computations to track features and uses Artificial Intelligence in
the input data is known as Perceptron. This neural links to the artificial neurons using simple logic
gates with binary outputs. An artificial neuron invokes the mathematical function and has node,
input, weights, and output equivalent to the cell nucleus, dendrites, synapse, and axon, respectively,
compared to a biological neuron.
A binary classifier in machine learning is a type of model that is trained to classify data into one of
two possible categories, typically represented as binary labels such as 0 or 1, true or false, or
positive or negative. For example, a binary classifier may be trained to distinguish between spam
and non-spam emails, or to predict whether a credit card transaction is fraudulent or legitimate.
Binary classifiers are a fundamental building block of many machine learning applications, and
there are numerous algorithms that can be used to build them, including logistic regression, support
vector machines (SVMs), decision trees, random forests, and neural networks. These models are
typically trained using labeled data, where the correct label or category for each example in the
training set is known, and then used to predict the category of new, unseen examples.
The performance of a binary classifier is typically evaluated using metrics such as accuracy,
precision, recall, and F1 score, which measure how well the model is able to correctly identify
positive and negative examples in the data. High-quality binary classifiers are essential for a wide
range of applications, including natural language processing, computer vision, fraud detection, and
medical diagnosis, among many others.
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Biological Neuron
A human brain has billions of neurons. Neurons are interconnected nerve cells in the human brain
that are involved in processing and transmitting chemical and electrical signals. Dendrites are
branches that receive information from other neurons.
Cell nucleus or Soma processes the information received from dendrites. Axon is a cable that is
used by neurons to send information. Synapse is the connection between an axon and other neuron
dendrites.
Researchers Warren McCullock and Walter Pitts published their first concept of simplified brain cell
in 1943. This was called McCullock-Pitts (MCP) neuron. They described such a nerve cell as a
simple logic gate with binary outputs.
Multiple signals arrive at the dendrites and are then integrated into the cell body, and, if the
accumulated signal exceeds a certain threshold, an output signal is generated that will be passed
on by the axon. In the next section, let us talk about the artificial neuron.
An artificial neuron is a mathematical function based on a model of biological neurons, where each
neuron takes inputs, weighs them separately, sums them up and passes this sum through a
nonlinear function to produce output.
In the next section, let us compare the biological neuron with the artificial neuron.
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Biological Neuron vs. Artificial Neuron
Dendrites Input
Axon Output
Inputs are summed and passed through a nonlinear function to produce output
Perceptron
Perceptron was introduced by Frank Rosenblatt in 1957. He proposed a Perceptron learning rule
based on the original MCP neuron. A Perceptron is an algorithm for supervised learning of binary
classifiers. This algorithm enables neurons to learn and processes elements in the training set one
at a time.
general-diagram-of-perceptron-for-supervised-learning_4.
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1. Input Layer: The input layer consists of one or more input neurons, which receive input signals
from the external world or from other layers of the neural network.
2. Weights: Each input neuron is associated with a weight, which represents the strength of the
connection between the input neuron and the output neuron.
3. Bias: A bias term is added to the input layer to provide the perceptron with additional flexibility in
modeling complex patterns in the input data.
4. Activation Function: The activation function determines the output of the perceptron based on
the weighted sum of the inputs and the bias term. Common activation functions used in
perceptrons include the step function, sigmoid function, and ReLU function.
5. Output: The output of the perceptron is a single binary value, either 0 or 1, which indicates the
class or category to which the input data belongs.
6. Training Algorithm: The perceptron is typically trained using a supervised learning algorithm such
as the perceptron learning algorithm or backpropagation. During training, the weights and biases
of the perceptron are adjusted to minimize the error between the predicted output and the true
output for a given set of training examples.
7. Overall, the perceptron is a simple yet powerful algorithm that can be used to perform binary
classification tasks and has paved the way for more complex neural networks used in deep
learning today.
