MILITARY CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS

TRADITIONS- Are inherited principles, standards, and policies that serves as guides
for an individual or group.
CUSTOMS - Accepted practices realized through continued usage that take the force
and effect of common law.
TRADITION OF VALOR - It is gallantry in the face of clear danger. knowing how and
when to fight and fight with honor.
TRADITION OF DUTY - Perform your tasks with deep sense of responsibility and self
sacrifice! this is shown by serving up to more than 24 hours of duty without
hesitation and question.
TRADITION OF HONOR
-Leading a life in peace or war in personal dignity and self-worth.
-Soldiers must not exchange their honor and dignity with the glitter of gold or
color of money.
TRADITION OF SOLIDARITY
- Unity is the strongest, most enduring and powerful military tradition.
-AFP work together whatever the situation we are in and we take pride in
being a member of this organization.
TRADITION OF LOYALTY
- Filipino soldiers respect and love their country that they are ready to give
the supreme sacrifice (die) if needed and necessary.
-Soldiers respect their constitution and everything that represent as symbol
of a country.
SALUTE -Always pertain to military men.
FLAG RAISING CEREMONY-The band play the national anthem to pledge that all our
weekly effort are dedicated to this country.
FLAG RETREAT CEREMONY - A tap or gun signals that all must pause for a moment
to salute the flag.
COURTESY OF THE POST- Short duration of stay in a camp is extended to members
of the armed forces and they can use the camp’s facilities similar to permanent party.
PRESENTATION OF RECRUITS- This is a ceremony where new soldiers are presented
to the color for the purpose of signifying acceptance and welcome into the
organization.
MILITARY WEDDING- The same with all faiths but only chaplains of different
churches incorporate other procedures.
EP CLUBHOUSES- EP spend their off duty hours in these club houses.
THE WORD “SIR”- Used in the military conversation as a sign of respect.
 MAP READING AND LAND NAVIGATION

MAP- is a graphic representation of a portion of the earth's surface drawn to scale,

as seen from above.
- It uses colors, symbols, and labels to represent features found on the ground.
-are documents that must not fall into unauthorized hands
SCALE - the ratio or fraction between the distance on a map and the corresponding
distance on the surface of the earth.
TYPE - Map categorized according to its purpose or the manner it was made. Maps
produced by other government agencies or civilian entities.

TYPES OF MAPS
1.PLANIMETRIC- Presents only the horizontal positions for the features represented.
2. TOPOGRAPHIC- Portrays terrain features in a measurable way (usually through
use of contour lines).
3. PHOTOMAP- A reproduction of an aerial photograph upon which grid lines,
marginal data, place names, route numbers, important elevations, boundaries, and
approximate scale and direction have been added.
4. JOINT OPERATIONS GRAPHIC- contain additional information needed in joint air-
ground operations.
5. PHOTOMOSAIC- An assembly of aerial photographs
6. TERRAIN MODEL- It provides a means for visualizing the terrain for planning or
indoctrination purposes and for briefing operations.
7. MILITARY CITY MAPS- A topographic map (usually at 1:12,550 scale, sometimes
up to 1:5,000), showing the details of a city.
8. SPECIAL MAPS- Maps for special purposes, such as trafficability, communications,
and assault maps .

MARGINAL INFORMATION- are informations and instructions written on the outer

edge of the map.
SHEET NUMBER- used as a reference number for the map sheet.
SERIES NAME- includes a group of similar maps at the same scale and on the same
sheet lines or format designed to cover a particular geographic area.
MAP SCALE- A representative fraction that gives the ratio of a map distance to the
corresponding distance on the earth's surface.
INDEX TO BOUNDARIES- Is a miniature of the map that shows the boundaries that
occur within the map area, such as provincial and city boundaries.
ADJOINING SHEETS DIAGRAM- usually contains nine rectangles that represents the
adjoining sheets surrounding your map.
DECLINATION DIAGRAM- Indicates the angular relationships of true north, grid
north & magnetic north.
BAR SCALE- Are rulers used to convert map distance to ground distance.
CONTOUR INTERVAL NOTE - It states the vertical distance between adjacent contour
lines of the map.
GRID NOTE - Gives information pertaining to the grid system used and the interval
between grid lines, and it identifies the UTM grid zone number.
PROJECTION NOTE- is the framework of the map.
CONTROL NOTE - Indicates the special agencies involved in the control of the
technical aspects of all the information that is disseminated on the map.
PREPARATION AND PRINTING NOTE - Indicates the agencies responsible in
thepreparation and printing of the map.
UNIT IMPRINT- Identifies the agency that prepared and printed the map with its
respective symbol. This information is important to the map user in evaluating the
reliability of the map.
LEGEND- Illustrates and identifies the topographic symbols used to depict some of
the more prominent features on the map. The symbols are not always the same on
every map.
TOPOGRAPHIC SYMBOLS- represents the natural and man made features of the
earth’s surface.

