Digital Signal Processing

Dr. Shekha Rai

Department of Electrical Engineering

National Institute of Technology Rourkela
India

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Discrete time signal

Discrete time sequence

Basic operations on Discrete time signals

Transformation of independent variable

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Discrete time sequence

Discrete time signal → defined only for integer values of n

An infinite duration x(n) is represented as

x(n) = {..., x(−2), x(−1), x(0), x(1), x(2), ....} (1)

↑
where ↑ denotes value of signal x(n) at n = 0

samples to the right of arrow are positive values of n

samples to the left of arrow are negative values of n

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Discrete time sequence

x(n) = {..., −2, 1.1, 3, −2.3, 1, ....} (2)

↑
x(0) =?, x(−1) =?, x(1) =?

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Discrete time sequence

x(n) = {..., −2, 1.1, 3, −2.3, 1, ....}

↑
Here, x(0) = 3, x(−1) = 1.1, x(1) = −2.3

Real signal → x(n) is real for all values of n

Complex signal → x(n) is complex for one or more values of n

x(n) = xr (n) + jxi (n) (3)

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Discrete time sequence

Finite-length signal → defined for finite intervals of time

N1 ≤ n ≤ N2 (4)

Length of the signal is

N = N2 − N1 + 1 (5)

N-point signal→ A length N discrete time signal consist of N

samples

x(n) = {−3, −2, 1, 0, 2, −3, −1, 0, 2, 1} (6)

↑
Here N2 = 5, N1 = −4; Then, N = N2 − N1 + 1 = 10

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Discrete time sequence

Infinite-length signal → Consider a finite-length signal by

assigning 0 values to samples for n < N1 and n > N2
Zero-padding → lengthening a signal by adding zero-valued
samples-appending with zeros
Right-sided signal

x(n) = 0 n < N1 (7)

Left-sided signal

x(n) = 0 n > N2 (8)

Causal signal
x(n) = 0 n<0 (9)
Anticausal signal

x(n) = 0 n≥0 (10)

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Basic operations

Signal Addition-Adding the sample values of two signals to form

a new signal

y(n) = x(n) + w(n) (11)

Scalar Addition-Adding a scalar value to each sample of x(n)

y(n) = α + x(n) (12)

Scalar Multiplication-Multiplying a scalar value to each sample

of x(n)
y(n) = αx(n) (13)

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Basic operations

Signal Multiplication-

Product of two signals on sample by sample basis-modulation

Forming a finite length signal from infinite length signal by
multiplying the infinite length signal with finite length
sequence-window

Forming finite length sequence- windowing- used in design of

digital filters
y(n) = x(n)w(n) (14)

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Examples

Given 2 signals,
w(n) = {1.5, 2, 3.4, −5, 10}
↑

x(n) = {2.2, 3, 2, 4.2, 8}

↑
find the length of the signals and range. Also find
(a) y1 (n) = w(n) + x(n)

(b) y2 (n) = 3 + x(n)

(c) y3 (n) = w(n)x(n)

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Examples

Length of the signal= 5

Range −1 ≤ n ≤ 3
(a) y1 (n) = w(n) + x(n)

Solution:
y1 (−1) = w1 (−1) + x1 (−1) = 1.5 + 2.2 = 3.7
y1 (0) = w1 (0) + x1 (0) = 2 + 3 = 5
y1 (1) = w1 (1) + x1 (1) = 3.4 + 2 = 5.4
y1 (2) = −0.8
y1 (3) = 18

y1 (n) = {3.7, 5, 5.4, −0.8, 18}

↑

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Examples

(b) y2 (n) = 3 + x(n)

Solution:
y2 (−1) = 3 + x2 (−1) = 3 + 2.2 = 5.2
y2 (0) = 3 + x2 (0) = 3 + 3 = 6
y2 (1) = 5
y2 (2) = 7.2
y2 (3) = 11

y1 (n) = {5.2, 6, 5, 7.2, 11}

↑

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Examples

(c) y1 (n) = w(n)x(n)