Types of Perceptron:
1. Single layer: Single layer perceptron can learn only linearly separable patterns.
2. Multilayer: Multilayer perceptrons can learn about two or more layers having a greater processing
power.
The Perceptron algorithm learns the weights for the input signals in order to draw a linear decision
boundary.
Note: Supervised Learning is a type of Machine Learning used to learn models from labeled training
data. It enables output prediction for future or unseen data. Let us focus on the Perceptron Learning
Rule in the next section
Rule in the next section.
The most commonly used term in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (AIML) is Perceptron.
It is the beginning step of learning coding and Deep Learning technologies, which consists of input
values, scores, thresholds, and weights implementing logic gates. Perceptron is the nurturing step
of an Artificial Neural Link. In 19h century, Mr. Frank Rosenblatt invented the Perceptron to perform
specific high-level calculations to detect input data capabilities or business intelligence. However,
now it is used for various other purposes.
History of Perceptron
The perceptron was introduced by Frank Rosenblatt in 1958, as a type of artificial neural network
capable of learning and performing binary classification tasks. Rosenblatt was a psychologist and
computer scientist who was interested in developing a machine that could learn and recognize
patterns in data, inspired by the workings of the human brain.
The perceptron was based on the concept of a simple computational unit, which takes one or more
inputs and produces a single output, modeled after the structure and function of a neuron in the
brain. The perceptron was designed to be able to learn from examples and adjust its parameters to
improve its accuracy in classifying new examples.
The perceptron algorithm was initially used to solve simple problems, such as recognizing
handwritten characters, but it soon faced criticism due to its limited capacity to learn complex
patterns and its inability to handle non-linearly separable data. These limitations led to the decline
of research on perceptrons in the 1960s and 1970s.
However, in the 1980s, the development of backpropagation, a powerful algorithm for training multi-
layer neural networks, renewed interest in artificial neural networks and sparked a new era of
research and innovation in machine learning. Today, perceptrons are regarded as the simplest form
of artificial neural networks and are still widely used in applications such as image recognition,
ll i d h ii
natural language processing, and speech recognition.
A machine-based algorithm used for supervised learning of various binary sorting tasks is called
Perceptron. Furthermore, Perceptron also has an essential role as an Artificial Neuron or Neural link
in detecting certain input data computations in business intelligence. A perceptron model is also
classified as one of the best and most specific types of Artificial Neural networks. Being a
supervised learning algorithm of binary classifiers, we can also consider it a single-layer neural
network with four main parameters: input values, weights and Bias, net sum, and an activation
function.
AS discussed earlier, Perceptron is considered a single-layer neural link with four main parameters.
The perceptron model begins with multiplying all input values and their weights, then adds these
values to create the weighted sum. Further, this weighted sum is applied to the activation function ‘f’
to obtain the desired output. This activation function is also known as the step function and is
represented by ‘f.’
Perceptron_work
This step function or Activation function is vital in ensuring that output is mapped between (0,1) or
(-1,1). Take note that the weight of input indicates a node’s strength. Similarly, an input value gives
the ability the shift the activation function curve up or down.
Step 1: Multiply all input values with corresponding weight values and then add to calculate the
weighted sum. The following is the mathematical expression of it:
Step 2: An activation function is applied with the above-mentioned weighted sum giving us an
output either in binary form or a continuous value as follows:
Y=f(∑wi*xi + b)
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We have already discussed the types of Perceptron models in the Introduction. Here, we shall give a
more profound look at this:
1. Single Layer Perceptron model: One of the easiest ANN(Artificial Neural Networks) types
consists of a feed-forward network and includes a threshold transfer inside the model. The main
objective of the single-layer perceptron model is to analyze the linearly separable objects with
binary outcomes. A Single-layer perceptron can learn only linearly separable patterns.
2. Multi-Layered Perceptron model: It is mainly similar to a single-layer perceptron model but has
more hidden layers.
Forward Stage: From the input layer in the on stage, activation functions begin and terminate on the
output layer.