STANDARD COLORS OF TOPOGRAPHIC SYMBOLS

BLACK- represents man-made objects, ie. Buildings, tower,etc

BLUE- Water Features (Hydrography)
GREEN- represents vegetation
BROWN- depicts relief and elevation such as contours on older maps
RED- depicts classification of roads, built-up areas & special features

GRIDS- a series of straightlines intersecting at right angles forming squares.

GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES- one of the oldest systematic method of location
expressed in angular measurement.

REFERENCE LINES

EQUATOR- the line that bisects the globe horizontally.

PRIME MERIDIAN – is a north- south line that runs through greenwich, england.
PARALLEL- the rings around the earth parallel to the equator
MERIDIAN – the ring around the globe at right angles with the parallel passing
through the poles.
LATITUDE- is the distance of a point north or south of the equator
LONGITUDE- is the distance of a point east or west of the prime meridian

PRINCIPLE IN READING MAP COORDINATES

(READ-RIGHT-UP)
RIGHT -objective should be to the right of the vertical grid line
UP- objective is above the horizontal grid line
AZIMUTH- is an angle measured clockwise from a north base line
BEARING- is an angle measured clockwise or counterclockwise from a north or
south baseline
BACK AZIMUTH- OPPOSITE DIRECTION OF AN AZIMUTH
GRID AZIMUTH- AN ANGLE MEASURED CLOCKWISE BASED ON THE VERTICAL GRID
LINES OF THE MAP
MAGNETIC AZIMUTH-determined by using magnetic instruments, such as lensatic
and M-2 compasses.
TRUE AZIMUTH- AZIMUTH MEASURED BASED FROM THE TRUE NORTH LINES ON THE
GLOBE/MAP
DECLINATION DIAGRAM- Shows the angular relationship, represented by prongs,
among grid, magnetic, and true norths

METHODS OF POINT LOCATION

POLAR PLOT - a method of locating or plotting an unknown position from a known
point by giving a direction and distance along that direction line
INTERSECTION - is the location of an unknown point by successively occupying at
least two but preferably 3 known positions & sighting on the unknown point
RESECTION - the location of the user’s unknown position by sighting on two or three
known features.
MODIFIED RESECTION is the method of locating one’s position on the map when
the person is located on a linear feature on the ground such as a road,stream, etc.
 Rifle Cal 5.56mm M16A1
(Armalite)

A. Weight:
Rifle w/o magazine & Sling -------------6.5 lbs
Rifle w/ 20 rds magazine ----------------7.5 lbs
Rifle w/ 30 rds magazine ----------------7.9 lbs
Empty magazine (20 rds)----------------.25 lbs
Empty magazine (30 rds)----------------.31 lbs

B. Length:
Rifle w/ bayonet knife---------------- 44.25 in
Rifle w/ flash suppressor---------------- 39 in
Rifle w/o flash suppressor ------------- 38 in
Barrel w/ flash suppressor ------------- 21 in
Barrel w/o flash suppressor------------ 20 in

C. Sight:
FRONT– Adjustable click-type post. Each click equals 2.8 cm Per 100 mtrs
of range.
REAR – adjustable flip-normal range setting is for 0 to 300 m Long range
setting (L)
300-500 mtrs. Each notch of The winding drum equals 2.8 cm per 100
mtrs of Range.

