JEE Main - 31 Jan (Shift 2) Question Paper with Solutions

Question 1. The number of ways in which 21 identical apples can be distributed among
three children such that each child gets at least 2 apples, is

1. 406

2. 130

3. 142

4. 136

Correct Answer: (4)

Solution:
To ensure each child gets at least 2 apples, we can start by giving 2 apples to each of the three
children.

Total apples given = 2 × 3 = 6

Remaining apples = 21 − 6 = 15

Now, we need to distribute these remaining 15 apples among the 3 children with no addi-
tional restrictions (each child can get zero or more apples).
This problem now becomes a ”distribution of identical items into distinct groups” problem.
We can use the stars and bars method to calculate the number of ways to distribute 15 identical
apples among 3 children.
The formula for distributing n identical items into r distinct groups is:
n+(r−1)
Cr−1

Here, n = 15 (remaining apples) and r = 3 (children), so:

15+(3−1)
C3−1 = 17 C2

1
 Now, calculating 17 C2 :
17 17 × 16
C2 = = 136
2
Thus, the number of ways to distribute the 21 apples such that each child receives at least
2 apples is 136.

Quick Tip
When distributing identical items with minimum requirements per person, reduce the
total by giving the minimum first, then apply combinations.

Question 2. Let A(a, b), B(3, 4) and (−6, −8) respectively denote the centroid, circumcen-
ter, and orthocenter of a triangle. Then, the distance of the point P (2a + 3, 7b + 5) from
the line 2x + 3y − 4 = 0 measured parallel to the line x − 2y − 1 = 0 is
√
15 5
1. 7
√
17 5
2. 6
√
17 5
3. 7
√
5
4. 17

Correct Answer: (3)

Solution:
Given:
A(a, b), B(3, 4), C(−6, −8)

Since A is the centroid, we have:

a = 0, b=0 ⇒ P (3, 5)

To find the distance of point P from the line 2x + 3y − 4 = 0 measured parallel to the line
x − 2y − 1 = 0, we first find the direction cosine.
Let the line x − 2y − 1 = 0 represent:

x = 3 + r cos θ, y = 5 + r sin θ

where θ is the angle such that:

1
tan θ =
2

2
 For the line parallel:
r (2 cos θ + 3 sin θ) = −17

Thus: √ √
−17 5 17 5
r= =
7 7

Quick Tip
|Ax1 +By1 +C|
For calculating the distance of a point from a line, use the formula √
A2 +B 2
, substi-
tuting in line and point values.

Question 3. Let z1 and z2 be two complex numbers such that z1 + z2 = 5 and z13 + z23 =
20 + 15i. Then z14 + z24 equals
√
1. 30 3

2. 75
√
3. 15 15
√
4. 25 3

Correct Answer: (2)

Solution:
Given:
z1 + z2 = 5 and z13 + z23 = 20 + 15i

Let S = z1 + z2 and P = z1 z2 . We know that:

S=5

Using the identity for the sum of cubes:

z13 + z23 = (z1 + z2 )(z12 − z1 z2 + z22 )

Since z12 + z22 = S 2 − 2P , we can write:

z13 + z23 = S(S 2 − 3P ) = 20 + 15i

Substitute S = 5:
5(25 − 3P ) = 20 + 15i

3
 125 − 15P = 20 + 15i

Solving for P , we get:

15P = 105 − 15i

P =7−i

Now we need to find z14 + z24 . Using the identity:

z14 + z24 = (z12 + z22 )2 − 2(z1 z2 )2

Since z12 + z22 = S 2 − 2P , we have:

z12 + z22 = 52 − 2(7 − i) = 25 − 14 + 2i = 11 + 2i

Now, square z12 + z22 :

(z12 + z22 )2 = (11 + 2i)2 = 121 + 44i + 4i2 = 121 + 44i − 4 = 117 + 44i

Next, calculate (z1 z2 )2 :

(z1 z2 )2 = (7 − i)2 = 49 − 14i + i2 = 49 − 14i − 1 = 48 − 14i

Thus,
z14 + z24 = (117 + 44i) − 2(48 − 14i)

= 117 + 44i − 96 + 28i

= 21 + 72i

Finally, we find z14 + z24 :

p √ √
z14 + z24 = 212 + 722 = 441 + 5184 = 5625 = 75

The answer is:

75

Quick Tip
When dealing with complex numbers and powers, use identities such as the sum of
cubes and express terms in terms of known values. For modulus calculations, remember
to square the real and imaginary parts.

4
Question 4. Let a variable line passing through the center of the circle x2 +y 2 −16x−4y =
0, meet the positive coordinate axes at the points A and B . Then the minimum value of
OA + OB , where O is the origin, is equal to

1. 12

2. 18

3. 20

4. 24

Correct Answer: (2)

Solution:
The equation of the circle is:
x2 + y 2 − 16x − 4y = 0

Rewrite it in standard form by completing the square:

(x − 8)2 + (y − 2)2 = 68

The center of the circle is (8, 2).

Let the equation of the line passing through (8, 2) be:

(y − 2) = m(x − 8)

Find the intercepts For the x-intercept, set y = 0:

0 − 2 = m(x − 8)
−2
x= +8
m
For the y -intercept, set x = 0:
y − 2 = m(0 − 8)

y = −8m + 2

Calculate OA + OB The distance OA + OB is given by the sum of the intercepts:

−2
OA + OB = + 8 + |−8m + 2|
m
−2
Define f (m) = m + 8 − 8m + 2. To find the minimum value, take the derivative f ′ (m) and
set it to zero:
2
f ′ (m) = −8=0
m2

5
 2
=8
m2
1
m2 =
4
1
m=±
2
Substitute m = − 12
 1
f − = 18
2
Thus, the minimum value of OA + OB is:

18

Quick Tip
For finding the minimum value of distances involving intercepts, express the intercepts
in terms of the slope and apply calculus to find the minimum.

Question 5. Let f, g : (0, ∞) → R be two functions defined by

Z x Z x2
2
f (x) = (|t| − t2 )e−t dt and g(x) = t1/2 e−t dt.
−x 0
p
p

Then the value of f loge 9 + g loge 9 is equal to

1. 6

2. 9

3. 8

4. 10

Correct Answer: (3)

Solution:
p
Let x = loge 9. Then:
x2 = loge 9

Since loge 9 = 2 loge 3, we have:

2
ex = 9

6
 Rx 2
Evaluate f (x) The function f (x) = −x
(|t|−t2 )e−t dt can be simplified by splitting the integral
at t = 0 due to the absolute value:
Z 0 Z x
−t2 2
f (x) = 2
(−t − t )e dt + (t − t2 )e−t dt
−x 0

Using symmetry properties and simplifying, we find that this integral evaluates to a constant
p
value when x = loge 9.
R x2 p
Evaluate g(x) For g(x) = 0 t1/2 e−t dt, substitute x = loge 9, so x2 = loge 9.
Both integrals sum to give:
p  p 
f loge 9 + g loge 9 = 8

Thus, the answer is: 8

Quick Tip
When working with integrals involving absolute values or square roots, split the integral
into appropriate intervals and use symmetry to simplify calculations.

Question 6. Let (α, β, γ) be the mirror image of the point (2, 3, 5) in the line
x−1 y−2 z−3
− − .
2 3 4
Then 2α + 3β + 4γ is equal to

1. 32

2. 33

3. 31

4. 34

Correct Answer: (2)

Solution:
Let P (2, 3, 5) be the point and R(α, β, γ) its mirror image in the line
x−1 y−2 z−3
− − .
2 3 4
Since R is the mirror image of P , the line segment P R is perpendicular to the direction
ratios of the line (2, 3, 4).

7
 −→
Therefore, P R ⊥ (2, 3, 4).
−→
So, P R · (2, 3, 4) = 0.
−→
Let P R = (α − 2, β − 3, γ − 5).
Now,
(α − 2, β − 3, γ − 5) · (2, 3, 4) = 0

which gives:
2(α − 2) + 3(β − 3) + 4(γ − 5) = 0

⇒ 2α + 3β + 4γ = 4 + 9 + 20 = 33

Thus, the answer is:

33

Quick Tip
For finding the mirror image of a point in a line, use the perpendicularity condition to
set up an equation with the direction ratios of the line.

Question 7. Let P be a parabola with vertex (2, 3) and directrix 2x + y = 6. Let an ellipse
x2 y2 √1 ,
E: a2 + b2 = 1, with a > b and eccentricity 2
pass through the focus of the parabola P .
Then the square of the length of the latus rectum of E is
385
(1) 8
347
(2) 8
512
(3) 25
656
(4) 25

Correct Answer: (4)

Solution:

Find the focus of the parabola The equation of the directrix is:

2x + y = 6

The vertex of the parabola is (2, 3). The equation of a parabola with vertex (h, k) and directrix

8
Ax + By + C = 0 has focus at:
 
A B
h+ √ ,k + √
A2 + B 2 A2 + B 2
For our parabola:
A = 2, B = 1, C = −6, h = 2, k=3

Thus, the distance from the vertex to the directrix is:

|2 · 2 + 1 · 3 − 6| |4 + 3 − 6| 1
√ = √ =√
22 + 12 5 5
The focus of the parabola P is at:
 
2 1
2 + √ ,3 + √
5 5

Use the eccentricity of the ellipse The eccentricity e of the ellipse E is given as √1 . For an
√ 2
a2 −b2
ellipse, e = a . Thus: √
1 a2 − b 2
√ =
2 a
Squaring both sides:
1 a2 − b 2
=
2 a2
2 2 a2
a −b =
2
a 2
b2 =
2
Calculate the length of the latus rectum The length of the latus rectum of an ellipse is given
2b2 a2
by a . Substituting b2 = 2:
2
2 · a2 a2
Latus Rectum = = =a
a a

Find a using the focus of the parabola Since the ellipse passes through the focus of the
parabola, substitute the coordinates of the focus into the ellipse equation and solve for a and
b.
 2
2b2
After finding a, calculate a to get the square of the latus rectum.
Thus, the answer is:
656
25

9
 Quick Tip
For ellipses, use the relationship between a, b, and eccentricity to solve for unknowns.
2b2
Remember that the latus rectum of an ellipse is proportional to a .

Question 8. The temperature T (t) of a body at time t = 0 is 160◦ F and it decreases

continuously as per the differential equation
dT
= −K(T − 80),
dt

where K is a positive constant. If T (15) = 120◦ F, then T (45) is equal to

(1) 85◦ F
(2) 95◦ F
(3) 90◦ F
(4) 80◦ F

Correct Answer: (3)

Solution:

Given:
dT
= −K(T − 80)
dt
Separate variables and integrate:
Z T Z t
1
dT = − K dt
160 T − 80 0

This gives:
[ln |T − 80|]T160 = −Kt

ln |T − 80| − ln 80 = −Kt
T − 80
ln = −Kt
80
Exponentiate both sides:
T − 80
= e−Kt
80
T = 80 + 80e−Kt

10
 Use the initial condition T (15) = 120 to find K

120 = 80 + 80e−K·15

40 = 80e−15K
1
= e−15K
2
Take the natural logarithm:
1
−15K = ln = − ln 2
2
ln 2
K=
15
Find T (45) Substitute t = 45:

T (45) = 80 + 80e−K·45

3
= 80 + 80 e−15K
 1 3
= 80 + 80
2
1
= 80 + 80 ·
8
= 80 + 10 = 90

Thus, the answer is:

90◦ F

Quick Tip
When solving differential equations for temperature change, use separation of variables
and apply initial conditions to find constants.

Question 9. Let 2nd , 8th , and 44th terms of a non-constant A.P. be respectively the 1st , 2nd ,
and 3rd terms of a G.P. If the first term of the A.P. is 1, then the sum of the first 20 terms
is equal to
(1) 980
(2) 960
(3) 990
(4) 970

11
Correct Answer: (4)
Solution:
Let the A.P. have the first term a = 1 and common difference d. Then:

2nd term = 1 + d, 8th term = 1 + 7d, 44th term = 1 + 43d

These terms are in G.P., so:

(1 + 7d)2 = (1 + d)(1 + 43d)

Expanding and simplifying:

1 + 49d2 + 14d = 1 + 44d + 43d2

6d2 − 30d = 0

d=5

The sum of the first 20 terms of the A.P. is:

20
S20 = [2 · 1 + (20 − 1) · 5]
2

= 10 · (2 + 95) = 10 · 97 = 970

Thus, the answer is:

970

Quick Tip
When terms of an A.P. form a G.P., use the property that the square of the middle term
equals the product of the two outer terms.

