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DISTINCTION TESTS- ORGANIC-1

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54 views

DISTINCTION TESTS- ORGANIC-1

Uploaded by

prateek.routray30
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ORGANIC DISTINCTION TESTS

1. To distinguish haloalkanes and haloarenes


Reagent: dil. HNO3 and AgNO3 or NaOH and AgNO3
Chloroalkanes give white ppt of AgCl which dissolves in excess of NH4OH.
Bromoalkanes give pale yellow ppt of AgBr sparingly soluble in NH4OH.
Iodoalkanes give yellow ppt of AgI insoluble in NH4OH.
2. To distinguish between 1o, 2o and 3o alcohols – Lucas Test
Reagent: Conc. HCl and ZnCl2
Tertiary alcohols give immediate turbidity with Lucas reagent, secondary gives turbidity after 5
minutes and a primary alcohol gives turbidity only on warming.
Alcohols having CH3-CH(OH)- group gives Iodoform test.
3. To distinguish between phenol and aliphatic alcohols.
(a) Neutral FeCl3 test: Phenol gives a black/violet coloration with neutral FeCl3 solution.
6 C6H5OH + FeCl3 → [Fe(C6H5O)6]3- + 3 HCl + 3 H+
(b) Bromine water test: Phenol gives a white precipitate of 2,4,6 -Tribromophenol with Br2
water.

(c) Phenol gives orange dye with benzene diazonium chloride (coupling reaction)
4. To distinguish between aldehydes and ketones
(a) Aldehydes can be distinguished from ketones by
(i) Fehling’s test

(ii) Tollen’s test

(b) benzaldehyde will not give Fehling’s test.


(c) Aldehydes and ketones with CH3-CO- group will give iodoform test.

5. To distinguish between carboxylic acids and other organic compounds.


NaHCO3 test: carboxylic acids give brisk effervescence with NaHCO3.

***HCOOH is distinguished from CH3COOH by Tollen’s test. HCOOH gives bright silver mirror
with Tollen’s reagent. The side products are NH3 and CO2

6. To distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary amines.


(a) To distinguish primary from secondary and tertiary amines – Carbylamine test or Isocyanide
test.

(b) Hinsberg’s test: In this test, amines are treated with benzene sulphonyl chloride (Hinsberg’s
reagent) followed by addition of an alkali (NaOH or KOH).
Primary amines give a white ppt of N-Alkyl benzene sulphonamide which dissolves in NaOH.
R-NH2 + C6H5SO2Cl → C6H5SO2NH-R (soluble in NaOH)
Secondary amines give a white ppt of N,N—Dialkylbenzene sulphonamide which is insoluble in
NaOH.
R-NH-R + C6H5SO2Cl → C6H5SO2NR2 (insoluble in NaOH)
Tertiary amines do not react with Hinsberg’s reagent.
(c) Aniline can be distinguished by:
(i) Diazotisation: Aniline gives stable diazonium salt whereas aliphatic amines give alcohol and
nitrogen gas.
(ii) Azo dye test: Aniline gives yellow dye with benzene diazonium chloride in coupling reaction.

Give one chemical test to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds:

1. Chloroethane and Chlorobenzene


2. Cyclohexyl bromide and bromobenzene
3. Benzyl chloride and chlorobenzene
4. Vinyl iodide and allyl iodide
5. Chloroform and carbon tetrachloride
6. Isopropyl alcohol and ter-butyl alcohol
7. Methanol and Butan-2-ol
8. Methanol and Ethanol
9. Pentan-2-ol and Pentan-3-ol
10. Phenol and ethyl alcohol
11. Acetaldehyde and Acetone
12. Acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde
13. Acetaldehyde and formaldehyde
14. Pentan-2-one and Pentan-3-one
15. Acetophenone and benzophenone
16. Phenol and acetic acid
17. Ethanol and benzoic acid
18. Methanoic acid and ethanoic acid
19. Methyl amine and dimethyl amine
20. Secondary and tertiary amine
21. Ethyl amine and aniline
22. Aniline and benzyl amine
23. Aniline and N-Methylaniline
24. Ethanamine and N-Ethylethanamine
25. Aniline and phenol

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