12 Physics Notes Chapter 5 - Magnetism and Matter
12 Physics Notes Chapter 5 - Magnetism and Matter
Resource Material
For Session 2024-25
Best Notes
CBSE
CLASS 12 Physics
When iron filings are sprinkled on a sheet of glass placed over a short bar magnet, a
particular pattern is formed and following conclusions are drawn
• The bar magnet has poles similar to the positive and negative charge of an
electric dipole.
• One pole is designated as north pole and other as south pole.
• When suspended freely, these poles point approximately towards the
geographic north and south poles.
• Like poles repel each other and unlike poles attract each other.
• The poles of a magnet can never be separated.
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MAGNETISM AND MATTER
05
of intersection, we can draw two tangents. This would mean two directions of
magnetic field at the same point, which is not possible.
• Larger the number of field lines crossing per unit area, the stronger is the
magnitude of the magnetic field B.
Let pole strength of a monopole be qm, then magnetic force between two isolated poles
kept at separation r is.
q m (1) × q m (2)
F ∝
r2
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μ0 q m (1) × q m (2)
F=
4π r2
This force will be attractive if one pole is North and other is South and force will be
repulsive if both poles are of same type (i.e., North-North or South-South).
M = m × 2l
This law states that “the surface integral of a magnetic field over a closed surface is zero
i.e., the net magnetic flux through any closed surface is always zero”.
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∮ ⃗B. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
ds = 0
Earth’s Magnetism:
1. The earth’s magnetism was assumed to arise from a very large bar magnet placed
deep inside earth along its rotational axis but main argument against theory is
that the interior of earth is too hot to maintain any magnetism.
2. The pattern of earth’s magnetic field varies with position as well as time. This is
most affected by solar wind.
3. The magnetic field lines of earth appear same as a magnetic dipole located at the
center of the earth.
4. The pole near the geographic north pole is called the north magnetic pole and
the pole near the geographic south pole is called the south magnetic pole.
5. Geographic meridian: It is a vertical plane passing through the geographic north-
south direction. It contains the longitude circle and axis of rotation of the earth.
6. Magnetic meridian: It is a vertical plane passing through N-S line of freely
suspended magnet.
Magnetic Declination:
It is angle between the true geographic north-south direction and the north south line
shown by a compass needle at a place. Its value is more at higher latitude and smaller
near equator. The declination in India is small.
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Paramagnetic: This class of materials, some of the atoms or ions in the material have a
net magnetic moment due to unpaired electrons in partially filled orbitals.
Ferromagnetic: When you think of magnetic materials, you probably think of iron,
nickel, or magnetite. Unlike paramagnetic materials, the atomic moments in these
materials exhibit very strong interactions.
Curie’s Law:
Magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic substance is inversely proportional to absolute
temperature T.
1
xm ∝
T
C
xm =
T
The constant C is called Curie’s constant.
Curie-Weiss law:
At temperature above the Curie temperature, a ferromagnetic substance becomes an
ordinary paramagnetic substance whose magnetic susceptibility obeys the Curie-Weiss
law according to which
C
xm =
T − Tc
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The ferromagnetic material which retains magnetization for a long period of time are
called hard magnetic material or hard ferromagnets. Some hard magnetic materials are
Alnico (an alloy of iron, aluminium, nickel, cobalt and copper) and naturally occurring
lodestone.
Soft Magnets:
The ferromagnetic material which retains magnetization as long as the external field
persists are called soft magnetic materials or soft ferromagnets. Soft ferromagnets is
soft iron. Such material is used for making electromagnets.
• High retentivity
• High coercivity.
As the material in this case is never put to cyclic changes of magnetization, hence
hysteresis is immaterial. From the viewpoint of these facts, steel is more suitable for
the construction of permanent magnets than soft iron. The fact that the retentivity of
iron is little greater than that of steel is outweighed by the much smaller value of its
coercivity.
Hysteresis:
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Important Questions
Multiple Choice questions-
1. The earth behaves as a magnet with magnetic field pointing approximately from
the geographic
(a) North to South
(b) South to North
(c) East to West
(d) West to East
2. The strength of the earth’s magnetic field is
(a) constant everywhere.
(b) zero everywhere.
(c) having very high value.
(d) vary from place to place on the earth’s surface.
3. Which of the following is responsible for the earth’s magnetic field?
(а) Convective currents in earth’s core
(b) Diversive current in earth’s core.
(c) Rotational motion of earth.
(d) Translational motion of earth.
4. Which of the following independent quantities is not used to specify the earth’s
magnetic field?
(a) Magnetic declination (θ).
(b) Magnetic dip (δ).