Backward Stage: In the backward stage, weight and bias values are modified per the model’s
requirement. The backstage removed the error between the actual output and demands originating
q g p g g
backward on the output layer. A multilayer perceptron model has a greater processing power and
can process linear and non-linear patterns. Further, it also implements logic gates such as AND, OR,
XOR, XNOR, and NOR.
Advantages:
Helps us obtain the same accuracy ratio with big and small data.
Disadvantages:
It is tough to predict how much the dependent variable affects each independent variable.
3. Initially, weights are multiplied with input features, and then the decision is made whether the
neuron is fired or not.
4. The activation function applies a step rule to check whether the function is more significant than
zero.
5. The linear decision boundary is drawn, enabling the distinction between the two linearly
separable classes +1 and -1.
6. If the added sum of all input values is more than the threshold value, it must have an output
signal; otherwise, no output will be shown.
1. The output of a perceptron can only be a binary number (0 or 1) due to the hard-edge transfer
function.
2. It can only be used to classify the linearly separable sets of input vectors. If the input vectors are
non-linear, it is not easy to classify them correctly.
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Perceptron Learning Rule states that the algorithm would automatically learn the optimal weight
coefficients. The input features are then multiplied with these weights to determine if a neuron fires
or not.
The Perceptron receives multiple input signals, and if the sum of the input signals exceeds a certain
p p p g , p g
threshold, it either outputs a signal or does not return an output. In the context of supervised
learning and classification, this can then be used to predict the class of a sample.
Perceptron Function
Perceptron is a function that maps its input “x,” which is multiplied with the learned weight
coefficient; an output value ”f(x)”is generated.
“b” = bias (an element that adjusts the boundary away from origin without any dependence on
the input value)
The output can be represented as “1” or “0.” It can also be represented as “1” or “-1” depending on
which activation function is used.
Inputs of a Perceptron
A Perceptron accepts inputs, moderates them with certain weight values, then applies the
transformation function to output the final result. The image below shows a Perceptron with a
transformation function to output the final result. The image below shows a Perceptron with a
Boolean output.
A Boolean output is based on inputs such as salaried, married, age, past credit profile, etc. It has
only two values: Yes and No or True and False. The summation function “∑” multiplies all inputs of
“x” by weights “w” and then adds them up as follows:
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The activation function applies a step rule (convert the numerical output into +1 or -1) to check if
the output of the weighting function is greater than zero or not.
For example:
Step function gets triggered above a certain value of the neuron output; else it outputs zero. Sign
Function outputs +1 or -1 depending on whether neuron output is greater than zero or not. Sigmoid
is the S-curve and outputs a value between 0 and 1.
Output of Perceptron
Inputs: x1…xn
Output: o(x1….xn)
If ∑w.x > 0, output is +1, else -1. The neuron gets triggered only when weighted input reaches a
certain threshold value.
An output of +1 specifies that the neuron is triggered. An output of -1 specifies that the neuron did
not get triggered.
Error in Perceptron
In the Perceptron Learning Rule, the predicted output is compared with the known output. If it does
not match, the error is propagated backward to allow weight adjustment to happen.
A decision function φ(z) of Perceptron is defined to take a linear combination of x and w vectors.
Bias Unit
For simplicity, the threshold θ can be brought to the left and represented as w0x0, where w0= -θ and
x0= 1.
The figure shows how the decision function squashes wTx to either +1 or -1 and how it can be used
to discriminate between two linearly separable classes.
Perceptron at a Glance
Perceptron is an algorithm for Supervised Learning of single layer binary linear classifiers.
Weights are multiplied with the input features and decision is made if the neuron is fired or not.
Activation function applies a step rule to check if the output of the weighting function is greater
than zero.
Linear decision boundary is drawn enabling the distinction between the two linearly separable
classes +1 and -1.
If the sum of the input signals exceeds a certain threshold, it outputs a signal; otherwise, there is
no output.
Types of activation functions include the sign, step, and sigmoid functions.
