SUBMITTED

NO:17622372.
ROLL MODERN
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECTON
BY:
Harshita
Detergents"
Soaps
and VIDYA
Adlakha
Satyameva
Jayate

(XIl
MVNNIKETAN,
MEDICAL)

SECTOR

-88
 MODERN VIDYA NIKETAN SENIOR SECONDARY sCHOOL
SECTOR-88, FARIDABAD
MVN
Satyameva Jayate

CBSE AFFILIATION CODE:531676

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Harshita Adlakha of grade XII MEDICAL with CBSE ROLL N0. :
17622372
has successfully completed her project work entitled " SOAPS AND DETERGENTS
During the academic year 2023-24 towards partial fulfillment of credit for the
CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL evaluation - subject code 043 of AISSCE - 2024 and submitted a
report of the same as compiled here with.
HER EFFORTS ARE APPRECIATED.
MEDICALthroughout.
XIl - encouragedMe
to present
I form.
Its
"SOAPS thanks It
Harshita
Adlakha would providing
guidance, would

to be
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
also AND
support a My
like helping my
DETERGENTS" Chemistry
utmost
to
undertake
express and hand
supervision pleasure
teacher
In
my this
this are ,
gratitude project. Mr. to
project responsible expresS
all Utkarsh
through
and to Their
my my
guide Singh
parents for this sincere
valuable
attaining
me project in
who
on
 10. 8. 7. 6.
CONTENIS
TABLEOF
5. 4. 3. 2
S.No.

NON-BIODEGRADABLE
SOAPS
DETERGENTS
SOAPS
AND THE
BIODEGRADABLE
DIFFERENCE AND SOAPOF
BETWEEN PROPERTIES
BIBLIOGRAPHY MAKINGINTRODUCTION
CONCLUSION EXPERIMENT
HISTORY
MICELLE
TITLE
OF
SOAP
)
 "are the mixd "
INTRODUCTION
Therewashing,
aponification made
from an with .
When acids.
fatty Soap
chance alkali
are mixd acid. is
they
H,C
(commonly a
two chemical
Soaps
of
with
animal dirthelp
andbasic H>
water H, are
andwater
people compound
Salting-out
steps fats sodium
the
Hydrophobictail

oil
during metallic
in orto and
making get n
vegetable or
of clothes
cothes
bathing,
to potassium
resulting
sõap. the salts
H
soap. skin get H,
of
oils. get
cleansing,
long from
H2

They loweringorby
clean hydroxide)
Hydrophilic
head

fabric. chain the

Na

are by reaçtion
lowering or
called Soaps fatty
with
aof
ATERFORMBANAGGFEGATEVWIHTHEHROPHUC"EAD'
" REGICNSINCONTACT
" "
MCIE THSAHASEIS
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 surfactant
micelle A
Micelle
molecules. is
and a
spherical
the
hydrophilic In
water,
structure
Bilayer
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Micelle
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enotes.org

and of
 >ROMAN weaving ashSoap Themixture "
>ANCIENT
account,
tallow
ashes.
cognate
Soap,
anddescribes
is Pliny
mention Sumerin
2800a
used evidence
substance Ebers
It
HISTORY
SOAPS
is OF
as for uncertain
Iikely th e BC
awashing of
Historia soap Elder, medicine a inof
with EMPIRE similar papyrus anciènt clay
oil the
was and MIDDLE EAST
as
Latin whose called tablet
borrowed as substance woolenproduction to
Naturalis, 'an wood
(Egypt,
and Babylon, who
sebum, Trona around
writings
invention
comnbined ash, was
clothing.
which from was to1550 Aformula th2500
e
of
the
"tallow". create soap-like
chronicle
anof BC)earliest first
used
discusses e¡rly the animal BC;
indicates
their to
It in t
materialshe forinvent
first Gauls
Germanic the fats recorded
life Soap
soaps. making
appears
thÁ .he inpreparation orthe
the soap.The
was
manufacture word vegetable
languae first
Eyptianancient chemical soapdates
produced
in
sapo,
Plinycentury of wasback
earliest
Egyptians
documents oilsused
Wool reaction,
the andLatin
of
written to
by
AD, with around
soap
Elder's for recorded
heating
for
soda a and on
from
a
 THE MAKINGOF SOAPS - SAPONIFICATION
" Soap making has remained unchanged over the centuries.The ancient Roman
tradition called for mixing rainwater, potash and animal tallow (rendered form of
beef or mutton fat). Making soap was along and arduous process.
First, the fat had to be rendered (melted and filtered). Then, potash solution was
added. Since water and oil do not mix, this mixture had to be continuously stirred
and heated sufficiently to keep the fat melted. Slowly, a chemical reaction called
saponification would take place between the fat and the hydroxide which
resulted in a liquid soap. When the fat and water no longer separated, the mixture
was allowed to cool. At this point salt, such as sodium chloride, was added to
separate the soap from the excess water. The soap came to the top, was
skimmedoff, and placed in wooden molds to cure. It was aged many months to
allow the reactionto runtocompletion.
All soap is made from fats and oils, mixed with alkaline (basic) solutions. There
are many kinds of fats and oils, both animaland vegetable. Fats are usually solid
at room temperature, but many oils are liquid at room temperature. Liquid
cooking oils originate from corn, peanuts, olives, soybeans, and many other
plants. For makingsoap, all different types of fats and oils can be used -
anything from lard to exotic tropical plant oils.
 |
Step Step Step