(c) Horizontal component of earth’s field (BH).
(d) Vertical component of earth’s field (BV).
5. Let the magnetic field on earth be modelled by that of a point magnetic dipole at
the centre of earth. The angle of dip at a point on the geographical equator is
(a) always zero
(b) positive, negative or zero
(c) unbounded
(d) always negative
6. The angle of dip at a certain place where the horizontal and vertical components
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1
(a)
𝑟2
1
(b)
𝑟
(c) r
(d) r2
10. A short bar magnet has a magnetic moment of 0. 65 J T-1, then the magnitude and
direction of the magnetic field produced by the magnet at a distance 8 cm from the
center of magnet on the axis is
(a) 2.5 × 10-4 T, along NS direction
(b) 2.5 × 10-4 T along SN direction
(c) 4.5 × 10-4 T, along NS direction
(d) 4.5 × 10-4 T, along SN direction
Very Short:
1. A small magnetic needle pivoted at the center is free to rotate In a magnetic
meridian. At what place will the needle be vertical?
2. What is the angle of dip at a place where the horizontal and vertical components
of the earth’s magnetic field are equal?
3. How does the intensity of a paramagnetic sample vary with temperature?
4. What should be the orientation of a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field
so that its potential energy is maximum?
5. What is the value of angle of dip at a place on the surface of the earth where the
ratio of the vertical component to the horizontal component of the earth’s
1
magnetic field is ?
√3
6. Where on the surface of the earth is the angle of dip 90°? (CBSE Al 2011)
7. Where on the surface of the earth is the angle dip zero? (CBSE Al 2011)
8. What are permanent magnets? Give one example. (CBSE Delhi 2013)
9. At a place, the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field is B, and the
angle of dip is 60°. What is the value of the horizontal component of the earth’s
magnetic field at the equator? (CBSE Delhi 2017)
10. Is the steady electric current the only source of the magnetic field? Justify your
answer. (CBSE Delhi 2013C)
Short Questions:
1.
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(a) Define the term magnetic susceptibility and write its relation in terms of relative
magnetic permeability.
(b) Two magnetic materials A and B have relative magnetic permeabilities of 0. 96
and 500. Identify the magnetic materials A and B. (CBSE Al, Delhi 2018C)
2. A magnetic needle free to rotate in a vertical position orient itself with its axis
vertical at a certain place on the earth. What are the values of?
(a) the angle of dip and
(b) the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field at this place? Where will
this place be on the earth?
3. Out of the two magnetic materials ‘A’ has relative permeability slightly greater
than unity while ‘B’ has less than unity. Identify the nature of the material’s ‘A’ and
‘B’. Will their susceptibilities be positive or negative? (CBSE Delhi 2014)
4. A magnetic needle free to rotate in a vertical plane parallel to the magnetic
meridian has its northern tip down at 60° with the horizontal. The horizontal
component of the earth’s magnetic field at the place is known to be 0.4 G.
Determine the magnitude of the earth’s magnetic field at the place. (CBSE Delhi
2011)
5. The susceptibility of a magnetic material is -0.085. Identify the type of magnetic
material. A specimen of this material is kept in a non-uniform magnetic field. Draw
the modified field pattern.
6. A uniform magnetic field gets modified as shown below when two specimens X
and Y are placed in it.
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Long Questions:
1. Write the expression for the magnetic dipole moment for a closed current loop.
Give its SI unit. Derive an expression for the torque experienced by a magnetic dipole
in a uniform magnetic field.
2.
(a) State Gauss’s law for magnetism. Explain Its significance.
(b) Write the four Important properties of the magnetic field lines due to a bar
magnet. (CBSE Delhi 2019).
Assertion and Reason Questions-
1. Two statements are given-one labelled Assertion(A) and the other labelled Reason
(R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes(a), (b), (c) and (d) as
given below.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false and R is also false.
Assertion (A): There is only one neutral points on a horizontal board when a magnet is
held vertically on the board.
Reason (R): At the neutral point the net magnetic field due to the magnetic and
magnetic field of the earth is zero.
2. Two statements are given-one labelled Assertion(A) and the other labelled Reason
(R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes(a), (b), (c) and (d) as
given below.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false and R is also false.
Assertion (A): The true geographic north direction is found by using a compass needle.
Reason (R): The magnetic meridian of the earth is along the axis of rotation of the
earth.
Case Study Questions-
1. The field of a hollow wire with constant current is homageneous.
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Curves in the graph shown give, as functions of radius distance r, the magnitude B of
the magnetic field inside and outside four long wires a, b, c and d, carrying currents
that are uniformly distributed across the cross sections of the wires. Overlapping
portions of the plots are indicated by double labels.
(i) Which wire has the greatest magnitude of the magnetic field on the surface?
a) a
b) b
c) c
d) d
(ii) The current density in a wire a is:
a) Greater than in wire c.
b) Less than in wire c.
c) Equal to that in wire c.
d) Not comparable to that of in wire c due to lack of information.
(iii) Which wire has the greatest radius?
a) a
b) b
c) c
d) d
(iv) A direct current I flows along the length of an infinitely long straight thin
walled pipe, then the magnetic field is:
a) Uniform throughout the pipe but not zero.
b) Zero only along the axis of the pipe.
c) Zero at any point inside the pipe.
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The pole near the geographic North pole of the earth is called the North magnetic pole
and the pole near the geographic South pole is called South magnetic pole.
(i) Magnetization of a sample is:
a) 105T
b) 10-6T
c) 10-5T
d) 108T
(ii) A bar magnet is placed North-South with its North-pole due North. The points of
zero magnetic field will be in which direction from centre of magnet?
a) North-South
b) East- West
c) North-East and South-West
d) None of these.
(iii) The value of angle of dip is zero at the magnetic equator because on it:
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✓ Answer Key:
Multiple Choice Answers-
1. Answer: b
2. Answer: d
3. Answer: a
4. Answer: d
5. Answer: b
6. Answer: d
7. Answer: c
8. Answer: b
9. Answer: a
10.Answer: a
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Therefore, δ = 30°
6. Answer: Poles.
7. Answer: Magnetic equator
8. Answer: It is an arrangement that has a permanent dipole moment, e.g. bar
magnet.
9. Answer: Zero.
10.Answer: No, the magnetic field is also produced by alternating current.
Short Questions Answers:
1. Answer:
(a) It refers to the ease with which a substance can be magnetized. It is defined
as the ratio of the intensity of magnetization to the magnetizing field. The
required relation is µr = 1 + χm
(b)
A: Paramagnetic,
B: Ferromagnetic
2. Answer: The angle of dip is 90° and the horizontal component of the earth’s
magnetic field is zero. This place is the magnetic pole of the earth.
3. Answer:
• ‘A’ is paramagnetic and ‘B’ is diamagnetic.
• ‘A’ will have positive susceptibility while
• ‘B’ will have negative susceptibility.
4. Answer:
Given δ = 30°, BH = 0.4 G, B = ?
Using the expression
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BH = Bcos δ we have
6. Answer:
(a) X is a diamagnetic substance and Y is a paramagnetic substance.
(b) This is because the permeability of a diamagnetic substance is less than one
and that of a paramagnetic substance is greater than one.
7. Answer: Nickel is ferromagnetic, antimony is diamagnetic, and aluminium is
paramagnetic. Therefore, they will show the behaviour as shown in the following
figures.
8. Answer: It is a point near a magnet where the magnetic field of the earth is
completely balanced by the magnetic field of the magnet. The figure is as shown
below.
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Then
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2. Answer:
(a) Gauss’s Law for magnetism states that “The total flux of the magnetic field,
through any closed surface, is always
This law implies that magnetic monopoles do not exist” or magnetic field lines
form closed loops.
(b) Four properties of magnetic field lines are as follows:
• Magnetic field lines always form continuous closed loops.
• The tangent to the magnetic field line at a given point represents the
direction of the net magnetic field at that point.
• The larger the number of field lines crossing per unit area, the stronger is
the magnitude of the magnetic field.
• Magnetic field lines do not intersect.
Assertion and Reason Answers-
1. (b) Both A and Rare true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
There will be only one neutral point on the horizontal board. This is because field of
earth magnetic field is from south to north; and the field of pole on the board is
radially outwards. At any point towards south of magnetic pole, field of earth and field
of pole will cancel out to give a neutral point.
2. (d) A is false and R is also false.
Explanation:
From the compass we are able to know the poles. The north of compass points
towards the magnetic south pole.
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If we know the magnetic declination at that particular place (which is angle between
geographic meridian and magnetic meridian) we can easily find out the true
geographic north-south direction. Imaginary lines drawn along the earth's surface in
the direction of the horizontal component of the magnetic field of the earth at all
points passing through the north and south magnetic poles. This is similar to the
longitudes of the earth, which pass through the geographic north and south poles.
Case Study Answers-
1. Answer :
(i) (a) a
Explanation:
It can be seen that slop of curve for wire a is greater th an wire c.
(ii) (b) Less than in wire c.
Explanation:
Inside the wire
(iii) (c) c
Explanation:
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(v) (b)
Explanation:
Given: Biot-Savart law can be expressed alternatively as Ampere circuital law.
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