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1 Ethanol can be manufactured by fermentation and by hydration.

(a) Describe these two processes of ethanol manufacture.

In each case you should:

● identify the reactants

● give the reaction conditions

● write a chemical equation for the reaction which produces ethanol.

fermentation ......................................................................................................................

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hydration ...........................................................................................................................

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........................................................................................................................................... [6]

(b) Give two advantages of ethanol manufacture by fermentation compared to by hydration.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(c) State two major uses of ethanol.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 10]

2 The table shows the structures of some organic compounds.

compound structure of compound homologous series

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H H O

G H C C C O H carboxylic acid

H H

H H

H H C C C

H H H

H H

J H C C H

H H

(a) Complete the table by naming the homologous series.

The first one has been done for you. [2]

(b) Draw the structure of a compound containing two carbon atoms which belongs to the same
homologous series as compound H.

Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[1]

(c) State which compound in the table is an unsaturated hydrocarbon.

Explain your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) State which compound in the table reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide.

Explain your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(e) State the names of the two compounds formed during the complete combustion of compound
J.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(f) Compound H can be polymerised.

(i) State the general name given to the small units which join together to form a polymer.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Terylene is also a polymer.

Give one use of Terylene.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 9]

3 Molecules A and B can form condensation polymers.

A B

HO OH HOOC COOH

(a) Each molecule has two identical functional groups.

(i) Name the functional group in B.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Draw the part of the structure of the synthetic polymer that would form when two
molecules of A and two molecules of B combine. Show all of the bonds in the linkages.

[3]

(iii) Name the other product formed when molecules of A and B undergo polymerisation.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Molecule A is a simple sugar unit which can be made by hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates.
 4

(i) Draw part of the complex carbohydrate that could be hydrolysed to make molecules of
A.

Include one linkage and show all of the bonds in the linkage.

[1]

(ii) State two sets of conditions which could be used to hydrolyse the complex carbohydrates
to form A.

1 ............................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................ [2]

(iii) Name the technique used to identify the individual sugar units made by the hydrolysis
of a complex carbohydrate.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 9]

4 Dodecane is an alkane containing 12 carbon atoms. Ethanol can be manufactured from dodecane
in a two-stage process.

In stage 1, each molecule of dodecane is converted into three molecules of ethene and one molecule
of another hydrocarbon.

(a) Name the process which occurs in stage 1.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction which occurs in stage 1.

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

In stage 2, ethene reacts with steam to produce ethanol.

(c) State two conditions needed for stage 2.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(d) Name the type of reaction which occurs in stage 2.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(e) Suggest how to test the purity of the ethanol produced.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

5 Methanol is a member of the homologous series of alcohols.

(a) State two general characteristics of a homologous series.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) Draw the structures of two different alcohols, each containing three carbon atoms. Show all
of the atoms and all of the bonds.

Name these two alcohols.

name ....................................................... name ....................................................... [4]

(c) What term is used to describe compounds with the same molecular formula but different
structural formulae?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 7]

6 Proteins are natural polymers.

Proteins are broken down into amino acids. The process is similar to how complex carbohydrates
are broken down to give simple sugars.

(a) Name the type of reaction in which proteins are broken down into amino acids.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(b) Name two types of substance that are used to break down proteins into amino acids.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(c) Amino acids are colourless.

A sample containing a mixture of amino acids is separated. Each amino acid is detected and
identified.

Name the process used to separate the amino acids.

....................................................................................................................................................

Name the type of substance used to detect the amino acids.

....................................................................................................................................................

Give the symbol of the value used to determine the identity of each amino acid after separation
and detection.

............................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 6]

7 Give the name of the process that is used:

(a) to produce ammonia from nitrogen

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) to separate nitrogen from liquid air

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) to produce bromine from molten lead(II) bromide

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) to separate an undissolved solid from an aqueous solution

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) to produce amino acids from proteins

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(f) to separate a mixture of amino acids.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]
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8 This question is about ethanol.

Ethanol that is suitable for use as a fuel can be manufactured from sugars such as glucose, C6H12O6,
by a two-step process.