The Perceptron learning rule converges if the two classes can be separated by the linear
hyperplane. However, if the classes cannot be separated perfectly by a linear classifier, it could give
rise to errors.
As discussed in the previous topic, the classifier boundary for a binary output in a Perceptron is
represented by the equation given below:
The diagram above shows the decision surface represented by a two-input Perceptron.
Observation:
In Fig(a) above, examples can be clearly separated into positive and negative values; hence, they
are linearly separable. This can include logic gates like AND, OR, NOR, NAND.
Fig (b) shows examples that are not linearly separable (as in an XOR gate).
Diagram (a) is a set of training examples and the decision surface of a Perceptron that classifies
them correctly.
Diagram (b) is a set of training examples that are not linearly separable, that is, they cannot be
correctly classified by any straight line.
Logic gates are the building blocks of a digital system, especially neural networks. In short, they are
the electronic circuits that help in addition, choice, negation, and combination to form complex
circuits. Using the logic gates, Neural Networks can learn on their own without you having to
manually code the logic. Most logic gates have two inputs and one output.
Each terminal has one of the two binary conditions, low (0) or high (1), represented by different
voltage levels. The logic state of a terminal changes based on how the circuit processes data.
Based on this logic, logic gates can be categorized into seven types:
AND
NAND
OR
NOR
NOT
XOR
XNOR
The logic gates that can be implemented with Perceptron are discussed below.
1. AND
If the two inputs are TRUE (+1), the output of Perceptron is positive, which amounts to TRUE.
2. OR
If either of the two inputs are TRUE (+1), the output of Perceptron is positive, which amounts to
TRUE.
This is the desired behavior of an OR gate.
x1 = 1 (TRUE), x2 = 0 (FALSE)
3. XOR
A XOR gate, also called as Exclusive OR gate, has two inputs and one output.
The gate returns a TRUE as the output if and ONLY if one of the input states is true.
Input Output
A B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Unlike the AND and OR gate, an XOR gate requires an intermediate hidden layer for preliminary
transformation in order to achieve the logic of an XOR gate.
An XOR gate assigns weights so that XOR conditions are met. It cannot be implemented with a
single layer Perceptron and requires Multi-layer Perceptron or MLP.
t3= threshold for H3; t4= threshold for H4; t5= threshold for O5
Next up, let us learn more about the Sigmoid activation function!
The diagram below shows a Perceptron with sigmoid activation function. Sigmoid is one of the
most popular activation functions.
A Sigmoid Function is a mathematical function with a Sigmoid Curve (“S” Curve). It is a special case
of the logistic function and is defined by the function given below:
Sigmoid Curve
This is called a logistic sigmoid and leads to a probability of the value between 0 and 1.
This is useful as an activation function when one is interested in probability mapping rather than
precise values of input parameter t.
The sigmoid output is close to zero for highly negative input. This can be a problem in neural
network training and can lead to slow learning and the model getting trapped in local minima during
training. Hence, hyperbolic tangent is more preferable as an activation function in hidden layers of a
neural network.
Output
The Perceptron output is 0.888, which indicates the probability of output y being a 1.
If the sigmoid outputs a value greater than 0 5 the output is marked as TRUE Since the output here
If the sigmoid outputs a value greater than 0.5, the output is marked as TRUE. Since the output here
is 0.888, the final output is marked as TRUE.
In the next section, let us focus on the rectifier and softplus functions.
Apart from Sigmoid and Sign activation functions seen earlier, other common activation functions
are ReLU and Softplus. They eliminate negative units as an output of max function will output 0 for
all units 0 or less.
A rectifier or ReLU (Rectified Linear Unit) is a commonly used activation function. This function
allows one to eliminate negative units in an ANN. This is the most popular activation function used
in deep neural networks.
Allows faster and more effective training of deep neural architectures on large and complex
datasets
Sparse activation of only about 50% of units in a neural network (as negative units are
eliminated)
Scales well
Non-differentiable at zero - Non-differentiable at zero means that values close to zero may give
inconsistent or intractable results.