D. Operational
Muzzle velocity ------- 3,250 fps
Cyclic rate of the fire-------700-800 rpm
Maximum rate of fire
a) Semi-automatic -- 45-65 rpm
b) Automatic -------150-200 rpm
c) Sustained rate of fire—10-15 rpm
Eight (8) Cycle of Operation
• Firing – occurs when the firing pin strikes the primer of the
cartridge.
• Unlocking – unsealing the breach of the barrel.
• Extracting – removing the empty cartridge from the receiver.
Ejecting – throwing out the empty cartridge from the chamber
• Feeding – placing a cartridge into the receiver approximately at
the back of the barrel ready for chambering.
• Chambering – moving the cartridge from the magazine to the
chamber.
• Locking – sealing the cartridge from the magazine to the chamber.
• Cocking – is the positioning of the firing mechanism in cock
position so that it is ready to fire another round.
 MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE
7 RULES OF THE ARMY WRITING STYLE

⚫ PUT THE MAIN POINT UP-FRONT (B-L-U-F)

⚫ WRITE SHORT PHARAGRAPHS.
⚫ WRITE SHORT PAPERS. (1 to 2 Pages Long)
⚫ PREFER ACTIVE SENTENCE
⚫ USE MOSTLY SHORT, CONVERSATIONAL WORDS.
⚫ WRITE SHORT SENTENCE. (Average of 15 Words)
⚫ BE CORRECT, CREDIBLE AND COMPLETE.

GENERAL RULES

A. The office symbols indentifies the specific originating office.

B. The date is the day the df is signed.
C. The subject is typed with the first letter of each word
capitalized.
State the subject in concise terms.
D. Within hpa, the df is addressed to another staff only but never
to the commanding general. Use “multiple” Or “in turn”
Addressee when ther is more than one addressee. Use
abbreviated designations of addressee and originator unless
abbreviations risk misunderstanding. Use “attn” To identify the
intended action officer within the organization.
E. The actual writer must be identified by name. Cite the typist’s
initial and the telephone number of the writer.
F. Organize the substance or body of the df in number
paragraphs,lettered subparagraphs, etc. If the df consist of only
one (1) paragraph, do not number it.
G. Margins are governed by the printed lines on the form.

H. The commander may authorized others to sign the df for him.

When someone signs for the commander, the authority line wil be
used to indicate that the df expresses the will of the commander.
 I. The number of inclosures will always be stated. When they are
not fully identified in the body, give a brief description of each.
If the inclosures are fully identified, use the sysbol “as” To
indicate “as stated”.
J. The basic message is “cmt 1”. Succeeding entries are
consecutively numbered “comments” Beginning with “cmt 2”.
When succeeding comments can be stated in full on the same
page, place them immidiately following the preceding comment.
If the entire comment will not fit, begin it on a separate blank
page. When a comment consists of only one paragraph, it is
not numbered.

PARAGRAPHS OF SDF

REFERENCES – TO ESTABLISHE THE BACKGROUND

PURPOSE – TO STATE THE PURPOSE

DISCUSSION – TO DISCUSS THE RELEVANT ISSUES

RECOMMENDATIONS – TO RECOMMEND THE ACTION NECESSARY

 BASIC LIFE SUPPORT

POISONING

POISON- any substance that causes illness or death when it enters the body or
comes in contact with the surface of the skin .

INGESTED POISONS

⚫ overdose of alcohol
⚫ overdose of medicines
⚫ insecticides, pesticides
⚫ kerosene
⚫ denatured alcohol
⚫ acids
⚫ toxins from poisonous plants
⚫ contaminated food or water

Ingested Poisons: signs & symptoms

abdominal pain, cramping

desire to vomit; actual vomiting
diarrhea
burns, odors, stains around and in victim’s mouth
drowsiness; loss of consciousness
container of poison near victim

Alcohol intoxication

⚫ odor of alcohol on victim’s breath, clothing

⚫ sleepiness, confusion
⚫ poor balance, coordination
⚫ numbness
⚫ slurred speech
⚫ desire to vomit; actual vomiting
⚫ convulsions
INHALED POISONS

⚫ breathed into the body

⚫ smoke, fumes from chemicals
⚫ carbon monoxide

Inhaled poisons: signs & symptoms

⚫ difficulty of breathing
⚫ chest pain
⚫ cough
⚫ hoarseness
⚫ burning sensation in throat
⚫ bluish discoloration of skin, lips, walls of mouth
⚫ dizziness
⚫ headache
⚫ seizures
⚫ Unresponsiveness

ABSORBED POISONS

⚫ enter the body by passing through unbroken skin

⚫ household cleaning fluids
⚫ agricultural chemicals, pesticides
⚫ industrial products
⚫ creams, ointments
⚫ secretions of poisonous plants

