Applied Thermodynamics Steam Assignment

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Thermodynamics
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Part (A): Carnot Vapor Cycle

1. A steady-flow Carnot cycle uses water as the working fluid. Water changes from saturated
liquid to saturated vapor as heat is transferred to it from a source at 250°C. Heat rejection
takes place at a pressure of 20 kPa. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram relative to the
saturation lines, and determine (a) the thermal efficiency, (b) the amount of heat rejected,
and (c) the net work output.
(Answers: (a) 39.04% (b) 1045.6 kJ/kg (c) 669.7 kJ/kg)

2. Consider a steady-flow Carnot cycle with water as the working fluid. The maximum and
minimum temperatures in the cycle are 350 and 60°C. The quality of water is 0.891 at the
beginning of the heat-rejection process and 0.1 at the end. Show the cycle on a T-s
diagram relative to the saturation lines, and determine (a) the thermal efficiency, (b) the
pressure at the turbine inlet, and (c) the net work output.
(Answers: (a) 46.5 percent, (b) 1.40 MPa, (c) 1623 kJ/kg)

Part (B): Rankine Cycle

3. A simple ideal Rankine cycle with water as the working fluid operates between the
pressure limits of 3 MPa in the boiler and 30 kPa in the condenser. If the quality at the exit
of the turbine cannot be less than 85 percent, what is the maximum thermal efficiency this
cycle can have? (Answer: 29.7 %)

4. Consider a 210-MW steam power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle.
Steam enters the turbine at 10 MPa and 500°C and is cooled in the condenser at a pressure
of 10 kPa. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine
(a) the quality of the steam at the turbine exit, (b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and
(c) the mass flow rate of the steam. (Answers: (a) 0.793, (b) 40.2 %, (c) 165 kg/s)

5. Repeat the previous problem assuming an isentropic efficiency of 85 percent for both the
turbine and the pump. (Answers: (a) 0.874, (b) 34.1 %, (c) 194 kg/s)

6. A simple ideal Rankine cycle with water as the working fluid operates between the
pressure limits of 15 MPa in the boiler and 100 kPa in the condenser. Saturated steam
enters the turbine. Determine the work produced by the turbine, the heat transferred in the
boiler, and thermal efficiency of the cycle. (Answer: 699 kJ/kg, 2178 kJ/kg, 31.4%)

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Dr. Tarek Mohamed Khass
Applied Thermodynamics Steam Assignment
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Thermodynamics
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7. Consider a coal-fired steam power plant that produces 175 MW of electric power. The
power plant operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle with turbine inlet conditions of 7
MPa and 550°C and a condenser pressure of 15 kPa. The coal has a heating value (energy
released when the fuel is burned) of 29,300 kJ/kg. Assuming that 85 percent of this energy
is transferred to the steam in the boiler and that the electric generator has an efficiency of
96 percent, determine (a) the overall plant efficiency (the ratio of net electric power output
to the energy input as fuel) and (b) the required rate of coal supply.
(Answers: (a) 31.5 %, (b) 68.3 t/h)

8. Consider a steam power plant that operates on a reheat Rankine cycle and has a net power
output of 80 MW. Steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 10 MPa and 500°C and the
low-pressure turbine at 1 MPa and 500°C. Steam leaves the condenser as a saturated liquid
at a pressure of 10 kPa. The isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 80 percent, and that of
the pump is 95 percent. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines,
and determine (a) the quality (or temperature, if superheated) of the steam at the turbine
exit, (b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and (c) the mass flow rate of the steam.
(Answers: (a) 88.1°C, (b) 34.1 %, (c) 62.7 kg/s)

9. A steam power plant operates on an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle. Steam enters the
turbine at 6 MPa and 450°C and is condensed in the condenser at 20 kPa. Steam is
extracted from the turbine at 0.4 MPa to heat the feedwater in an open feedwater heater.
Water leaves the feedwater heater as a saturated liquid. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram,
and determine (a) the net work output per kilogram of steam flowing through the boiler
and (b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle. (Answers: (a) 1017 kJ/kg, (b) 37.8 %)

10. Repeat the previous problem by replacing the open feedwater heater with a closed
feedwater heater. Assume that the feedwater leaves the heater at the condensation
temperature of the extracted steam and that the extracted steam leaves the heater as a
saturated liquid and is pumped to the line carrying the feedwater.
11.Consider a steam power plant that operates on the ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with a
closed feedwater heater as shown in the figure. The plant maintains the turbine inlet at
3000 kPa and 350°C and operates the condenser at 20 kPa. Steam is extracted at 1000 kPa
to serve the closed feedwater heater, which discharges into the condenser after being
throttled to condenser pressure. Calculate the work produced by the turbine, the work
consumed by the pump, and the heat supply in the boiler for this cycle per unit of boiler
flow rate. (Answers: 741 kJ/kg, 3.0 kJ/kg, 2353 kJ/kg)

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Dr. Tarek Mohamed Khass
Applied Thermodynamics Steam Assignment
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Thermodynamics
Part (C): Steam Nozzle
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12. Steam enters a converging nozzle at 5.0 MPa and 400°C with a negligible velocity, and it
exits at 3.0 MPa. For a nozzle exit area of 75 cm2, determine the exit velocity, mass flow
rate, and exit Mach number if the nozzle (a) is isentropic and (b) has an efficiency of 94
percent. (Answers: (a) 529 m/s, 46.1 kg/s, 0.917, (b) 512 m/s, 44.3 kg/s, 0.885)

13. Steam enters a converging–diverging nozzle at 1 MPa and 500°C with a negligible
velocity at a mass flow rate of 2.5 kg/s, and it exits at a pressure of 200 kPa. Assuming the
flow through the nozzle to be isentropic, determine the exit area and the exit Mach
number. (Answers: 31.5 cm2, 1.74)

14. Repeat the previous Problem for a nozzle efficiency of 85 percent.

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Dr. Tarek Mohamed Khass