Non-zero centered - Being non-zero centered creates asymmetry around data (only positive
values handled), leading to the uneven handling of data.
Unbounded - The output value has no limit and can lead to computational issues with large
values being passed through.
Dying ReLU problem - When the learning rate is too high, Relu neurons can become inactive and
“die.”
Softmax Function
Another very popular activation function is the Softmax function. The Softmax outputs probability of
the result belonging to a certain set of classes. It is akin to a categorization logic at the end of a
neural network. For example, it may be used at the end of a neural network that is trying to
determine if the image of a moving object contains an animal, a car, or an airplane.
In probability theory, the output of the Softmax function represents a probability distribution over K
different outcomes.
In Softmax, the probability of a particular sample with net input z belonging to the ith class can be
computed with a normalization term in the denominator, that is, the sum of all M linear functions:
For example, if we take an input of [1,2,3,4,1,2,3], the Softmax of that is [0.024, 0.064, 0.175, 0.475,
0.024, 0.064, 0.175]. The output has most of its weight if the original input is '4’ This function is
normally used for:
This code implements the softmax formula and prints the probability of belonging to one of the
three classes. The sum of probabilities across all classes is 1.
Hyperbolic Functions
1. Hyperbolic Tangent
Hyperbolic or tanh function is often used in neural networks as an activation function. It provides
output between -1 and +1. This is an extension of logistic sigmoid; the difference is that output
stretches between -1 and +1 here.
Th d t f th h b li t t th l i ti f ti i th t it h b d t t
The advantage of the hyperbolic tangent over the logistic function is that it has a broader output
spectrum and ranges in the open interval (-1, 1), which can improve the convergence of the
backpropagation algorithm.
Apart from these, tanh, sinh, and cosh can also be used for activation function.
Based on the desired output, a data scientist can decide which of these activation functions need to
be used in the Perceptron logic.
3. Hyperbolic Tangent
This code implements the tanh formula. Then it calls both logistic and tanh functions on the z value.
The tanh function has two times larger output space than the logistic function.
With larger output space and symmetry around zero, the tanh function leads to the more even
handling of data, and it is easier to arrive at the global maxima in the loss function.
Various activation functions that can be used with Perceptron are shown below:
The activation function to be used is a subjective decision taken by the data scientist, based on the
problem statement and the form of the desired results. If the learning process is slow or has
vanishing or exploding gradients, the data scientist may try to change the activation function to see
if these problems can be resolved.
Future of Perceptron
With the increasing popularity and usage of Machine Learning, the future of Perceptron seems
significant and prospectus. It helps to interpret data by building innate patterns and applying them
shortly. Coding is continuously evolving in this era, and the end of perceptron technology will
continue to support and facilitate analytical behavior in machines that will add further efficiency to
modern computers.
Summary
A Perceptron is a neural network unit that does certain computations to detect features or
business intelligence in the input data. It is a function that maps its input “x,” which is multiplied
by the learned weight coefficient, and generates an output value ”f(x).
”Perceptron Learning Rule states that the algorithm would automatically learn the optimal weight
coefficients.
Multilayer Perceptron or feedforward neural network with two or more layers have the greater
processing power and can process non-linear patterns as well.
In the preceding discussion, we learned about the Perceptron models, the simplest type of artificial
neural network that carries input and their weights, the sum of all weighted information, and an
activation function. All the Perceptron models are continuously contributing to AIML. Perceptron
models help the computer to work more efficiently on complex problems using Machine Learning
technologies. These are the basics of artificial neural networks, and everyone should know such
models to study in-depth neural networks.
With this, we have come to the end of this tutorial on Perceptron, which is one of the most essential
concept of AI. This is one of the commonly asked topics in the Deep Learning interview questions.
However if you wish to master AI, enroll in Simplilearn's AI Course and become an AI engineer, and
open job avenues like never before!
Mayank Banoula
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