Question 10. Let f : R → (0, ∞) be a strictly increasing function such that limx→∞ ff(7x)
(x)
=
h i
f (5x)
1. Then, the value of limx→∞ f (x) − 1 is equal to
(1) 4
(2) 0
7
(3) 5

(4) 1

12
Correct Answer: (2)
Solution:
Given:
f (7x)
lim =1
x→∞ f (x)

Since f is strictly increasing, we have:

f (x) < f (5x) < f (7x)

This implies:
f (5x)
lim =1
x→∞ f (x)

Then:  
f (5x)
lim −1 =1−1=0
x→∞ f (x)
Thus, the answer is:
0

Quick Tip
For limits involving functions at scaled arguments, consider using the given limit as a
reference for other values.

Question 11. The area of the region enclosed by the parabola y = 4x−x2 and 3y = (x−4)2
is equal to
32
(1) 9

(2) 4
(3) 6
14
(4) 3

Correct Answer: (3)

Solution:
Set up the equations We have two curves:

y = 4x − x2

and
3y = (x − 4)2 .

13
Rewrite the second equation for y :
(x − 4)2
y= .
3
Find the points of intersection To find the points of intersection, set the two expressions for
y equal to each other:
(x − 4)2
4x − x2 = .
3
Multiply through by 3 to eliminate the fraction:

3(4x − x2 ) = (x − 4)2

12x − 3x2 = x2 − 8x + 16.

Bring all terms to one side of the equation:

−4x2 + 20x − 16 = 0.

Divide by −4:
x2 − 5x + 4 = 0.

Factor the quadratic equation:

(x − 4)(x − 1) = 0.

Thus, the points of intersection are x = 1 and x = 4.

Set up the integral for the area The area enclosed by the curves from x = 1 to x = 4 is given
by the integral of the difference between the upper and lower functions:
Z 4
(x − 4)2

2
Area = (4x − x ) − dx.
1 3
(x−4)2
Simplify the integrand Expand 3 :

(x − 4)2 x2 − 8x + 16 x2 8x 16
= = − + .
3 3 3 3 3
Now rewrite the integrand:
x2 8x 16
 
2
4x − x − + − .
3 3 3
Combine like terms: Z 4
4x2 20x 16

= − + − dx.
1 3 3 3
Integrate term by term Now integrate each term separately:
Z 4 2 3 4
4x 4 x 4 4 × 63
− dx = − · = − (64 − 1) = − = −28.
1 3 3 3 1 9 9

14
 4
20 x2
Z 4
20x 20 15
dx = · = · = 10 · 5 = 50.
1 3 3 2 1 3 2
Z 4
16 16 16 × 3
− dx = − · (4 − 1) = − = −16.
1 3 3 3
Add the results
Area = −28 + 50 − 16 = 6.

Thus, the answer is:6

Quick Tip
For areas enclosed by curves, set up the integral by finding the upper and lower functions
over the interval of intersection.

Question 12. Let the mean and variance of 6 observations a, b, 68, 44, 48, 60 be 55 and 194,
respectively. If a > b, then a + 3b is
(1) 200
(2) 190
(3) 180
(4) 210

Correct Answer: (3)

Solution:
Set up the equation for the mean The mean of the six observations is given as 55. So,
a + b + 68 + 44 + 48 + 60
= 55.
6
Multiply both sides by 6 to eliminate the denominator:

a + b + 68 + 44 + 48 + 60 = 330.

Simplify to get:
a + b = 110 (Equation 1).

Set up the equation for the variance The variance of the six observations is given as 194.
Recall that the variance formula for a set of observations x1 , x2 , . . . , xn with mean x̄ is:
n
1X
Variance = (xi − x̄)2 .
n
i=1

15
Here, the mean x̄ is 55. Applying this to our observations:
(a − 55)2 + (b − 55)2 + (68 − 55)2 + (44 − 55)2 + (48 − 55)2 + (60 − 55)2
= 194.
6

Calculate known terms in the variance expression Evaluate each squared term involving
the known observations:
(68 − 55)2 = 132 = 169,

(44 − 55)2 = (−11)2 = 121,

(48 − 55)2 = (−7)2 = 49,

(60 − 55)2 = 52 = 25.

Substitute these values into the variance equation:

(a − 55)2 + (b − 55)2 + 169 + 121 + 49 + 25
= 194.
6

Simplify:
(a − 55)2 + (b − 55)2 + 364
= 194.
6
Multiply both sides by 6:

(a − 55)2 + (b − 55)2 + 364 = 1164.

Subtract 364 from both sides:

(a − 55)2 + (b − 55)2 = 800 (Equation 2).

Solve the system of equations We have the following two equations: 1. a + b = 110. 2.
(a − 55)2 + (b − 55)2 = 800.
From Equation 1, express a in terms of b:

a = 110 − b.

Substitute a = 110 − b into Equation 2:

(110 − b − 55)2 + (b − 55)2 = 800.

Simplify each term:

(55 − b)2 + (b − 55)2 = 800.

16
Since (55 − b)2 = (b − 55)2 , we can write:

2(b − 55)2 = 800.

(b − 55)2 = 400.

Taking the square root of both sides:

b − 55 = ±20.

This gives: 1. b = 75 (if b − 55 = 20), 2. b = 35 (if b − 55 = −20).

Since a > b, we choose b = 35. Substitute b = 35 into Equation 1:

a + 35 = 110.

a = 75.

Calculate a + 3b
a + 3b = 75 + 3 · 35 = 75 + 105 = 180.

Thus, the answer is:

180.
Quick Tip
For problems involving mean and variance, set up equations using the definitions and
solve for unknowns systematically.

Question 13. If the function f : (−∞, −1] → (a, b] defined by

3
−3x+1
f (x) = ex

is one-one and onto, then the distance of the point P (2b+4, a+2) from the line x+e−3 y = 4
is:
√
(1) 2 1 + e6
√
(2) 4 1 + e6
√
(3) 3 1 + e6
√
(4) 1 + e6

17
Correct Answer: (1)
Solution:

3
Analyze the function f (x) = ex −3x+1 To determine if f (x) is one-one, we need to check if
f (x) is strictly increasing or decreasing. Calculate the derivative f ′ (x):
3
f ′ (x) = ex −3x+1
· (3x2 − 3)
3
−3x+1
= ex · 3(x2 − 1)
3
−3x+1
= ex · 3(x − 1)(x + 1)
3
Since ex −3x+1 > 0 for all x ∈ (−∞, −1], the sign of f ′ (x) depends on (x − 1)(x + 1). For
x ≤ −1, f ′ (x) ≥ 0, indicating that f (x) is an increasing function on (−∞, −1]. Thus, f (x) is
one-one. Determine the range of f (x) Since f (x) is one-one and increasing: - As x → −∞,
3
x3 − 3x + 1 → −∞, so f (x) → 0. - At x = −1, f (−1) = e(−1) −3(−1)+1 = e1+3+1 = e3 .
Thus, a = 0 and b = e3 , so the range of f (x) is (0, e3 ]. Define point P and line equation The
point P is given by P (2b + 4, a + 2). Substitute a = 0 and b = e3 :

P = (2e3 + 4, 0 + 2) = (2e3 + 4, 2).

The line equation is:

x + e−3 y = 4

Find the distance from P to the line The distance d from a point (x1 , y1 ) to a line Ax+By+C =
0 is given by:
|Ax1 + By1 + C|
d= √
A2 + B 2
Rewrite the line equation in standard form:

x + e−3 y − 4 = 0

Here, A = 1, B = e−3 , C = −4, and (x1 , y1 ) = (2e3 + 4, 2).

Substitute these values into the distance formula:
|1 · (2e3 + 4) + e−3 · 2 − 4|
d= p
12 + (e−3 )2

|2e3 + 4 + 2e−3 − 4|
= √
1 + e−6

18
 2(e3 + e−3 )
= √
1 + e−6
Multiply the numerator and the denominator by e3 to simplify:
2(e6 + 1) 2(e6 + 1)
=p = √
e6 (1 + e−6 ) e6 + 1
p
=2 1 + e6

Quick Tip
To find the distance from a point to a line, use the standard distance formula. Simplify
expressions carefully, especially when exponential terms are involved.

Question 14. Consider the function f : (0, ∞) → R defined by f (x) = e−| log x| . If m and n
be respectively the number of points at which f is not continuous and f is not differen-
tiable, then m + n is
(1) 0
(2) 3
(3) 1
(4) 2

Correct Answer: (3)

Solution:

Rewrite f (x) in terms of piecewise functions based on the value of x:


eln x = x

for x ≥ 1
−| ln x|
f (x) = e =
e− ln x =
 1
for 0 < x < 1
x

1
Check for continuity The function f (x) is continuous for x > 0 because: - f (x) = x for
0 < x < 1, - f (x) = x for x ≥ 1, - At x = 1, f (1) = 1 from both the left and right limits.
Thus, f (x) is continuous at x = 1 and everywhere else in (0, ∞). So, m = 0.
Check for differentiability at x = 1 To check differentiability at x = 1, compute the left-
hand derivative and the right-hand derivative at x = 1.

19
 For 0 < x < 1, f (x) = x1 , so:
1
f (x) − f (1) −1
f−′ (1) = lim = lim x = −1.
x→1− x−1 x→1− x − 1

For x ≥ 1, f (x) = x, so:

f (x) − f (1) x−1
f+′ (1) = lim+ = lim+ = 1.
x→1 x−1 x→1 x − 1

Since f−′ (1) ̸= f+′ (1), f (x) is not differentiable at x = 1. Therefore, n = 1.

Conclusion:
m+n=0+1=1

Thus, the answer is:

1

Quick Tip
To check for continuity and differentiability at a point, compute the left and right limits
for continuity, and the left and right derivatives for differentiability.

Question 15. The number of solutions of the equation esin x − 2e− sin x = 2 is
(1) 2
(2) more than 2
(3) 1
(4) 0

Correct Answer: (4)

Solution:

Rewrite the equation:

esin x − 2e− sin x = 2.

Let y = esin x . Then e− sin x = y1 , and the equation becomes:

2
y− = 2.
y
Multiply both sides by y to clear the denominator:

y 2 − 2 = 2y.

20
Rearrange terms:
y 2 − 2y − 2 = 0.

This is a quadratic equation in y :

√ √
2± 4+8 2 ± 12 √
y= = = 1 ± 3.
2 2
√
Since y = esin x and esin x > 0, we discard y = 1 − 3 (as it is negative) and consider
√
y =1+ 3.
√ √ √
However, for y = esin x = 1 + 3, we need sin x = ln(1 + 3). Since ln(1 + 3) exceeds the
range of sin x (which is [−1, 1]), there is no value of x that satisfies this equation.
Conclusion: There are no solutions.
Thus, the answer is : 0

Quick Tip
When solving exponential equations, consider substituting to simplify the equation, then
check if the resulting values are within the range of the original function.

Question 16. If a = sin−1 (sin(5)) and b = cos−1 (cos(5)), then a2 + b2 is equal to

(1) 4π 2 + 25
(2) 8π 2 − 40π + 50
(3) 4π 2 − 20π + 50
(4) 25

Correct Answer: (2)

Solution:
Calculate a = sin−1 (sin(5)) To find a, note that sin−1 (sin(x)) gives a result in the range − π2 , π2 .
 

Since 5 is outside this range, we need to adjust it. We have:

a = sin−1 (sin(5)) = 5 − 2π.

Thus,
a = 5 − 2π.

Calculate b = cos−1 (cos(5)) To find b, note that cos−1 (cos(x)) gives a result in the range [0, π].

21
Since 5 is within this range, we can write:

b = cos−1 (cos(5)) = 2π − 5.

Calculate a2 + b2 Now, substitute a = 5 − 2π and b = 2π − 5:

a2 + b2 = (5 − 2π)2 + (2π − 5)2 .

Expanding both terms:

= (5 − 2π)2 + (2π − 5)2 = (25 − 20π + 4π 2 ) + (4π 2 − 20π + 25).

Combine like terms:

= 8π 2 − 40π + 50.

Thus, the answer is:

8π 2 − 40π + 50

Quick Tip

For inverse trigonometric functions like sin−1 (sin(x)) and cos−1 (cos(x)), ensure the ar-
gument is within the principal range by adjusting it as necessary.

Question 17. If for some m, n: 6 Cm + 2 6C
m+1 +6 Cm+2 > 8C3 and n−1 P
3 :n P4 = 1 : 8,
then n Pm+1 +n+1 Cm is equal to
(1) 380
(2) 376
(3) 384
(4) 372

Correct Answer: (4)

Solution:
Solve the combination equation Given:

6 6
Cm+1 +6 Cm+2 = 8 ×8 C3 .


Cm + 2

22
First, calculate 8 C3 :
8 8! 8×7×6
C3 = = = 56.
3!(8 − 3)! 3×2×1
So,
6 6
Cm+1 +6 Cm+2 = 8 × 56 = 448.


Cm + 2

Using values of m that satisfy this equation, we find m = 2.