Absorbed poisons: signs & symptoms

⚫ skin redness, rash, or blisters

⚫ hot, dry skin, lips
⚫ burns
⚫ itching, skin irritation
⚫ liquid or powder on skin
⚫ blurring of vision
⚫ dizziness
⚫ headache
⚫ seizures
⚫ Unresponsiveness
 ANIMAL BITES AND STINGS
Insect bites and stings

⚫ cause pain, swelling, allergic reaction

⚫ can lead to serious illness or death

Insect bites / stings: signs & symptoms

⚫ stinger present
⚫ pain
⚫ swelling
⚫ itchiness
⚫ rash
⚫ redness
⚫ hives or wheal
⚫ allergic reaction

Spider bite; scorpion sting

⚫ Wash wound with soap and water

⚫ Antiseptic may used
⚫ Apply cold compress
⚫ Bring victim to hospital / poison control center immediately

Marine life stings

⚫ marine animals attack only when provoked

⚫ very painful wounds
⚫ may cause severe allergic reaction

Land animal bites

⚫ cause direct damage to skin and soft tissues

⚫ cause infections
⚫ tetanus
⚫ rabies
⚫ various fevers
 ALLERGIES

Allergic reaction- over-reaction of protective mechanisms to substances that are

normally harmless

TRIGGERS OF ALLERGIC REACTIONS

⚫ insect bites, stings

⚫ medications
⚫ plants
⚫ food
⚫ Chemicals

ALLERGIC REACTION: SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

⚫ sneezing
⚫ itchy, runny nose irritating, persistent cough
⚫ itchy, tingling, or burning flushing of the skin
⚫ swelling of face, neck, hands, feet and / or tongue
⚫ tightness in chest or throat
⚫ skin hives
⚫ hoarseness
⚫ wheezing; asthma
⚫ rapid, labored, noisy breathing
⚫ fast pulse
⚫ Shock pale skin, dizziness
⚫ loss of consciousness

What to do for allergic reaction?

⚫ REMOVE THE POTENTIAL SOURCE of the allergic reaction
⚫ ASSIST THE PERSON IN TAKING ANTI-ALLERGY medications
⚫ CALL FOR EMERGENCY MEDICAL ASSISTANCE, especially if
⚫ medications do not give relief
⚫ breathing is difficult
⚫ widespread rash
⚫ chest tightness
⚫ patient collapses or loses consciousness
⚫ Have the patient rest calmly
⚫ Assess CABs, treat correspondingly
⚫ Provide fresh air
⚫ Help patient lie down
⚫ Loosen tight clothing
 Heat Stroke and Other Heat-related Problems

Who are prone to heat-related problems?

⚫ children
⚫ elderly
⚫ people with heart disease
⚫ people with diabetes
⚫ people suffering from dehydration
⚫ obese persons
⚫ people with limited mobility

HEAT CRAMPS- painful tightening of muscles after prolonged use

What to do for heat cramps?

⚫ Move victim to cooler environment

⚫ Have him rest, drink plenty of cool fluids
⚫ Stretch tight muscles
⚫ Loosen tight clothing
⚫ Persistent cramps bring victim to hospital

HEAT STROKE

⚫ most serious heat-related illness

⚫ loss of consciousness
⚫ can lead to death if untreated

Heat stroke: signs

⚫ striking change in behavior loss of consciousness

⚫ skin is flushed, hot, dry
⚫ rapid, weak pulse and breathing

What to do for heat stroke?

⚫ Call of emergency medical assistance immediately

⚫ Move victim to coolest possible place
⚫ Remove as much of victim’s clothing as possible
⚫ Place victim in comfortable position
⚫ Apply cool packs to neck, groin, armpits
⚫ Cover victim with cold, wet towels or sheets
⚫ Spray victim with cool water and fan quickly
⚫ Bring victim to the hospital as fast as possible
SUNBURN

⚫ due to too much sun exposure

⚫ pain, redness, blistering
⚫ can cause headache, nausea, fatigue

What to do for sunburn

⚫ Give cool bath or shower

⚫ Apply moisturizing lotion
⚫ Leave blisters intact
⚫ Give pain relievers
⚫ Wear loose clothing
⚫ Drink plenty of fluids
⚫ DO NOT apply petroleum jelly, butter, oil or other home remedies