Solution:
y3 (−1) = w3 (−1)x3 (−1) = 1.5 × 2.2 = 3.3
y3 (0) = w3 (0)x3 (0) = 2 × 3 = 6
y3 (1) = w3 (1)x3 (1) = 3.4 × 2 = 6.8
y3 (2) = −21
y3 (3) = 80

y3 (n) = {3.3, 6, 6.8, −21, 80}

↑

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Transformation of independent variable

Time shifting: A signal x(n) may be shifted in time by replacing

the independent variable n by n ± n0

n0 → shifting factor

+ → advanced-left shift

− → delayed-right shift

for CT → x(t) is shifted by t ± t0

amplitude is not changed

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Transformation of independent variable
Time shifting

Example: If
x(n) = {2, 3, 2, 1, 3}
↑
Find and sketch (a) x(n − 1) (b) x(n + 1) if
Solution:
x(0)=2;
x(1)=1;
x(2)=3;
x(-1)=3;
x(-2)=2;

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Transformation of independent variable
Time shifting

2.5

2
x(n)

1.5

0.5

0
−2 −1 0 1 2
n

Figure: Reference signal

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Transformation of independent variable
Time shifting

(a) x(n − 1) Shifting the signal to the right by 1 sample

2.5

2
x(n−1)

1.5

0.5

0
−1 0 1 2 3
n

Figure: Right shift

x(n − 1) = {2, 3, 2, 1, 3}
↑ 17 / 28
Transformation of independent variable
Time shifting

(a) x(n + 1) Shifting the signal to the left by 1 sample

2.5

2
x(n+1)

1.5

0.5

0
−3 −2 −1 0 1
n

Figure: Left shift

x(n − 1) = {2, 3, 2, 1, 3}
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Transformation of independent variable
Time shifting

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5
t

Figure: Shifting of continuous signal

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Transformation of independent variable
Time scaling

Time scaling- increasing or decreasing the signal length

Decimation
Decreasing the signal length by discarding the signal samples

Decimation operator by integer M on a signal x(n) consist of

keeping every M th sample and discarding (M − 1) samples in
between

y(n) = x(Mn)

↓M

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Transformation of independent variable
Decimation

Figure: Decimation of a signal

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Transformation of independent variable
Time scaling

Interpolation
Increasing the signal length by inserting zeros between signal
samples
Interpolation operator by integer L on a signal x(n) consist of
inserting (L − 1) zero-valued samples between each two
consecutive samples of x(n)

y(n) = x(n/L) for n = 0, ±L, ±2L......, else y(n) = 0

↑L

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Transformation of independent variable
Interpolation

Interpolation
Increasing the signal length by inserting zeros between signal
samples
Interpolation operator by integer L on a signal x(n) consist of
inserting (L − 1) zero-valued samples between each two
consecutive samples of x(n)

y(n) = x(n/L) for n = 0, ±L, ±2L......, else y(n) = 0

↑L

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Interpolation

Example: Let

x(n) = {1, 3, 4, −2, 5}

↑
Generate interpolated signal z(n) = x( 3n )

Solution:
z(n) = x( n3 )
z(−2) = x( −2
3 )=0

z(−1) = x( −1
3 )=0

z(0) = x( 03 ) = 4
z(1) = x( 13 ) = 0
z(2) = x( 23 ) = 0

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Interpolation

z(3) = x( 33 ) = −2
z(4) = x( 43 ) = 0
z(5) = x( 53 ) = 0
z(6) = x( 63 ) = 5

z(n) = {1, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, −2, 0, 0, 5}

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Multiple choice questions

Which of the following operations may give a completely

different signal?

1 Time-shifting

2 Decimation

3 Interpolation

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Multiple choice questions

Which of the following operations may give a completely

different signal?

1 Time-shifting

2 Decimation

3 Interpolation

Answer (2)

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Thank You

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