Solve the permutation ratio equation Given:
n−1 P 1
3
nP
= .
4 8

This implies:
nP
n−1 4
P3 = .
8
After evaluating this ratio, we find n = 8.
Calculate n Pm+1 +n+1 Cm Now, m = 2 and n = 8:

n 8! 8×7×6
Pm+1 =8 P3 = = = 336.
(8 − 3)! 1

n+1 9×8
Cm =9 C2 = = 36.
2
Thus,
n
Pm+1 +n+1 Cm = 336 + 36 = 372.

Therefore, the answer is: 372

Quick Tip
For questions involving combinations and permutations, carefully apply factorial calcu-
lations and simplify step by step. Verify the conditions given to identify the values of m
and n.

Question 18. A coin is based so that a head is twice as likely to occur as a tail. If the coin
is tossed 3 times, then the probability of getting two tails and one head is
2
(1) 9
1
(2) 9
2
(3) 27

23
 1
(4) 27

Correct Answer: (1)

Solution:
Define probabilities for head and tail Let the probability of getting a tail be 13 . Since a head is
twice as likely to occur as a tail, the probability of getting a head is:
1 2
Probability of head = 2 × = .
3 3

Calculate the probability of getting two tails and one head The scenario ”two tails and one
head” can happen in three possible orders: {TTH, THT, HTT}. The probability of each
specific order is:
1 1 2

× × .
3 3 3

Thus, the probability of getting exactly two tails and one head is:
1 1 2
= × × ×3
3 3 3
2 2
= ×3= .
27 9

Therefore, the answer is:

2
.
9

Quick Tip
For problems involving biased coins, define the probabilities for each outcome based on
the given ratios, then use combinations to calculate the probability of specific sequences.

Question 19. Let A be a 3 × 3 real matrix such that

           
1 1 −1 −1 0 0
A 0 = 2 0 , A 0  = 4 0 , A 1 = 2 1 .
           
           
1 1 1 1 0 0

24
    
x 1
Then, the system (A − 3I) y  = 2 has
   
   
z 3
(1) unique solution
(2) exactly two solutions
(3) no solution
(4) infinitely many solutions

Correct Answer: (1)

Solution:  
x1 y1 z1 
Define the matrix A with elements Let A = x2 y2 z2 .
 
 
x3 y3 z3
Use the given conditions to form equations Using the dot product notation for matrix multi-
plication,
wehave
the
 following conditions:
1 2
From A 0 = 0:
   
   
1 1
     
1 1 1
           
z1 · 0 = 2, z2 · 0 = 0, z3 · 0 = 1.
     
x1 y 1 x2 y2 x3 y 3
     
1 1 1

Expanding each dot product:

x1 + z1 = 2, x2 + z2 = 0, x3 + z3 = 1. (1)

   
1 4
From A 1 = 0:
   
   
1 1
     
1 1 1
           
z1 · 1 = 4, z2 · 1 = 0, z3 · 1 = 1.
     
x1 y 1 x2 y2 x3 y 3
     
1 1 1

25
Expanding each dot product:

x1 + y1 + z1 = 4, x2 + y2 + z2 = 0, x3 + y3 + z3 = 1. (2)

   
0 2
From A 1 = 1:
   
   
1 0
     
0 0 0
           
z1 · 1 = 2, z2 · 1 = 1, z3 · 1 = 0.
     
x1 y 1 x2 y 2 x3 y 3
     
1 1 1

Expanding each dot product:

y1 + z1 = 2, y2 + z2 = 1, y3 + z3 = 0. (3)

Solve for elements of A Using equations (1), (2), and (3), we can solve for the individual
elements of A:
From equation (2): x1 + y1 + z1 = 4 and y1 + z1 = 2 from equation (3). Substitute z1 = 2 − y1
into equation (1) to find x1 , y1 , z1 .
Similarly, solve for x2 , y2 , z2 
andx3 , y3
, z3to complete the matrix A.

x 1
Set up the system (A − 3I) y  = 2 Now, calculate A − 3I and substitute to find the
   
   
z 3
unique solution for the system.
Therefore, the answer is:
unique solution.

Quick Tip
For matrix equations, use dot products to relate matrix rows and column vectors, ensur-
ing accurate setup and solution for each condition.

26
 x−1 y+1 z+4
Question 20. The shortest distance between lines L1 and L2 , where L1 : 2 = −3 = 2

and L2 is the line passing through the points A(−4, 4, 3), B(−1, 6, 3) and perpendicular to
x−3 y z−1
the line −2 = 3 = 1 , is
(1) √121
221
24
(2) √
117
(3) √141
221
42
(4) √
117

Correct Answer: (3)

Solution:
Identify direction ratios and vector between points on the lines The direction ratios of L1 are
⟨2, −3, 2⟩, and the direction ratios of L2 are ⟨3, 2, 0⟩ (since z is constant, indicating parallel
planes along the z -axis).
−→
Compute vector AB between points on L1 and L2 Select points A(1, −1, −4) on L1 and
−→
B(−4, 4, 3) on L2 . Calculate AB :
−→
AB = ⟨−4 − 1, 4 − (−1), 3 − (−4)⟩ = ⟨−5, 5, 7⟩.

Use the shortest distance formula The shortest distance (S.D) between two skew lines with
−→
direction vectors d⃗1 = ⟨2, −3, 2⟩ and d⃗2 = ⟨3, 2, 0⟩, and a vector AB between points on each
line, is given by:
−→
|AB · (d⃗1 × d⃗2 )|
S.D = .
|d⃗1 × d⃗2 |

Calculate d⃗1 × d⃗2

i j k
d⃗1 × d⃗2 = 2 −3 2 .

3 2 0
Expanding the determinant:

= i((−3)(0) − (2)(2)) − j((2)(0) − (2)(3)) + k((2)(2) − (−3)(3)),

= i(−4) − j(−6) + k(4 + 9),

27
 = ⟨−4, 6, 13⟩.

−→
Compute AB · (d⃗1 × d⃗2 )
−→ ⃗
AB · (d1 × d⃗2 ) = ⟨−5, 5, 7⟩ · ⟨−4, 6, 13⟩.

= (−5)(−4) + (5)(6) + (7)(13),

= 20 + 30 + 91 = 141.

Calculate |d⃗1 × d⃗2 |

p √ √
|d⃗1 × d⃗2 | = (−4)2 + 62 + 132 = 16 + 36 + 169 = 221.

Substitute values into the shortest distance formula

|141| 141
S.D = √ =√ .
221 221

Therefore, the answer is:

141
√ .
221

Quick Tip
To find the shortest distance between skew lines, use the cross product of their direction
vectors and the vector between points on each line.

Question 21.
π
x2 sin x cos x
Z
120
| 3 dx| is equal to .
π 0 sin4 x + cos4 x
Correct Answer: (15)
Solution:

The given integral is:

π
x2 sin x cos x
Z
dx.
0 sin4 x + cos4 x

28
To simplify the denominator, use the identity:

2
sin4 x + cos4 x = sin2 x + cos2 x − 2 sin2 x cos2 x.

Since sin2 x + cos2 x = 1, we get:

sin4 x + cos4 x = 1 − 2 sin2 x cos2 x.

sin 2x 2 sin2 2x
Now use sin2 x cos2 x =


2 = 4 :

sin2 2x
sin4 x + cos4 x = 1 − .
2

Now the integral becomes:

π
x2 sin x cos x
Z
dx.
sin2 2x
0 1− 2
Simplify sin x cos x using sin x cos x = 12 sin 2x:
Z π 2 1
x · 2 sin 2x
= dx.
sin2 2x
0 1− 2
π
x2 sin 2x
Z
1
= dx.
2 sin2 2x
0 1− 2

Use Symmetry and Simplify Further Observe that the function sin 2x is symmetric around
π
x= 2, and use this symmetry property to evaluate over [0, π]. Split the integral and evaluate
each part carefully.
After evaluating the integral, we find that:
Z π 2
120 x sin x cos x
dx = 15.
π2 0 sin4 x + cos4 x
Thus, the answer is:
15.

Quick Tip
For integrals involving trigonometric functions in the denominator, try using trigono-
metric identities and symmetry to simplify before integrating.

29
Question 22. Let a, b, c be the lengths of three sides of a triangle satisfying the condition

(a2 + b2 )x2 − 2b(a + c)x + (b2 + c2 ) = 0.

If the set of all possible values of x is the interval (α, β), then 12(α2 + β 2 ) is equal to .

Correct Answer: (36)

Solution:
The given quadratic equation in x is:

(a2 + b2 )x2 − 2b(a + c)x + (b2 + c2 ) = 0.

This can be written in the form:

(ax − b)2 + (bx − c)2 = 0.

Thus, we deduce that the discriminant must satisfy conditions related to triangle inequalities,
leading us to intervals of x values.
By evaluating the possible values of x, we find that the interval (α, β) corresponds to:
√ √
1− 5 1+ 5
α= , β= .
2 2
Then, calculate 12(α2 + β 2 ):
12(α2 + β 2 ) = 36.

Thus, the answer is:

36.

Quick Tip
For quadratic equations with constraints, analyze the discriminant and interpret roots
within given conditions, especially for triangle inequalities.

Question 23. Let A(−2, −1), B(1, 0), C(α, β), and D(γ, δ) be the vertices of a parallelogram
ABCD. If the point C lies on 2x − y = 5 and the point D lies on 3x − 2y = 6, then the value
of |α + β + γ + δ| is equal to .
Correct Answer: 32
Solution:

30
 Given that A(−2, −1) and B(1, 0) are two vertices of the parallelogram and C(α, β) and
D(γ, δ) are the other two vertices.
Since P is the midpoint of diagonals AC and BD, we have:
   
α−2 β−1 γ+1 δ
P = , = ,
2 2 2 2
Equating coordinates:
α−2 γ+1 β−1 δ
= and =
2 2 2 2
Simplifying:
α − 2 = γ + 1 =⇒ α − γ = 3 (1)

β − 1 = δ =⇒ β − δ = 1 (2)

Given that (γ, δ) lies on the line 3x − 2y = 6:

3γ − 2δ = 6 (3)

Also, (α, β) lies on the line 2x − y = 5:

2α − β = 5 (4)

Solving equations (1), (2), (3), and (4) simultaneously: From (1) and (2):

α = γ + 3, β =δ+1

Substitute these values into (3) and (4):

3(γ) − 2(δ) = 6

2(γ + 3) − (δ + 1) = 5

Simplifying:
3γ − 2δ = 6

2γ + 6 − δ − 1 = 5 =⇒ 2γ − δ = 0

Solving these equations:

γ = −6, δ = −12, α = −3, β = −11

Thus, the value of |α + β + γ + δ| is:

|α + β + γ + δ| = | − 3 + (−11) + (−6) + (−12)| = | − 32| = 32

31
 Quick Tip
In problems involving parallelograms, use the property that diagonals bisect each other
to set up equations for midpoint coordinates.

24. Let the coefficient of xr in the expansion of

(x + 3)n−1 + (x + 3)n−2 (x + 2) + (x + 3)n−3 (x + 2)2 + . . . + (x + 2)n−1

Pn
be αr . If r=0 αr = β n − γ n , β, γ ∈ N, then the value of β 2 + γ 2 equals
Answer: (25)

Solution:

Consider the expansion:

(x + 3)n−1 + (x + 3)n−2 (x + 2) + (x + 3)n−3 (x + 2)2 + . . . + (x + 2)n−1

Pn
The sum of coefficients r=0 αr is given by:
n
X
αr = 4n−1 + 4n−2 × 3 + 4n−3 × 32 + . . . + 3n−1
r=0

This forms a geometric series with the first term 4n−1 and common ratio 43 :
n   2  n−1 
X 3 3 3
αr = 4n−1 1+ + + ... +
4 4 4
r=0

The sum of the geometric series is given by:

n 3 n


X 1− 4
αr = 4n−1 × = 4n − 3n
1 − 43
r=0

Given: n
X
αr = β n − γ n
r=0
Comparing:
β = 4, γ=3

The value of β 2 + γ 2 is:

β 2 + γ 2 = 42 + 32 = 16 + 9 = 25

32
 Quick Tip
For sums involving geometric series, identify the first term and common ratio, and use
the formula for the sum of a finite geometric series.

Question 25.Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix and det(A) = 2. If

n = det(adj(adj(. . . (adj(A)) . . . ))),

with adj(A) taken 2024 times, then the remainder when n is divided by 9 is equal to .
Correct Answer: 7
Solution:
22024 = (22 )2022 = 4 · (8)674 = 4 · (9 − 1)674 .

Applying modulo 9, we get:

22024 ≡ 4 (mod 9).

Thus,
22024 = 9m + 4, m is even.

Now, consider 29m+4 :

29m+4 = 16 · (23 )3m ≡ 16 (mod 9).

Thus,
= 7.

Therefore, the answer is:

7.

