Expt. No.

3
Expt. Title: Simple applications using Arduino development board
Date:
Course: Laboratory based on IoT
Semester: VIII
Academic 2023-24
Year:
Name:
Roll no.
Class: B.E.(Mechanical) A or B
Batch:
 Experiment No. 3

Simple Applications using Arduino Development Board

 Part A: Simple LED Blinking using development board

Aim: To develop a simple application incorporating led blinking using Arduino

Hardware: Arduino Uno, small led, resistor (220 ohm), jumper wires, bread board, usb
cable, PC/laptop

Software: Arduino IDE

LED
LED stands for Light Emitting Diode. It is a semiconductor device that emits light when an
electric current passes through it. LEDs are widely used for various applications, ranging
from indicator lights in electronic devices to lighting in homes and public spaces.

Applications of LED :
1. Picture phones and digital watches
2. Camera flashes and automotive heat lamps
3. Aviation lighting
4. Digital computers and calculators
5. Traffic signals and Burglar alarms systems
6. Microprocessors and multiplexers
7. Optical Communication
8. Indicator lamps in electric equipment
9. LED television
10. Vehicle head lamps, domestic and decorative illumination, street lighting.
Specify Characteristics of LED :
1. Long Leg (Anode):
 The longer leg of an LED is called the anode.
 The anode is typically connected to the positive voltage or current source.
2. Short Leg (Cathode):
 The shorter leg of an LED is called the cathode.
 The cathode is usually connected to the ground (GND) or negative side of the
circuit.
3. Operating Voltage:
 The operating voltage of an LED depends on its colour. Common values
include:
 Red LEDs: Typically have an operating voltage of around 1.8 to 2.2
volts.
 Green LEDs: Typically have an operating voltage of around 2.0 to 3.0
volts.
 Blue and white LEDs: Typically have an operating voltage of around
3.0 to 3.6 volts.

Construction of LED
The construction of LED is very simple because it is designed through the deposition of three
semiconductor material layers over a substrate. These three layers are arranged one by one
where the top region is a P-type region, the middle region is active and finally, the bottom
region is N-type. The three regions of semiconductor material can be observed in the
construction. In the construction, the P-type region includes the holes; the N-type region
includes elections whereas the active region includes both holes and electrons.
When the voltage is not applied to the LED, then there is no flow of electrons and holes so
they are stable. Once the voltage is applied then the LED will forward biased, so the electrons
in the N-region and holes from P-region will move to the active region. This region is also
known as the depletion region. Because the charge carriers like holes include a positive
charge whereas electrons have a negative charge so the light can be generated through the
recombination of polarity charges.
Working of LED:
The light-emitting diode simply, we know as a diode. When the diode is forward biased, then
the electrons & holes are moving fast across the junction and they are combined constantly,
removing one another out. Soon after the electrons are moving from the n-type to the p-type
silicon, it combines with the holes, then it disappears. Hence it makes the complete atom &
more stable and it gives the little burst of energy in the form of a tiny packet or photon of
light.

The above diagram shows how the light-emitting diode works and the step by step process of
the diagram.
 From the above diagram, we can observe that the N-type silicon is in red colour
including the electrons which are indicated by the black circles.
 The P-type silicon is in the blue colour and it contains holes, they are indicated by the
white circles.
 The power supply across the p-n junction makes the diode forward biased and
pushing the electrons from n-type to p-type. Pushing the holes in the opposite
direction.
 Electron and holes at the junction are combined.
 The photons are given off as the electrons and holes are recombined.
Procedure:
Blinking an LED is one of the simplest projects you can do with a development board like the
Arduino Uno. Here's a step-by-step procedure to create a simple LED blinking project using
an Arduino Uno
1. Firstly, you will require all electronic components as mention above in
‘HARDWARE’.
2. Always keep your hand dry whenever you will use Arduino Uno.
3. Always connect you jumper wires and other components to Arduino Uno and then
only connect Arduino Uno with PC
4. We have use Bread Board because it allows for easy and quick creation of temporary
electronic circuits or to carry out experiments with circuit design.
5. Firstly, we have connected LED with Bread Board in series below that we have
connected Resistor to resist the flow of current.
Circuit Diagram:

Fig. Connection of LED and resistor in series, not in parallel

 Fig. LED terminal characteristics
6. Now with use of jumper wire we have connected RED wire on Digital side in (pin no
8) and same RED wire is connected vertically with starting end of resistor on bread
board so that we can resist the current and can reduces chances of damage and current
flows in to Long Leg (Anode).
7. Now BLACK wire is connected to Arduino Uno at Digital side in (pin GND) and
same wire is connected vertically on bread board were short leg (Cathode) is
connected so that current passed from LED can reach ground.

Fig. Circuit for LED Blinking

 8. Now connect Arduino Uno with PC with help of USB cable.
9. Open Arduino IDE software you will get black sketch window.
10. Check the Arduino types you will automatically find Arduino Uno is selected and if
not then select manually also check ‘port’ in which Arduino is connected you will find
all this is ‘TOOLS’ section at top left side of screen.
11. Write and upload the sketch below:
Sketch (Code/Program):
#define led_pin 8

void setup(){
pinMode(led_pin,OUTPUT);
}

void loop(){
digitalWrite(led_pin,HIGH); // turn the LED on
delay(1000); // wait a second

digitalWrite(led_pin,LOW)); // turn the LED off

delay(1000); // wait a second
}
12. Verify the uploaded sketch and then upload it to Arduino Uno ( ).
13. Arduino Uno will start functioning according to code hence Blinking of LED is to be
seen.
14. Blinking of light is seen per second.

Results and Conclusion:

 Part B: Building IOT Smart Swicth using development board

Aim: To develop an IOT smart switch incorporating _______________ and Arduino

Hardware:

Software:

Smart Switch?:
(_Explanation______ Sample Photographs are to be attached.)

Procedure:

1)
2)
3)

Circuit Diagram:

Sketch (Code/Program):

Results and Conclusion:

 Part C: Pulse Width Modulation

Aim: To demonstrate Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) incorporating Oscilloscope and
Arduino

Hardware:

Software:

Element ?:
(_Explanation______ Sample Photographs are to be attached.)

Procedure:
Circuit Diagram:

Sketch (Code/Program):
void setup() {
}

void loop () {
analogWrite(9, 64);
delay(500);
analogWrite(9, 127);
delay(500);
analogWrite(9, 191);
delay(500);
analogWrite(9, 225);
delay(500);
analogWrite(9, 0);
delay(500);
}
Results and Conclusion
 Part C: Analog to Digital/Digital to Analog Conversion

Aim: To demonstrate Analog to Digital/Digital to Analog Conversion incorporating

_______________ and Arduino

Hardware:

Software:

Elements?:
(_Explanation______ Sample Photographs are to be attached.)

Procedure:

1)
2)
3)

Circuit Diagram:

Sketch (Code/Program):

Results and Conclusion: