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phy

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hackingall1950
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You are on page 1/ 12

ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL KIRKEE

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TOPIC – PHYSICS OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

NAME – PRATYUSH PATIL


CLASS – XII-A
BOARDS ROLL NO -
SESSION – 2024-25
Sr. Particulars Page No. Remark
s
No. CERTIFICATE 1

1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2

2. WHAT EXACTLY IS SOUND? 3

3. CATEGORIES OF INSTRUMENTS 4

4. STRINGED INSTRUMENT-GUITAR 5

5. PERCUSSION INSTRUMENT -DRUM 6-7

6. WIND INSTRUMENT-FLUTE 8

7. CONCLUSION 9

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY 10

9.

INDEX
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Pratyush Patil of class XII


–A has completed the investigatory project on
“Physics of musical instruments”, under my
guidance during the academic year 2024-25 in
the partial fulfilment of the physics practical
examination conducted by CBSE.

TEACHER’S SIGNATURE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project, “Physics of musical
instruments" would not have been possible without the invaluable
support and guidance of several individuals.

First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to


my physics teacher, Mrs. Vimlesh ma’am. Her insightful advice,
constant encouragement, and patient supervision have been the
cornerstone of this project. Her deep knowledge and passion for
physics have not only guided me through the complexities of
electromagnetic induction but have also inspired me to delve deeper
into the subject matter.

I extend my heartfelt thanks to my family for their unwavering


support and encouragement throughout this journey. Their belief in
my abilities has been a constant source of motivation.

I am also grateful to my friends and classmates for their constructive


feedback and for creating a collaborative environment that was
conducive to learning and experimentation.
WHAT EXACTLY IS SOUND?
Sound is a type of energy that moves in the form of
waves. These waves are created when an object
vibrates and causes the molecules in the air around
it to move and collide into one another. Depending
on the intensity of the initial impact or vibration,
this domino effect produces waves of energy that
travel however fast or far they are meant to. The
waves of energy keep flowing until the vibrations
weaken and completely fade away. This energy can
travel by air or other states of matter to reach our
eardrums, where it finally transforms into sound.
CATEGORIES OF INSTRUMENTS
There are three categories of musical instruments as follows:

 Percussion Instrument
 Stringed Instrument
 Wind Instrument

Percussion instruments produce sound when they are struck


upon. Xylophone, bass drum, cymbals are a few common
percussion instruments. Wind instruments produce sound
when a column of air is set into vibration by blowing air into
the resonator. Flutes, clarinets and saxophones are a few
examples of wind instrument. The stringed instrument
produces sound when the strings are either plucked or when
a bow rubs across them. In the next section, let us perform
an experiment to demonstrate the effect of the length of the
string on the collection of harmonic frequencies.
STRINGED INSTRUMERNT- GUITAR
When a string is plucked, the vibrations created by the touch
travel all the way to the saddle and the bridge of the guitar.The
saddle is a small, narrow piece of wood where the strings rest;
it sits upright on the bridge of the guitar. The vibrations are
then transferred from the bridge to the sheet of wood covering
the top of the guitar’s body. This part of the guitar is called the
soundboard. They also travel to the wood covering the sides
and back of the guitar. All these parts make up the body of the
guitar.
Vibrations from the wood covering all sides of the instrument
fill up the hollow body of the acoustic guitar. All this resonating
energy is held inside the hollow body just long enough for it to
find the soundhole of the guitar and flow out of it in a
compressed and directed manner. Acoustic guitars usually have
a round soundhole but there are also guitars that have f-shaped
soundholes .
PERCUSSION INSTRUMERNT- DRUM
The vibration of the head shakes the entire Drum- Striking the head
of the drum changes its shape and compresses the air inside the
shell. The compressed air presses on the bottom head and changes
its shape. Then, these changes are transmitted to the drum shell and
reflected back, and this action is repeated, creating a vibration.
These vibrations of the top and bottom heads create vibrations in the
air, which become sound, and eventually, as the head vibrations are
dampened, the sound diminishes.

Tuning changes the sound- "Drum tuning" does not mean tuning the
drum to a pitch like "C" or "D" but rather to the drum's resonant
frequency or a certain tone preferred by the drummer. If the
tightness of the head is not uniform, the tone of the drum will
change depending on where the drum is struck, and it will be a
muddy tone at that. Thus, the drum head must be tightened so as to
produce the same tone when struck in different places.
The top head and bottom heads are also tuned to different tensions.
If both the top and bottom heads are given the same tension, the
sustain of the tone is long, but the volume is low. If this condition is
changed, however, the drum becomes louder. In addition, if the
bottom head is tighter than the top head, it becomes louder, and the
tone rings longer. However, if the bottom head is looser, the tone
does not ring so long, and the tone is flatter. The greater the
difference in tension between the two heads, the greater the change
in tone.

The relationship between the diameter, depth, and tone- The tone,
sustain, and projection of a drum is affected by the shape of the
shell.The primary role of the drum is to resonate with the vibration
of the head. The larger the volume of the resonating body, the lower
the characteristic frequency, and the easier it is to resonate in the
lower frequency band, while the smaller the volume, the easier it is
to resonate in the higher frequency band. In other words, the larger
the diameter, or the deeper the shell, the thicker and heavier the
tone, and the smaller or shallower the shell, the brighter and lighter
the tone.Drummers select drums with certain diameters or depths to
match the style of music they perform, and they tune the drum
heads to their liking to express a rainbow of tonal qualities in their
music

+
WIND INSTRUMERNT- FLUTE

Sound is produced in a flute because of vibration of the air


column. The flutist blows through the mouth hole and the
stream of air that makes contact with the edge is cyclically
directed outward and inward. This cyclically vibrating air
stream generates sound and excites cyclic vibrations of the
air column inside the flute’s cylindrical tube.
Conclusion
The basic structure of all musical instruments is a sound
source and a resonant baby that enhances sound at
particular frequencies. All musical instruments create sound
by causing matter to vibrate. The vibration start sound waves
moving through the air smaller instruments produce higher
frequencies and shorty wavelength, while larger instruments
produce lower frequencies and longer wavelengths
Bibliography

1. www.Yamaha.com
2. Byju's
3. Wikipedia

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