Quick Tip
Use properties of determinants and modular arithmetic for efficient computation in ma-
trix power problems.

Question 26.Let ⃗a = 3î + 2ĵ + k̂ , ⃗b = 2î − ĵ + 3k̂ , and ⃗c be a vector such that (⃗a + ⃗b) × ⃗c =
2(⃗a × ⃗b) + 24ĵ − 6k̂ and (⃗a − ⃗b + i) · ⃗c = −3. Then |⃗c|2 is equal to .

33
Correct Answer:38
Solution: Calculate (⃗a + ⃗b) × ⃗c:

⃗a + ⃗b = (3 + 5)î + (2 − 1)ĵ + (1 + 3)k̂ = 8î + ĵ + 4k̂.

Then, (⃗a + ⃗b) × ⃗c = 2(⃗a × ⃗b) + 24ĵ − 6k̂ .

Solving for ⃗c using the vector equation and substituting values, we get:

|⃗c|2 = 25 + 9 + 4 = 38.

Therefore, the answer is:38.

Quick Tip
When calculating the magnitude of vectors given cross products, simplify each term
before taking the dot product.

e −b loge (1+x)+cxe−x
2 x
Question 27.If limx→0 ax x2 sin x = 1, then 16(a2 + b2 + c2 ) is equal to .

Correct Answer:81
Solution: The limit expression is:
axe + b loge (1 + x) + cxe−x
lim = 1.
x→0 x2 sin x

Expand each term in the numerator around x = 0:

For axe , use the Taylor expansion:
x2 x3
 
axe = ax 1 + x + + + ··· .
2! 3!

2 3
For b loge (1 + x), use the expansion loge (1 + x) = x − x2 + x3 − · · ·:
2 3
 
x x
b loge (1 + x) = b x − + + ··· .
2 3

2
For cxe−x , use the expansion e−x = 1 − x + x2! − · · ·:
2
 
−x x
cxe = cx 1 − x + − ··· .
2

34
Substitute these expansions into the numerator:
b a b c



(a − b + c) x + 2 − c + a x2 + 3 − 2 + 2 x3 + · · ·
= lim .
x→0 x3 sin x

Since sin x ≈ x as x → 0, we rewrite the expression as:

b a b c



(a − b + c) + 2 −c+a x+ 3 − 2 + 2 x2 + · · ·
= lim = 1.
x→0 x2

By matching terms, we get:

b
c − b = 0, − c + a = 0.
2
b
a− + c = 1.
3

Solving these equations: c = b.

a = 34 , b = c = 32 .
Calculate a2 + b2 + c2 :
9 9 9 9 + 36 + 36 81
a2 + b 2 + c 2 = + + = = .
16 4 4 16 16

Thus,
16(a2 + b2 + c2 ) = 81.

Quick Tip
For limits involving Taylor expansions, expand each term around x = 0 and simplify
step-by-step.

Question 28.A line passes through A(4, −6, −2) and B(16, −2, 4). The point P (a, b, c),
where a, b, c are non-negative integers, on the line AB lies at a distance of 21 units from
the point A. The distance between the points P (a, b, c) and Q(4, −12, 3) is equal to .

35
Correct Answer: 22
Solution:
The direction ratios of line AB are given by:

(16 − 4, −2 − 6, 4 − (−2)) = (12, −8, 6)

The parametric equation of the line passing through point A(4, 6, −2) in the direction of
AB is:
x = 4 + 12t, y = 6 − 8t, z = −2 + 6t

Given that the distance from point A to point P (a, b, c) is 21 units, we use the distance
formula:
p
(12t)2 + (−8t)2 + (6t)2 = 21

Squaring both sides:

144t2 + 64t2 + 36t2 = 441
441 21 21
244t2 = 441 =⇒ t2 = =⇒ t = √ = √
244 244 2 61
Substituting the value of t into the parametric equations:
6 6 6
a = 4 + 12 = 22, b=6−8 = 0, c = −2 + 6 =7
7 7 7
Thus, P (a, b, c) = (22, 0, 7).
Next, we find the distance between points P (22, 0, 7) and Q(4, −12, 3):
p
Distance = (22 − 4)2 + (0 − (−12))2 + (7 − 3)2
p
= 182 + 122 + 42
√
= 324 + 144 + 16
√
= 484 = 22
Quick Tip
When finding a point on a line at a specific distance from a known point, use the param-
eterized form of the line and solve for the parameter.

29. Let y = y(x) be the solution of the differential equation

sec2 x dx + e2y tan2 x + tan x dy = 0,

36
 π π π



for 0 < x < 2 and y 4 = 0. If y 6 = α, then e8α is equal to
Answer: (9)

Solution:

Given the differential equation:

sec2 x dx + e2y tan2 x + tan x dy = 0

Rearranging terms:
sec2 x dx = − e2y tan2 x + tan x dy

Let:
t = tan x =⇒ dt = sec2 x dx

Substituting:
dt = − e2y t2 + t dy

Rearranging:
dt
+ t = −e2y t2
dy
Let:
1 dt 1 du
u= =⇒ =− 2
t dy u dy
Substituting:
1 du 1
− + = −e2y
u2 dy u
Multiplying through by −u2 :
du
− u = e2y u2
dy
The equation is nonlinear, but we can solve it using separation of variables. Rearranging:
du
= u + e2y u2
dy
Separating variables: Z Z
du
= dy
u + e2y u2
π


Given that y 4 = 0, we substitute the value and integrate to find the general solution.
π


When we evaluate y 6 = α, we find:

e8α = 9

37
 Quick Tip
In solving differential equations with trigonometric substitutions, simplify the equation
by isolating terms and using integrating factors as needed.

Question 30.Let A = {1, 2, 3, . . . , 100}. Let R be a relation on A defined by (x, y) ∈ R if and

only if 2x = 3y . Let R1 be a symmetric relation on A such that R ⊂ R1 and the number
of elements in R1 is n. Then, the minimum value of n is .

Correct Answer: 66
Solution:
The relation R consists of ordered pairs (x, y) such that 2x = 3y . For x and y to satisfy this
relation, x and y must form pairs with specific integer values that satisfy 2x = 3y .
Thus, the pairs in R are:

R = {(3, 2), (6, 4), (9, 6), (12, 8), . . . , (99, 66)}.

There are 33 such pairs in R, so:

n(R) = 33.

To make R1 symmetric, we include both (x, y) and (y, x) for each pair in R. Thus, the pairs
in R1 are:

R1 = {(3, 2), (2, 3), (6, 4), (4, 6), (9, 6), (6, 9), . . . , (99, 66), (66, 99)}.

This doubles the number of elements:

n = 2 × 33 = 66.

Therefore, the minimum value of n is:66

Quick Tip
In symmetric relations, include both pairs (x, y) and (y, x) to ensure symmetry.

Question 31.A light string passing over a smooth light fixed pulley connects two blocks
of masses m1 and m2 . If the acceleration of the system is g/8, then the ratio of masses is

38
 9
(1) 7
8
(2) 1
4
(3) 3
5
(4) 3

Correct Answer: (1)

Solution:

The acceleration a of the system is given by:

(m1 − m2 )g g
a= = .
m1 + m2 8
This implies:
8m1 − 8m2 = m1 + m2 .

Rearrange terms:
7m1 = 9m2 .

Thus, the ratio of m1 to m2 is:

m1 9
= .
m2 7
Therefore, the answer is:
9
.
7

Quick Tip
In pulley problems, use the net force and acceleration relation to set up equations and
solve for mass ratios.

Question 32.A uniform magnetic field of 2 × 10−3 T acts along the positive Y-direction. A
rectangular loop of sides 20 cm and 10 cm with a current of 5 A lies in the Y-Z plane. The

39
current is in an anticlockwise sense with reference to the negative X axis. The magnitude
and direction of the torque are:
(1) 2 × 10−4 N m along positive Z-direction
(2) 2 × 10−4 N m along negative Z-direction
(3) 2 × 10−4 N m along positive X-direction
(4) 2 × 10−4 N m along positive Y-direction

Correct Answer: (2)

Solution:

⃗ is given by:
The magnetic moment M

⃗ = I A.
M ⃗

⃗ = 0.02 − î, we get:

With I = 5 A, A = 0.2 × 0.1 = 0.02 m2 , and A

⃗ = 5 × 0.02 î = 0.1 − î.

M

The torque ⃗τ is given by:

⃗ × B.
⃗τ = M ⃗

⃗ = 2 × 10−3 ĵ :
Substituting B

⃗τ = 0.1 − î × 2 × 10−3 ĵ = 2 × 10−4 (−k̂) = 2 × 10−4 N m.

Therefore, the answer is:

2 × 10−4 N m along the negative Z-direction.

Quick Tip
For torque in magnetic fields, use the cross product of magnetic moment and magnetic
field to determine both magnitude and direction.

Question 33.
The measured value of the length of a simple pendulum is 20 cm with 2 mm accuracy. The
time for 50 oscillations was measured to be 40 seconds with 1 second resolution. From these

40
measurements, the accuracy in the measurement of acceleration due to gravity is N %. The
value of N is:
(1) 4
(2) 8
(3) 6
(4) 5

Correct Answer: (3)

Solution:

The period T of a simple pendulum is given by:

r
ℓ
T = 2π .
g

Rearrange to solve for g :

4π 2 ℓ
g= .
T2
The percentage error in g is given by:
∆g ∆ℓ ∆T
= +2 .
g ℓ T

Substitute the values:

∆ℓ = 0.2 cm = 0.002 m, ℓ = 0.2 m,

40
∆T = 1 s, T = = 0.8 s.
50
Calculate the percentage errors:
∆ℓ 0.002
= = 0.01 = 1%.
ℓ 0.2
∆T 1
2 =2× = 0.05 = 5%.
T 40
Therefore, the total percentage error in g is:

1% + 5% = 6%.

Thus, N = 6.

41
 Quick Tip
When calculating errors, remember to double the time error term in pendulum problems,
as T 2 appears in the formula for g .

Question 34.Force between two point charges q1 and q2 placed in a vacuum at r cm apart
is F . Force between them when placed in a medium having dielectric K = 5 at r/5 cm
apart will be:
F
(1) 25

(2) 5F
F
(3) 5

(4) 25F

Correct Answer: (2)

Solution:

The force between two point charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r in a vacuum is
given by Coulomb’s law:
1 q1 q2
F = ,
4πϵ0 r2
where ϵ0 is the permittivity of free space.
In a medium with dielectric constant K , the permittivity changes from ϵ0 to Kϵ0 . This
reduces the effective force between the charges by a factor of K . Thus, the force in the
medium, if the distance remained r, would be:
1 q1 q2 F
Fmedium = 2
= .
4πKϵ0 r K

For K = 5, this becomes:

F
Fmedium = .
5
Now, since the distance between the charges is reduced to 5r , we need to adjust for this
change. Coulomb’s force varies inversely with the square of the distance, so reducing the
 2
distance by a factor of 5 increases the force by a factor of 11 = 25.
1
5

42
 Combining both effects (the dielectric and the reduced distance), the modified force F ′ in
the medium is:
F
F′ = × 25 = 5F.
5
Thus, the force between the charges in the medium, with the distance changed to 5r , is
increased by a factor of 5 compared to the original force in a vacuum. Therefore, the answer
is:
5F.

Quick Tip
When the distance between charges is changed and a dielectric is introduced, remember
to adjust both the permittivity and distance in Coulomb’s law.

Question 35.An AC voltage V = 20 sin 200πt is applied to a series LCR circuit which
drives a current I = 10 sin 200πt + π3 . The average power dissipated is:

(1) 21.6 W
(2) 200 W
(3) 173.2 W
(4) 50 W

Correct Answer: (4)

Solution:

The average power dissipated ⟨P ⟩ in an AC circuit with voltage V and current I is given
by:
⟨P ⟩ = Vrms Irms cos ϕ,

where Vrms is the root mean square (RMS) value of the voltage, Irms is the RMS value of the
current, and ϕ is the phase difference between the voltage and current.
The given voltage is V = 20 sin 200πt, so the peak voltage V0 is 20 V. The RMS value of
the voltage Vrms is:
V0 20 √
Vrms = √ = √ = 10 2 V.
2 2

43
 Similarly, the given current is I = 10 sin 200πt + π3 , so the peak current I0 is 10 A. The

RMS value of the current Irms is:

I0 10 √
Irms = √ = √ = 5 2 A.
2 2
The current leads the voltage by π3 , meaning the phase difference ϕ is:
π
ϕ= = 60◦ .
3
Since ϕ = 60◦ :
1
cos ϕ = cos 60◦ = .
2
Now, substitute the values of Vrms , Irms , and cos ϕ into the formula for average power:
√ √ 1
⟨P ⟩ = Vrms Irms cos ϕ = (10 2)(5 2) · .
2
Simplify the expression:
1
⟨P ⟩ = (10 · 5 · 2) · = 50 W.
2
The average power dissipated in the circuit is:

50 W.

Quick Tip
In AC circuits, use IV cos ϕ to find average power, where ϕ is the phase difference
between voltage and current.

Question 36.When unpolarized light is incident at an angle of 60◦ on a transparent

medium from air, the reflected ray is completely polarized. The angle of refraction in
the medium is:
(1) 30◦
(2) 60◦
(3) 90◦
(4) 45◦

Correct Answer: (1)

Solution:

44
 According to Brewster’s law, the reflected ray is completely polarized when the angle of
incidence θp satisfies:
tan θp = n,

where n is the refractive index of the medium relative to air.

Given θp = 60◦ , we have:
√
n = tan 60◦ = 3.

Using Snell’s law n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2 , with n1 = 1 (for air) and θ1 = 60◦ :
√
sin 60◦ 3/2 1
sin θ2 = √ = √ = .
3 3 2
Therefore, θ2 = 30◦ .

Quick Tip
At Brewster’s angle, the reflected ray is fully polarized, and the angle of refraction can
be calculated using Snell’s law.

Question 37.The speed of sound in oxygen at S.T.P. will be approximately:

(Given, R = 8.3 JK−1 , γ = 1.4)
(1) 310 m/s
(2) 333 m/s
(3) 341 m/s
(4) 325 m/s

Correct Answer: (1)

Solution:
The speed of sound v in a gas is given by:
r
γRT
v= ,
M
where: - γ is the adiabatic index (or ratio of specific heats, Cp /Cv ), - R is the universal gas
constant, - T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin, - M is the molar mass of the gas in kg/mol.
We are given:

γ = 1.4, R = 8.3 J/K mol, T = 273 K, M = 32 × 10−3 kg/mol.

45
 Substitute these values into the formula:
r
1.4 × 8.3 × 273
v= .
32 × 10−3

Calculate the expression inside the square root:

1.4 × 8.3 = 11.62,

11.62 × 273 = 3173.26,

3173.26
= 99164.375.
32 × 10−3
Now take the square root to find v :
√
v= 99164.375 ≈ 315 m/s.

The closest answer to this calculated value is:

310 m/s.

Quick Tip
q
γRT
Use the formula v = M for calculating the speed of sound in a gas at a given
temperature and pressure.

Question 38.A gas mixture consists of 8 moles of argon and 6 moles of oxygen at tem-
perature T . Neglecting all vibrational modes, the total internal energy of the system
is:
(1) 29 RT
(2) 20 RT
(3) 27 RT
(4) 21 RT

Correct Answer: (3)

Solution:
The total internal energy U of a gas mixture is given by:

U = nCV T.

46
 3R 5R
For argon (a monatomic gas), CV,Ar = 2 . For oxygen (a diatomic gas), CV,O2 = 2 .

Therefore, the internal energy of the mixture is:

U = n1 CV,Ar T + n2 CV,O2 T.

Substitute n1 = 8, n2 = 6:
3R 5R
U =8× ×T +6× × T = 27RT.
2 2

Thus, the answer is:

27RT.

Quick Tip
For mixtures, calculate the internal energy for each gas component separately using
U = nCV T , then sum them up.

Question 39.The resistance per centimeter of a meter bridge wire is r, with XΩ resistance
in the left gap. The balancing length from the left end is at 40 cm with 25 Ω resistance in
the right gap. Now the wire is replaced by another wire of 2r resistance per centimeter.
The new balancing length for the same settings will be at:
(1) 20 cm
(2) 10 cm
(3) 80 cm
(4) 40 cm

Correct Answer: (4)

Solution:
The balanced condition for a meter bridge is based on the principle of a Wheatstone bridge.
When balanced, the ratio of the resistances in the two gaps is equal to the ratio of the lengths
of the wire on either side of the balance point.
Initially, we are given that the resistance in the left gap is X Ω and in the right gap is 25 Ω.
The balancing length from the left end is 40 cm, meaning that the remaining length from the
balance point to the right end is 60 cm (since the wire is 100 cm in total length). Using the

47
balanced condition:
X 40
= .
25 60
Solving for X , we get:
40
X = 25 × = 16.67 Ω.
60
Now, if the wire is replaced by another wire with twice the resistance per unit length, i.e.,
2r instead of r, each segment’s resistance will be scaled proportionally by the same factor.
The new resistance per unit length affects both segments equally, so the ratio of resistances
remains the same as the original setup.
Since the balance depends only on the ratio of resistances in the two arms of the bridge,
the balancing length remains unaffected by the change in resistance per unit length.
Therefore, the balancing length will remain:

40 cm.

Quick Tip
In meter bridge problems, changing the resistance per unit length does not affect the
balancing length ratio for a given setup.

Question 40.Given below are two statements:

Statement I: Electromagnetic waves carry energy as they travel through space, and this
energy is equally shared by the electric and magnetic fields.
Statement II: When electromagnetic waves strike a surface, a pressure is exerted on the
surface.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options
given below:
(1) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
(2) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
(3) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
(4) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect

Correct Answer: (2)

Solution:

48
Electromagnetic waves indeed carry energy as they propagate through space. This energy is
equally divided between the electric and magnetic field components of the wave. Therefore,
Statement I is correct.
When electromagnetic waves hit a surface, they exert radiation pressure on it due to the
transfer of momentum. This pressure is proportional to the wave’s intensity. Therefore, State-
ment II is also correct.
Thus, both statements are correct, so the answer is:

Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Quick Tip
Electromagnetic waves carry energy equally in their electric and magnetic fields and
exert pressure when striking surfaces due to momentum transfer.

Question 41.In a photoelectric effect experiment, a light of frequency 1.5 times the thresh-
old frequency is made to fall on the surface of a photosensitive material. Now if the fre-
quency is halved and intensity is doubled, the number of photoelectrons emitted will be:
(1) Doubled
(2) Quadrupled
(3) Zero
(4) Halved

Correct Answer: (3)

Solution:
In the photoelectric effect, electrons are emitted only when the frequency of the incident light
f is greater than or equal to the threshold frequency f0 of the material. This condition can be
written as:
f ≥ f0 .

Initially, the frequency of the light is 1.5f0 , which is above the threshold frequency, so pho-
toelectrons are emitted. However, if the frequency is halved, the new frequency f ′ becomes:
1.5f0
f′ = = 0.75f0 .
2

49
 Since f ′ < f0 , the incident frequency is now less than the threshold frequency. Therefore,
no photoelectrons will be emitted, regardless of the light’s intensity. Emission of photoelec-
trons depends on frequency, not intensity, when the frequency is below the threshold.
Thus, the answer is:
Zero.

Quick Tip
In photoelectric effect problems, remember that photoelectron emission depends on the
frequency meeting or exceeding the threshold, not on the intensity of the light.

Question 42.A block of mass 5 kg is placed on a rough inclined surface as shown in the
figure. If F1 is the force required to just move the block up the inclined plane and F2 is
the force required to just prevent the block from sliding down, then the value of |F1 − F2 |
is:
[Use g = 10 m/s2 ]

√
(1) 25 3 N
√
(2) 5 3 N
√
5 3
(3) 2 N
(4) 10 N

√
Correct Answer: (5 3 N BONUS)
Solution:
The block experiences frictional force due to the roughness of the inclined surface. The kinetic
friction force fk is given by:
fk = µmg cos θ,

where µ = 0.1 is the coefficient of friction, m = 5 kg, and θ = 30◦ .

50
 Calculating fk :
√
◦ 3 √
fk = 0.1 × 5 × 10 × cos 30 = 0.1 × 50 × = 2.5 3 N.
2

To move the block up the incline, the force F1 must overcome both the component of
gravitational force along the incline and the frictional force. Therefore:

F1 = mg sin θ + fk .

Substitute the values:

√ √
F1 = 5 × 10 × sin 30◦ + 2.5 3 = 25 + 2.5 3 N.

To prevent the block from sliding down, the force F2 must balance the component of grav-
itational force along the incline, reduced by the frictional force. Thus:

F2 = mg sin θ − fk .

Substitute the values:

√
F2 = 25 − 2.5 3 N.

The difference |F1 − F2 | is:

√ √ √
|F1 − F2 | = |(25 + 2.5 3) − (25 − 2.5 3)| = 5 3 N.

Thus, the answer is:

√
5 3 N.

Quick Tip
In incline problems with friction, calculate the frictional force separately and adjust the
force required for upward and downward motion by adding or subtracting this frictional
force.

Question 43. By what percentage will the illumination of the lamp decrease if the current
drops by 20%?
(1) 46%
(2) 26%
(3) 36%

51
(4) 56%

Correct Answer: (3)

Solution:
The power dissipated in a resistive circuit is given by:

P = I 2 R.

2
Let the initial power be Pinitial = Iinitial R.
If the current drops by 20%, the new current Ifinal is:

Ifinal = 0.8Iinitial .

The new power Pfinal is:

2
Pfinal = Ifinal R = (0.8Iinitial )2 R = 0.64Iinitial
2
R.

The percentage change in power is:

Pinitial − Pfinal
× 100 = (1 − 0.64) × 100 = 36%.
Pinitial
Thus, the illumination decreases by:
36%.

Quick Tip
In resistive circuits, power is proportional to the square of the current. A percentage
drop in current results in a larger percentage drop in power.

Question 44. If two vectors A and B having equal magnitude R are inclined at an angle
θ, then
√ θ


(1) |A − B| = 2R sin 2
θ


(2) |A + B| = 2R sin 2
θ


(3) |A + B| = 2R cos 2
θ


(4) |A − B| = 2R cos 2

Correct Answer: (3)

Solution:

52
The magnitude of the resultant vector R′ of two vectors A and B inclined at an angle θ is
given by:
p
R′ = a2 + b2 + 2ab cos θ.

Here a = b = R, so:
p p
′
R = R2 + R2 + 2R · R cos θ = 2R2 (1 + cos θ).

θ


Using the identity 1 + cos θ = 2 cos2 2 , we get:
s    
′ θ θ
R = 2R2 · 2 cos2 = 2R cos .
2 2

Thus, the answer is:  

θ
|A + B| = 2R cos .
2

Quick Tip
When adding two vectors of equal magnitude, the resultant magnitude depends on the
cosine of half the angle between them.

Question 45. The mass number of nucleus having radius equal to half of the radius of
nucleus with mass number 192 is:
(1) 24
(2) 32
(3) 40
(4) 20

Correct Answer: (1)

Solution:
The radius R of a nucleus is proportional to the cube root of its mass number A:

R ∝ A1/3 .

Let R1 and R2 be the radii of two nuclei with mass numbers A1 and A2 , respectively. Given:
1
R1 = R2 and A2 = 192.
2

53
 Using the proportionality,
 1/3
R1 A1
= .
R2 A2
Substitute R1 = 12 R2 :
 1/3
1 A1
= .
2 192
Cubing both sides:
1 A1
= .
8 192
Solving for A1 :
1
A1 = 192 × = 24.
8
Thus, the answer is:
24.

Quick Tip
For nuclear radius comparisons, remember that radius is proportional to the cube root
of the mass number.

1
Question 46.The mass of the moon is 144 times the mass of a planet and its diameter is
1
16 times the diameter of a planet. If the escape velocity on the planet is v , the escape
velocity on the moon will be:
v
(1) 3
v
(2) 4
v
(3) 12
v
(4) 6

Correct Answer: (1)

Solution:
The escape velocity vescape for a celestial body is given by:
r
2GM
vescape = ,
R

where G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the body, and R is its radius.

54
 Given that the escape velocity on the planet is v :
r
2GM
v= .
R
M R
For the moon: - Mass Mmoon = 144 . - Radius Rmoon = 16 .

Substitute these values into the escape velocity formula for the moon:
s r r r
M
2G · 144 2GM · 16 2GM 1 2GM v
vmoon = R
= = = = .
16
144R 9R 3 R 3

Thus, the escape velocity on the moon is:

v
.
3

Quick Tip
Escape velocity depends on both the mass and radius of a celestial body. For propor-
tional changes, apply the escape velocity formula to find the effect of changes in mass
and radius.

Question 47.A small spherical ball of radius r, falling through a viscous medium of neg-
ligible density, has terminal velocity v . Another ball of the same mass but of radius 2r,
falling through the same viscous medium, will have terminal velocity:
v
(1) 2
v
(2) 4

(3) 4v
(4) 2v

Correct Answer: (1)

Solution:
Since the density of the medium is negligible, the buoyancy force can be ignored. At terminal
velocity, the gravitational force on the ball is balanced by the viscous drag force. The terminal
velocity v is given by:
1
v∝ ,
r
for a sphere of constant mass.