Describe how this can be done. In your answer, include:

● an equation for the reaction in which ethanol is formed

● the essential conditions for the reaction in which ethanol is formed

● the name of the process used to obtain ethanol that is pure enough to use as a fuel from the
reaction mixture.

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[Total: 5]

9 The structures of five carbon compounds are shown below.

A B C

H H H H H Br Br

H C C C H C C H C C H

H H H H H H H

D E

H H O

H C H H C C

H H O H
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(a) Answer the following questions about these compounds. Each compound may be used once,
more than once or not at all.

(i) Which compound, A, B, C, D or E, is ethanoic acid? .............................................. [1]

(ii) Which two compounds are saturated hydrocarbons?. .................. and. .................. [1]

(iii) Which compound is the main constituent of natural gas?.. ..................................... [1]

(iv) Which compound reacts with steam to form ethanol? .............................................. [1]

(v) Which compound is causing concern as a greenhouse gas? ..... ........................... [1]

(vi) Which two compounds are in the same homologous series?.... .........and.... ......... [1]

(b) Deduce the molecular formula for compound C.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Complete the symbol equation for the complete combustion of compound A.

C3H8 + .........O2 → 3CO2 + .........H2O [2]

[Total: 9]

10 Two different alcohols can be produced from alkene B by an addition reaction.

B
H CH3

C C

H H

(a) Draw the structures of the two alcohols. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[2]
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(b) State the reagent and conditions needed to produce an alcohol from alkene B.

reagent .............................................................................................................................

conditions .........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 5]

11 The structures of some polymers are shown.

A O O O O

O O O

B C O C O C O

O O O O

C O C C O O C C O

H O H O

D N C N C N C

H O

E CH CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2

CH3 CH3 CH3

Answer the following questions about these polymers.

Each polymer may be used once, more than once or not at all.

(a) State which polymer, A, B, C, D or E, represents an addition polymer.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) State which polymer, A, B, C, D or E, represents a protein.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) State which polymer, A, B, C, D or E, represents a polyester made from only one monomer.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) State which polymer, A, B, C, D or E, represents Terylene.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(e) State which polymer, A, B, C, D or E, represents a complex carbohydrate.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 5]

12 Chlorine is used to make the polymer PVC.

(a) Give one other use of chlorine.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) The monomer used to make PVC is made by the thermal decomposition of dichloroethane.

CH2Cl–CH2Cl → CH2=CHCl + HCl

Explain what is meant by the term thermal decomposition.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) PVC is a non-biodegradable plastic.

Describe two pollution problems caused by non-biodegradable plastics.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 5]

13 Ester Y has the structure shown.

O H

H C O C H

(a) Ester Y can be made by reacting two organic compounds together.

Name the compounds and draw their structures.

Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

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(i) structure

name ..................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) structure

name ..................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 4]

14 The structures of four organic compounds, B, C, D and E are shown.

B C

H O H H H

H C C H C C C H

H O H H H H

D E

H H H H H

H C C C H C C O H

H H H H

(a) State which compound, B, C, D or E, dissolves in water to form an acidic solution.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) State which compound, B, C, D or E, is a saturated hydrocarbon.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(c) State which compound, B, C, D or E, is an unreactive compound except in terms of burning.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) State which compound, B, C, D or E, decolourises aqueous bromine.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 4]

15 Polymer X is a condensation polymer.

Part of the structure of polymer X is shown.

O O O

C O O C C O

(a) How many molecules of water are produced when this part of polymer X is formed from its
monomers?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Complete the structures of the two monomers used to make polymer X.

Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds in the functional groups.

and

[2]

(c) What type of condensation polymer is X?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 4]

16 Ethanoic acid will react with an alcohol to form the ester shown.
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H O H C H

H C C O C H

H H C H

(a) Name the other product formed when ethanoic acid reacts with an alcohol to make this ester.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Give one condition needed when ethanoic acid reacts with the alcohol to make this ester.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Draw the structure of the alcohol which was added to ethanoic acid to make this ester.
Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[2]

[Total: 4]