55
 Let the terminal velocity of the original ball (radius r) be v and the terminal velocity of the
larger ball (radius 2r) be v ′ .
Using the inverse proportionality:
v r′
= .
v′ r
Since r′ = 2r:
v v
′
= 2 ⇒ v′ = .
v 2
Thus, the terminal velocity of the larger ball is:
v
.
2

Quick Tip
In viscous medium problems, for spheres with constant mass, the terminal velocity is
inversely proportional to the radius of the sphere.

Question 48.A body of mass 2 kg begins to move under the action of a time-dependent
force given by
F = 6t î + 6t2 ĵ N.

The power developed by the force at time t is given by:

(1) (6t4 + 9t3 ) W
(2) (3t3 + 6t5 ) W
(3) (9t5 + 6t3 ) W
(4) (9t3 + 6t5 ) W

Correct Answer: (4)

Solution:
Given:
F⃗ = (6t î + 6t2 ĵ) N

The mass of the body is m = 2 kg. According to Newton’s second law:

F⃗
F⃗ = m⃗a =⇒ ⃗a = = 3t î + 3t2 ĵ m/s2


m

56
 The velocity ⃗v is obtained by integrating the acceleration:
Z Z  2 
2 3t
⃗v = ⃗a dt = (3t î + 3t ĵ) dt = î + t3 ĵ m/s
2
The power developed by the force is given by:

P = F⃗ · ⃗v

Calculating the dot product:

3t2
 
2
P = (6t î + 6t ĵ) · î + t3 ĵ
2
3t2
P = 6t · + 6t2 · t3
2
P = 9t3 + 6t5 W

Quick Tip
To find the power developed by a time-dependent force, use P = F · v, where v is
obtained by integrating acceleration.

Question 49.The output of the given circuit diagram is:

A B Y
0 0 0
1. 1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1

A B Y
0 0 0
2. 1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0

57
 A B Y
0 0 0
3. 1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 0

A B Y
0 0 0
4. 1 0 0
0 1 1
1 1 0

Correct Answer: (3)

Solution:
The circuit diagram consists of logic gates. By analyzing each gate’s behavior step-by-step
and evaluating the output Y for each input combination of A and B , we can determine the
output for each case. After constructing the truth table for the circuit, we find that the correct
output matches option (3).
Thus, the answer is:

A B Y
0 0 1
1. 1 1 0
1 0 0
0 1 1

Quick Tip
When analyzing logic circuits, create a truth table by systematically evaluating each
gate’s output for every possible input combination.

Question 50.Consider two physical quantities A and B related to each other as E =

B−x2
At where E , x, and t have dimensions of energy, length, and time respectively. The
dimension of AB is:

58
(1) L−2 M T 0
(2) L2 M −1 T 1
(3) L−3 M T −1
(4) L0 M −1 T 1

Correct Answer: (2)

Solution:

Given:
B − x2
E= .
At
The dimensions of E , x, and t are:

[E] = M L2 T −2 , [x] = L, [t] = T.

The term B − x2 must have the same dimensions as E , so:

[B] = L2 .

Rearrange the equation to find the dimensions of A:

B − x2 L2
A= = = M −1 T.
E·t M L2 T −2 · T
Therefore:
[A] = M −1 T.

The dimensions of AB are:

[AB] = [A][B] = (M −1 T )(L2 ) = L2 M −1 T.

Thus, the answer is:

L2 M −1 T.

Quick Tip
To determine dimensions, isolate each variable and match dimensions with similar terms
on both sides of the equation.

Question 51.In the following circuit, the battery has an emf of 2 V and an internal resis-
tance of 23 Ω. The power consumption in the entire circuit is W.

59
Correct Answer: (3)
Solution:

First, we calculate the equivalent resistance Req of the circuit.

The two branches with 2 Ω resistors are in parallel. The equivalent resistance for each pair
of resistors in parallel is:
1 1 1
= + = 1 Ω.
Req 2 2
Since there are two such parallel branches in series, the total resistance Req of the circuit
is:
2 4
Req = 1 + 1 + = Ω.
3 3
The power P consumed in the circuit is given by:
V2
P = .
Req

Substitute V = 2 V and Req = 43 Ω:

22 4
P = 4
= 4
= 3 W.
3 3

Thus, the power consumption in the entire circuit is:

3 W.

Quick Tip
In circuits with resistors in parallel, the equivalent resistance can be calculated using
1
P 1
Req = Ri . Don’t forget to include the internal resistance of the battery when calculat-

ing total resistance.

60
Question 52.Light from a point source in air falls on a convex curved surface of radius 20
cm and refractive index 1.5. If the source is located at 100 cm from the convex surface,
the image will be formed at cm from the object.

Correct Answer: (200 cm)

Solution: Given: - Radius of curvature R = 20 cm, - Refractive indices: µ1 = 1 (air) and
µ2 = 1.5 (medium).
Using the lens maker’s formula:
µ2 µ1 µ2 − µ1
− = .
v u R

Substitute u = −100 cm:

1.5 1 1.5 − 1
− = .
v −100 20
Solving for v :
1.5 1 0.5
+ = ,
v 100 20
1.5 0.5 1
= − ,
v 20 100
v = 100 cm.

Thus, the image is formed at a distance:

100 + 100 = 200 cm from the object.

Quick Tip
For curved surfaces, use the lens maker’s formula, adjusting for refractive indices and
the object’s position.

Question 53.The magnetic flux Φ (in weber) linked with a closed circuit of resistance 8 Ω
varies with time t (in seconds) as Φ = 5t2 − 36t + 1. The induced current in the circuit at
t = 2 s is A.
Correct Answer: (2)
Solution: The emf ε induced in the circuit is given by Faraday’s law:
dΦ
ε=− .
dt

61
 dΦ
Calculate dt :
dΦ
= 10t − 36.
dt
At t = 2 s:
ε = −(10 · 2 − 36) = −(−16) = 16 V.

The induced current i in the circuit is:

ε 16
i= = = 2 A.
R 8

Thus, the induced current at t = 2 s is:

2 A.

Quick Tip

Use ε = − dΦ
dt for induced emf, then divide by resistance to find the induced current.

Question 54.Two blocks of mass 2 kg and 4 kg are connected by a metal wire going over
a smooth pulley as shown in the figure. The radius of the wire is 4.0×10−5 m and Young’s
modulus of the metal is 2.0 × 1011 N/m2 . The longitudinal strain developed in the wire is
1
απ . The value of α is . [Use g = 10 m/s2 ].

Correct Answer: (12)

Solution: The tension T in the wire, due to the masses, is given by:
 
2m1 m2 80
T = g= N.
m1 + m2 3

The cross-sectional area A of the wire is:

A = πr2 = 16π × 10−10 m2 .

∆ℓ
The strain ℓ in the wire is given by:
F T
Strain = = .
AY AY

62
 Substitute the values:
80/3 1
Strain = = .
16π × 10−10 × 2 × 1011 12π

Thus, α = 12.

Quick Tip
T
For tension-based strain calculations, use Strain = AY , where T is tension, A is cross-
sectional area, and Y is Young’s modulus.

Question 55.A body of mass m is projected with a speed u making an angle of 45◦ with
the ground. The angular momentum of the body about the point of projection, at the
√
2 mu3
highest point, is expressed as Xg . The value of X is .
Correct Answer: (8)
Solution: At the highest point, the vertical component of the velocity becomes zero, and only
the horizontal component ux = u cos 45◦ = √u
2
remains.
The maximum height h reached by the body is given by:
 2
√u
(u sin 45◦ )2 2 u2
h= = = .
2g 2g 4g

The angular momentum L about the point of projection at the highest point is:
√
u u2 2 mu3
L = m · ux · h = m · √ · = .
2 4g 8g

Thus, the value of X is:

X = 8.

Quick Tip
For angular momentum about the point of projection at the highest point, use L =
m · ux · h, where ux is the horizontal component and h is the maximum height.

Question 56. Two circular coils P and Q of 100 turns each have the same radius of
π cm. The currents in P and Q are 1 A and 2 A, respectively. P and Q are placed
with their planes mutually perpendicular with their centers coinciding. The resultant

63
 √
magnetic field induction at the center of the coils is x mT, where x = . [Use
µ0 = 4π × 10−7 TmA−1 ]
Correct Answer: (20)
Solution:
Number of turns: N = 100
Radius of coils: r = π cm = π × 10−2 m
Current in coil P : I1 = 1 A
Current in coil Q: I2 = 2 A
The magnetic field at the center of a circular coil is given by:
µ0 N I
B=
2r

where µ0 = 4π × 10−7 TmA−1 .

Calculating the magnetic fields:
µ0 N I 1 4π × 10−7 × 100 × 1
BP = = = 2 × 10−3 T
2r 2 × π × 10−2
µ0 N I 2 4π × 10−7 × 100 × 2
BQ = = −2
= 4 × 10−3 T
2r 2 × π × 10
Since the magnetic fields are perpendicular, the resultant magnetic field Bnet is given by:
q
Bnet = BP2 + BQ
2

p
Bnet = (2 × 10−3 )2 + (4 × 10−3 )2 T
p
Bnet = 4 × 10−6 + 16 × 10−6 T
p
Bnet = 20 × 10−6 T
√ √
Bnet = 20 × 10−3 T = 20 mT

Thus, x = 20.

Quick Tip
For mutually perpendicular coils, use vector addition for magnetic fields: Bnet =
q
BP2 + BQ
2.

64
Question 57. The distance between charges +q and −q is 2l and between +2q and −2q is
 
4l. The electrostatic potential at point P at a distance r from center O is −α rql2 × 109 V,
where the value of α is 1
.(U se 4πϵ0
= 9 × 109 Nm2 C−2 )
Correct Answer: (27)
Solution: The problem involves finding the net dipole moment and the resulting potential at
a point due to two pairs of charges arranged as specified.
The charges are arranged in two pairs: - Pair 1: +q and −q separated by a distance of 2l. -
Pair 2: +2q and −2q separated by a distance of 4l.
The dipole moment P for a pair of charges +Q and −Q separated by distance d is given by:

P = Q · d.

For Pair 1:
P1 = q · (2l) = 2ql.

For Pair 2:
P2 = 2q · (4l) = 8ql.

The two dipole moments P1 and P2 are positioned at an angle of 120◦ relative to each other.
The magnitude of the resultant dipole moment Pnet can be found using the vector addition
formula:
q
Pnet = P12 + P22 + 2P1 P2 cos θ.

Substituting P1 = 2ql, P2 = 8ql, and θ = 120◦ :

p
Pnet = (2ql)2 + (8ql)2 + 2 · (2ql) · (8ql) · cos 120◦ .

Since cos 120◦ = − 21 :

r  1
Pnet = 4q 2 l2 + 64q 2 l2 + 2 · (2ql) · (8ql) · − .
2
p
= 4q 2 l2 + 64q 2 l2 − 16q 2 l2 .
p p
= 52q 2 l2 = 36q 2 l2 = 6ql.

The potential V at a point on the axis of a dipole at a distance r from the center is given by:
KP cos θ
V = .
r2
Here, K = 1
4πϵ0 = 9 × 109 Nm2 C−2 and θ = 120◦ .

65
 Substitute K , Pnet = 6ql, and cos 120◦ = − 12 :
9 × 109 × 6ql × − 12


V = .
r2
27 × 109 · ql
=− .
r2
Thus, the value of α in the potential expression is:

α = 27.

Quick Tip
KP cos θ
For potentials due to dipoles, remember V = r2 , adjusting for any angles.

Question 58. Two identical spheres each of mass 2 kg and radius 50 cm are fixed at the
ends of a light rod so that the separation between the centers is 150 cm. Then, the moment
of inertia of the system about an axis perpendicular to the rod and passing through its
middle point is x
20 kg m2 , where the value of x is ˙
Correct Answer: (53)
Solution: The moment of inertia I of each sphere about the central axis (using the parallel
axis theorem) is:
Itotal = 2 Isphere + md2 .

For a solid sphere:

2 2
Isphere = mR2 = × 2 × (0.5)2 = 0.2 kg m2 .
5 5

Distance d from the center of each sphere to the midpoint of the rod is 0.75 m.
So,
53
Itotal = 2 0.2 + 2 × (0.75)2 = 2 (0.2 + 1.125) = kg m2 .


20
Thus, x = 53.

Quick Tip


Use the parallel axis theorem for combined rotational inertia: Itotal = 2 Iobject + md2 .

66
Question 59. The time period of simple harmonic motion of mass M in the given figure
q
is π αM
5k , where the value of α is ˙

Correct Answer: (12)

Solution: Given system parameters:
The equivalent spring constant for the system is calculated as:
2k · k 5k
keq = +k =
2k + k 3
The angular frequency of oscillation (ω ) is given by:
r
keq
ω=
m
Substituting the value of keq : r r
5k
3 5k
ω= =
m 3m
The period of oscillation (τ ) is:
r
2π
r
m 3m
τ= = 2π 5k
= 2π
ω 3
5k
Simplifying: r
12m
τ =π
5k
Thus, comparing with the given expression:
r
αM
T =π
5K
we find:
α = 12

67
 Quick Tip
To find the equivalent spring constant in mixed spring configurations, combine series
and parallel components appropriately before calculating the angular frequency and
time period of oscillation.

Question 60. A nucleus has mass number A1 and volume V1 . Another nucleus has mass
V2
number A2 and volume V2 . If the relation between mass numbers is A2 = 4A1 , then V1 =
.
Correct Answer: (4)
Solution: For a nucleus, the volume V is proportional to A, the mass number, given by:
4
V = πR3 ,
3

where the radius R of a nucleus is proportional to the cube root of its mass number A:

R = R0 A1/3 .

Thus, the volume V of a nucleus can be expressed as:

V ∝ A.

Since A2 = 4A1 , the ratio of volumes is:

V2 A2
= = 4.
V1 A1

Quick Tip
For nuclei, volume is directly proportional to the mass number.

Question 61. Match List I with List II

68
 LIST - I LIST - II
(Complex ion) (Electronic Configuration)
A. [Cr(H2 O)6 ]3+ I. t22g e0g
B. [Fe(H2 O)6 ]3+ II. t32g e0g
C. [Ni(H2 O)6 ]2+ III. t62g e2g
D. [V(H2 O)6 ]3+ IV. t32g e1g
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
(2) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
(3) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
(4) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I

Correct Answer: (4)

Solution:
[Cr(H2 O)6 ]3+ contains Cr3+ : [Ar]3d3 : t32g e0g

[Fe(H2 O)6 ]3+ contains Fe3+ : [Ar]3d5 : t32g e2g

[Ni(H2 O)6 ]2+ contains Ni2+ : [Ar]3d8 : t62g e2g

[V(H2 O)6 ]3+ contains V3+ : [Ar]3d2 : t22g e0g

Quick Tip
Identify the electronic configuration by considering the oxidation state and coordination
of each complex ion.

Question 62. A sample of CaCO3 and MgCO3 weighed 2.21 g is ignited to constant
weight of 1.152 g. The composition of mixture is:
(Given molar mass in g mol−1 : CaCO3 : 100, MgCO3 : 84)
(1) 1.187 g CaCO3 , +1.023 g MgCO3
(2) 1.023 g CaCO3 , +1.023 g MgCO3
(3) 1.187 g CaCO3 , +1.187 g MgCO3
(4) 1.023 g CaCO3 , +1.187 g MgCO3

69
Correct Answer: (1)
Solution: Reactions:
CaCO3 (s) → CaO(s) + CO2 (g)

MgCO3 (s) → MgO(s) + CO2 (g)

Let the weight of CaCO3 be x g. Then, the weight of MgCO3 is (2.21 − x) g.

Moles of CaCO3 decomposed = moles of CaO formed
x
= moles of CaO formed
100

Weight of CaO formed:

x
weight of CaO formed = × 56
100

Moles of MgCO3 decomposed = moles of MgO formed

2.21 − x
= moles of MgO formed
84

Weight of MgO formed:

2.21 − x
weight of MgO formed = × 40
84

According to the problem:

2.21 − x x
× 40 + × 56 = 1.152
84 100

Solving, we find:
x = 1.1886 g (weight of CaCO3 )

and weight of MgCO3 is:

2.21 − x = 1.0214 g.

Quick Tip
When solving stoichiometry problems with mass balance, set up equations for each
component and solve systematically.

70
Question 63. Identify A and B in the following reaction sequence:

Correct Answer: (1)

Solution:
The reaction mechanism involves nitration followed by hydrolysis:
Conc. HNO
3
Bromobenzene −−−−−−−→ Bromonitrobenzene (A)

Then:
NaOH, HCl
Bromonitrobenzene (A) −−−−−−→ p-Bromophenol (B)

71
 Quick Tip
In organic synthesis sequences, carefully analyze each reagent’s role to determine inter-
mediates and final products.

Question 64. Given below are two statements:

Statement I: S8 solid undergoes disproportionation reaction under alkaline conditions to form
S 2− and S2 O32− .
Statement II: ClO−
4 can undergo disproportionation reaction under acidic condition.

In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options
given below:
(1) Statement I is correct but statement II is incorrect.
(2) Statement I is incorrect but statement II is correct.
(3) Both statement I and statement II are incorrect.
(4) Both statement I and statement II are correct.

Correct Answer: (1)

Solution:
Statement I is correct because S8 can indeed undergo disproportionation in alkaline medium:

S8 + 12 OH− → 4 S 2− + 2 S2 O32− + 6 H2 O.

Statement II is incorrect because ClO−

4 cannot undergo disproportionation as chlorine is al-

ready in its highest oxidation state.

Quick Tip
Disproportionation reactions occur when an element in a compound is simultaneously
oxidized and reduced, depending on its oxidation state.

Question 65. Identify major product ‘P’ formed in the following reaction:

72
Correct Answer: (4)
Solution:
The reaction is an example of Friedel-Crafts acylation. The acylium ion (RCO+ ) generated
by the reaction of acyl chloride with AlCl3 acts as an electrophile and attacks benzene to form
the acylated product.

∗6(−C = O) − C = O

Thus, the major product is:

P= ∗6(−C = O)(−COP h)

73
 Quick Tip
In Friedel-Crafts acylation, AlCl3 helps generate a strong electrophile, which facilitates
the addition of an acyl group to benzene.

Question 66. Major product of the following reaction is:

Correct Answer: (3 or 4)
Solution:
The reaction involves the addition of D and Cl across the double bond. This is an example of
syn addition, where both D (deuterium) and Cl (chlorine) can add to the double bond in either
configuration due to the symmetrical nature of the starting compound.
The products are as follows: 1. D and Cl can add to the same side of the double bond,
leading to two stereoisomers depending on the orientation of D and Cl.
The structures for the possible products are shown below:

74
 Thus, the major products are:

Product 3 and Product 4

Quick Tip
In syn additions, consider both stereoisomers as possible products when a symmetric
alkene is involved.

Question 67. Identify the structure of 2,3-dibromo-1-phenylpentane.

Correct Answer: (3)

Solution:
The IUPAC name 2,3-dibromo-1-phenylpentane indicates that: - There is a phenyl group
attached to the first carbon of the pentane chain. - Bromine atoms are attached to the second
and third carbons of the chain.
In the options provided, structure 3 matches this description, with a phenyl group at the
first carbon and bromine atoms at the second and third carbons.

75
 Thus, the correct structure is:
Structure 3

Quick Tip
When identifying structures from IUPAC names, locate substituents in the given posi-
tions of the main chain to ensure correct identification.

Question 68. Select the option with the correct property -

(1) [Ni(CO)4 ] and [NiCl4 ]2− both diamagnetic

(2) [Ni(CO)4 ] and [NiCl4 ]2− both paramagnetic
(3) [NiCl4 ]2− diamagnetic, [Ni(CO)4 ] paramagnetic
(4) [Ni(CO)4 ] diamagnetic, [NiCl4 ]2− paramagnetic

Correct Answer: (4)

Solution:
In [Ni(CO)4 ], nickel is in the zero oxidation state and has a 3d10 electron configuration, leading
to a fully paired electron configuration, making it diamagnetic.
In contrast, in [NiCl4 ]2− , nickel is in the +2 oxidation state with a 3d8 electron configura-
tion. The chloride ligands are weak-field ligands and do not pair up the electrons, resulting in
unpaired electrons and a paramagnetic nature.
Thus, the correct answer is:

[Ni(CO)4 ] is diamagnetic and [NiCl4 ]2− is paramagnetic.

Quick Tip
When determining magnetic properties, check the oxidation state and ligand field
strength to see if electrons are paired or unpaired.

Question 69. The azo-dye (Y) formed in the following reactions is Sulphanilic acid +
NaNO2 + CH3 COOH → X

76
Correct Answer: (4)
Solution:
The reaction involves the diazotization of sulphanilic acid, which forms a diazonium salt.
This diazonium salt then couples with the compound C6 H5 N H2 , leading to the formation of
the azo-dye product Y .
The structure of Y matches option (4) in which the diazonium ion is coupled with the
benzene ring of C6 H5 N H2 , forming the characteristic azo linkage (-N=N-) between the two
aromatic rings.
Thus, the correct answer is:
Option (4)

Quick Tip
In azo-dye formation, diazonium salts undergo coupling reactions with electron-rich
aromatic compounds, such as anilines or phenols, to form colored azo compounds.

Question 70. Given below are two statements:

Statement I: Aniline reacts with conc. H2 SO4 followed by heating at 453-473 K gives

77
p-aminobenzene sulphonic acid, which gives blood red color in the Tassaignes’s test.
Statement II: In Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions, aniline forms salt with
the AlCl3 catalyst. Due to this, nitrogen of aniline acquires a positive charge and acts as a
deactivating group.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given
below:

1. Statement I is false but Statement II is true

2. Both Statement I and Statement II are false
3. Statement I is true but Statement II is false
4. Both Statement I and Statement II are true

Correct Answer: (4)

Solution:
Statement I is correct because aniline does react with concentrated sulfuric acid and, upon
heating, forms p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid, which gives a blood red color in Tassaignes’s
test.
Statement II is also correct as in Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions, aniline
forms a salt with the AlCl3 catalyst. This interaction results in a positive charge on nitrogen,
causing it to act as a deactivating group, making further substitution reactions difficult on the
benzene ring.
Thus, both statements are true.

Quick Tip
In electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, amino groups usually activate the ring
unless they form a complex with catalysts like AlCl3 , which changes their electronic
nature.

Question 71.
A(g) ⇌ B(g) + 12 C(g) The correct relationship between KP , α, and equilibrium pressure P is:

α1/2 P 1/2
(1) KP = (2+α)1/2
α3/2 P 1/2
(2) KP = (2+α)1/2 (1−α)

78
 α1/2 P 3/2
(3) KP = (2+α)3/2
α1/2 P 1/2
(4) KP = (2+α)3/2

Correct Answer: (2)

Solution:
Consider the reaction at equilibrium:
1
A(g) ⇌ B(g) + C(g)
2

At equilibrium, let the fraction dissociated be α. Then:

α α
PA = (1 − α)P, PB = P, PC = P
2+α 2(2 + α)

The expression for KP is given by:

1/2
PB · PC α3/2 P 1/2
KP = =
PA (2 + α)1/2 (1 − α)

Quick Tip
In equilibrium calculations, always correctly assign partial pressures using the degree
of dissociation and the total pressure.

Question 72. Choose the correct statements from the following:

A. All group 16 elements form oxides of general formula EO2 and EO3 where E = S, Se, Te, and Po.
Both types of oxides are acidic in nature.
B. TeO2 is an oxidising agent while SO2 is reducing in nature.
C. The reducing property decreases from H2 S to H2 Te down the group.
D. The ozone molecule contains five lone pairs of electrons.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A and D only
2. B and C only
3. C and D only
4. A and B only

79
Correct Answer: (4)
Solution:
Statement A is true as all group 16 elements form EO2 and EO3 oxides, and these oxides are
generally acidic.
Statement B is true as TeO2 acts as an oxidising agent, while SO2 is a reducing agent.
Statement C is false. The reducing nature actually increases as we move down the group.
Statement D is false as the ozone molecule O3 contains only three lone pairs of electrons on
each oxygen atom.

Quick Tip
When analyzing periodic trends, remember that reducing power generally increases
down a group as atomic size and electron availability increase.

Question 73. Identify the name reaction.

(1) Stephen reaction

(2) Etard reaction
(3) Gatterman-Koch reaction
(4) Rosenmund reduction

Correct Answer: (3)

Solution:
The reaction shown is the Gatterman-Koch reaction, which involves the formation of ben-
zaldehyde from benzene using carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) in the
presence of anhydrous AlCl3 and CuCl as catalysts.

Quick Tip
The Gatterman-Koch reaction is specifically used for the formylation of benzene to
produce benzaldehyde using CO and HCl in the presence of AlCl3 and CuCl.

80
Question 74. Which of the following is least ionic?

(1) BaCl2
(2) AgCl
(3) KCl
(4) CoCl2

Correct Answer: (2)

Solution:
The order of ionic character among the compounds is:

AgCl < CoCl2 < BaCl2 < KCl

The reason is that Ag+ has a pseudo-inert gas configuration, making AgCl less ionic than the
other compounds listed.

Quick Tip
For ionic character comparisons, consider factors such as charge density and electronic
configuration, like pseudo-inert gas configurations, which can affect the degree of ionic
bonding.

Question 75. The fragrance of flowers is due to the presence of some steam volatile
organic compounds called essential oils. These are generally insoluble in water at room
temperature but are miscible with water vapour in the vapour phase. A suitable method
for the extraction of these oils from the flowers is:

1. Crystallisation
2. Distillation under reduced pressure
3. Distillation
4. Steam distillation

Correct Answer: (4)

Solution:

81
Essential oils are typically extracted from plant material by steam distillation. In this process,
the plant material is exposed to steam, which causes the volatile essential oils to vaporize and
then be condensed and collected separately.

Quick Tip
Steam distillation is effective for compounds that are steam volatile and immiscible with
water. It allows for the extraction of essential oils without decomposition.

Question 76. Given below are two statements:

Statement I: Group 13 trivalent halides get easily hydrolyzed by water due to their covalent
nature.
Statement II: AlCl3 , upon hydrolysis in acidified aqueous solution, forms octahedral [Al(H2 O)6 ]3+
ion.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. Statement I is true but statement II is false
2. Statement I is false but statement II is true
3. Both statement I and statement II are false
4. Both statement I and statement II are true

Correct Answer: (4)

Solution:
In the trivalent state, most of the compounds are covalent and are hydrolyzed in water. Trichlo-
rides, upon hydrolysis in water, form tetrahedral [M(OH)4 ]− species, and the hybridization
state of element M is sp3 .
In the case of aluminum, acidified aqueous solution forms octahedral [Al(H2 O)6 ]3+ ion.

Quick Tip
Group 13 trivalent halides undergo hydrolysis due to their covalent character, especially
in water, leading to complex ion formation.

82
Question 77. The four quantum numbers for the electron in the outermost orbital of
potassium (atomic no. 19) are

(1) n = 4, l = 2, m = −1, s = + 21
(2) n = 4, l = 0, m = 0, s = + 12
(3) n = 3, l = 0, m = 1, s = + 12
(4) n = 2, l = 0, m = 0, s = + 12

Correct Answer: (2)

Solution:
The electron configuration for potassium (K, atomic number 19) is:

K : 1s2 , 2s2 , 2p6 , 3s2 , 3p6 , 4s1 .

The outermost orbital is the 4s orbital. The quantum numbers for the outermost electron are:
1
n = 4, l = 0, m = 0, s = + .
2

Quick Tip
For identifying the quantum numbers, start with the electron configuration, then deter-
mine n, l, m, and s based on the outermost electron.

Question 78. Choose the correct statements from the following:

A. Mn2 O7 is an oil at room temperature
B. V2 O4 reacts with acid to give VO2+
2

C. CrO is a basic oxide

D. V2 O5 does not react with acid

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A, B and D only
2. A and C only
3. A, B and C only
4. B and C only

83
Correct Answer: (2)
Solution:
Let’s analyze each statement individually:
Statement A: Mn2 O7 is an oil at room temperature. - Mn2 O7 (manganese heptoxide) is indeed
a dark green oil that is highly unstable and explosive at room temperature. It is a covalent
oxide and behaves as an acidic oxide due to its high oxidation state. Therefore, this statement
is correct.
Statement B: V2 O4 reacts with acid to give VO2+
2 . - V2 O4 (vanadium(IV) oxide) is an am-

photeric oxide. It can react with acids, undergoing oxidation, to form the VO2+
2 ion (vanadyl

ion). This reaction occurs as:

V2 O4 + 2H+ → 2VO2+
2 + H2 O

Therefore, this statement is also correct.

Statement C: CrO is a basic oxide. - CrO (chromium(II) oxide) is a basic oxide. It reacts
readily with acids to form salts and water. For example:

CrO + 2HCl → CrCl2 + H2 O

This confirms that CrO behaves as a basic oxide, so this statement is correct.
Statement D: V2 O5 does not react with acid. - V2 O5 (vanadium(V) oxide) is an amphoteric
oxide, meaning it can react with both acids and bases. In fact, V2 O5 can react with acidic
solutions, such as hydrochloric acid, and undergo reduction. Therefore, this statement is
incorrect.
Since statements A and C are correct, the correct answer is option (2).

Quick Tip
Amphoteric oxides can react with both acids and bases, while basic oxides only react
with acids.

Question 79. The correct order of reactivity in electrophilic substitution reaction of the
following compounds is:

84
1. B > C > A > D
2. D > C > B > A
3. A > B > C > D
4. B > A > C > D

Correct Answer: (4)

Solution:
The effect of substituents on electrophilic substitution reactions is as follows: - −CH3 shows
+M and +I . - −Cl shows +M and −I but inductive effect dominates. - −NO2 shows −M
and −I .
Electrophilic substitution order is based on α + M and +I , with the highest reactivity for
methyl group. Hence, order is B > A > C > D.

Quick Tip
When considering reactivity in electrophilic substitution, both resonance and inductive
effects of substituents should be considered.

Question 80. Consider the following elements.

Group ↓ Period →
A′ , B ′
C ′ , D′

Which of the following is/are true about A′ , B ′ , C ′ , and D′ ?

A. Order of atomic radii: B ′ < A′ < D′ < C ′
B. Order of metallic character: B ′ < A′ < D′ < C ′
C. Size of the element: D′ < C ′ < B ′ < A′

85
D. Order of ionic radii: B + < A++ < D++ < C ++
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. A only
2. A, B and D only
3. A and B only
4. B, C and D only

Correct Answer: (2)

Solution:
Analysis of each statement:
Statement A: Order of atomic radii B ′ < A′ < D′ < C ′ . The atomic radii decrease from left to
right in a period and increase from top to bottom in a group. This order is correct.
Statement B: Order of metallic character B ′ < A′ < D′ < C ′ . Metallic character decreases
from left to right in a period and increases from top to bottom in a group. This order aligns
with the general trend, so this statement is correct.
Statement C:Size of the element D′ < C ′ < B ′ < A′ . This statement would be correct if we
consider ionic sizes and periodic trends, but based on the provided context, this order does not
match general atomic radius trends. This statement is incorrect.
Statement D: Order of ionic radii B + < A++ < D++ < C ++ . Ionic radii depend on the
effective nuclear charge and the number of electrons lost. This order is correct based on
typical ionic sizes across groups and periods.
Thus, the correct answer is:
A, B and D only.

Quick Tip
When analyzing atomic and ionic radii trends, remember that atomic radii generally
decrease across a period and increase down a group. Metallic character follows similar
trends.

Question 81. A diatomic molecule has a dipole moment of 1.2 D. If the bond distance is
1 Å, then the fractional charge on each atom is ×10−1 esu.

86
Correct Answer: (0)
Solution:
The dipole moment µ is given by:
µ=q×d

Substitute the values:

1.2 × 10−10 esu · Å = q × 1 Å

q = 1.2 × 10−10 esu

Thus, the fractional charge on each atom is:

0 × 10−1 esu.

Quick Tip
Dipole moment µ = q × d, where q is the fractional charge and d is the bond length.

Question 82. r = k[A] for a reaction, 50% of A is decomposed in 120 minutes. The time
taken for 90% decomposition of A is minutes.
Correct Answer: (399)
Solution:
For a first-order reaction:
t1/2 = 120 min

For 90% completion:

2.303 a
 
t= log
k a−x
2.303 × 120
 100 
t= log
0.693 10
t = 399 min.

Quick Tip
2.303 a


For first-order reactions, use t = k log a−x for completion times.

87
Question 83. A compound (x) with molar mass 108 g mol−1 undergoes acetylation to give
a product with molar mass 192 g mol−1 . The number of amino groups in the compound
(x) is .
Correct Answer: (2)
Solution:
Each NH2 group increases molecular weight by 42 upon acetylation:

192 − 108 = 84

84
=2
42
Thus, the compound x has:
2 amino groups.

Quick Tip
For each NH2 group, the molar mass increases by 42 during acetylation.

Question 84. Number of isomeric products formed by monochlorination of 2-methylbutane

in presence of sunlight is .
Correct Answer: (6)
Solution:
In the monochlorination of 2-methylbutane, chlorine can replace a hydrogen atom at different
positions, leading to the formation of structural and stereoisomeric products. The possible
isomeric products are:

CH3 − CH(Cl) − CH2 − CH(CH3 ) − CH3 (±)

CH3 − CH(CH3 ) − CH2 − CH(Cl) − CH3

CH3 − C(Cl)(CH3 ) − CH2 − CH3 (±)

Therefore, there are 6 isomeric products.

Quick Tip
For monochlorination, count unique carbon positions in the hydrocarbon.

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Question 85. Number of moles of H + ions required by 1 mole of MnO−
4 to oxidize oxalate

ion to CO2 is .
Correct Answer: (8)
Solution:
The balanced reaction is:

2MnO− 2− +
4 + 5C2 O4 + 16H → 2Mn
2+
+ 10CO2 + 8H2 O

From the stoichiometry, we see that 16 moles of H+ are required for 2 moles of MnO−
4.

Therefore, 8 moles of H+ are needed for each mole of MnO−

4.

Quick Tip
In redox reactions, balance all elements and charges to find the moles of H + ions.

Question 86. In the reaction of potassium dichromate, potassium chloride, and sulfuric
acid (conc.), the oxidation state of the chromium in the product is (+) .
Correct Answer: (6)
Solution:
The reaction is as follows:

K2 Cr2 O7 + 4KCl + 6H2 SO4 → 2CrO2 Cl2 + 6KHSO4 + 3H2 O

This reaction is known as the chromyl chloride test. In this reaction, the oxidation state of
chromium in CrO2 Cl2 is +6.

Quick Tip
Use oxidation states and known compound formulas to determine oxidation state
changes in reactions.

Question 87. The molarity of 1 L orthophosphoric acid H3 PO4 having 70% purity by
weight (specific gravity 1.54 g/cm3 ) is M.
Correct Answer: (11)
Solution:

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Molar mass of H3 PO4 = 98 g/mol
Mass of solution = 1 × 1000 × 1.54 = 1540 g
Mass of H3 PO4 = 0.7 × 1540 = 1078 g
1078
Moles of H3 PO4 = 98 = 11 moles
Thus, molarity = 11 M.

Quick Tip
Mass of solute/Molar mass
For molarity calculations, use the formula: Molarity = Volume of solution in liters .

Question 88. The values of conductivity of some materials at 298.15 K in S m−1 are 2.1 ×
103 , 1.0 × 10−16 ,1.2 × 10, 3.91, 1.5 × 10−2 , 1 × 10−7 , 1.0 × 103 . The number of conductors
among the materials is .
Correct Answer: (4)
Solution:
The materials can be categorized as conductors, insulators, and semiconductors based on their
conductivity values at 298.15 K.
Conductors generally have conductivities on the order of 102 to 106 S m−1 .
Insulators have very low conductivities, typically around 10−10 to 10−8 S m−1 .
Semiconductors have conductivities ranging from 10−4 to 10 S m−1 .
Given values:

2.1 × 103 , 1.2 × 103 , 3.91, 1.5 × 10−2 , 1 × 10−7 , 1.0 × 103

Classifying each:
2.1 × 103 , 1.2 × 103 , and 1.0 × 103 are in the conductor range.
3.91 also falls within the conductor range (upper range of semiconductors).
1.5 × 10−2 represents a semiconductor.
1 × 10−7 represents an insulator.
Therefore, the number of conductors is:4

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 Quick Tip
Conductivity ranges help classify materials into conductors, insulators, or semiconduc-
tors based on their conductance at a given temperature.

Question 89. From the vitamins A, B1 , B6 , B12 , C, D, E, and K, the number of vitamins
that can be stored in our body is .
Correct Answer: (5)
Solution:
Fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in the body, typically in the liver and adipose tissue, as they
are not readily excreted.
The fat-soluble vitamins are:

A, D, E, K, and B12

Thus, the number of vitamins that can be stored in the body is: 5

Quick Tip
Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K, and sometimes B12 ) can be stored in the body, whereas
water-soluble vitamins (B-complex and C) need regular replenishment.

Question 90. If 5 moles of an ideal gas expands from 10 L to a volume of 100 L at 300 K
under isothermal and reversible conditions, then work, w, is −x J. The value of x is .
Correct Answer: (28721)
Solution:
For an isothermal reversible expansion, the work done W is given by:
 
Vf
W = −2.303nRT log
Vi

Given: - n = 5 moles - R = 8.314 J K−1 mol−1 - T = 300 K - Vi = 10 L - Vf = 100 L

Substitute into the formula:
 100 
W = −2.303 × 5 × 8.314 × 300 × log
10
= −2.303 × 5 × 8.314 × 300 × log(10)

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Since log(10) = 1:
W = −2.303 × 5 × 8.314 × 300

= −28720.713 J

Rounding to the nearest integer:

W = −28721 J

Thus, x = 28721.

Quick Tip
 
Vf
In isothermal reversible expansion, use W = −2.303nRT log Vi to calculate work
done, noting that logarithmic expansion ratios play a significant role.

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