Learner.com
Che
R R R
3: 2: 1:
Ester
Deprotonation Saponification
OH
C Mechanism
Removal
Nucleophilic of

R'

of +

+ the
Hydroxide
:OH attack
of leaving
the
Carboxylic
acid R on
alcohol the
group

carbonyl
R by Intermediate
rboxylate
the R

+
OH
alkoxide I carbon
R'
Alkoxide

by
the
HO-R'
Alcohol
hydroxide
 EXPERIMENT
> AIM -To prepare asoap bythe process of saponification
SAFETY- Be sure to exercise caution wh¹n dispensing the 9 MNaOH. If the chemical
comes initoçontact with your skin, immediately' rinsewith water for a minimum of fifteen
minutesand notify your ínstructor.
Personal
shoes Protective Equipment (PPE) required: safety goggles, lab coat, closed-toe
>MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS
Materials: warm oliye oil (preheated by instructor), 9 Msodium hydroxide solution, food
coloring, assorted fragrances, stearic acid
" Equipment: tall 250mL beaker, PLASTIC stiringrod, glass pipets and pipet bulbs
PREPARATION
1. Your instructor has a beaker of olive oil, preheated to 35°c, at the front bench. Pour 10
ml of the warm oilinto atall 250 mL beaker.

2. Prior to beginning the reaction, choose your fragrance. You may choose one of the
following: holiday candy, island coconut, yuzu, energy, lavender, white tea &ginger,
fresh cue grass, plumería, lilac, oatmeal milk & honey, sandalwood, relaxing, edarwood,
cinnamon, amyris, vanilla.
 up 8.Pour
undisturbed 9.After for 6.Afteropaque; 5.Use
7.Add to dropper fragrances.
squirts.full
4.Add mi3.Add
x
take
and th e
a turns the 3 1-2
pouring
liquefy into liquid approval
dash it
plastic ml drops
chosen should of
for soap.
(approximately with 9
again,at into M of
by stirring
your sodium
least thicken desired
the mold Stir. your
then
12mold, shape. lab
instructor, to rod hydroxide
hours. cool partner. fragrance,
the 1/8 pudding-like a to
off Labelteaspoon) mix.
Youprocess
slowly, add The
You solution
will with using
2-3 mixture
must
harden
pick will your of
consistency.
drops the
stearic to
continue
up will stir the pipet
names
your and of slowly for
desired beaker.
acid. 20-45 provided
finished dry. and
on
So, its This become
minutes; This
lab food
the own. section will at
soap is front
soap The coloring. smoother
approximately
serve
in you
bench;
labmust soapnumber. may
as
next
bewill a Stir. and
hardener choose do
week. left heat two not
 "Theplace.
The dirt. The Theability to most
Cleansing
These Therefore,
themselves
easily dirt
theto
When
dirt mostability ACTIONTHE
CLEANSING
rinsed
micelles soap critical
Good
present
removeand iteffective to is
awaymicelle
remaindissolved
in cannot
is
PROPERTIES
SOAPOF cleansing
clean
remove property the
on ability
by soaps
be without
clothes
dirt
water.
formationfromthe it
suspended removed requires of of
in can and soap,soap
water, isstripping
organic also oil as to
and two
Then its by remove
cloth. it
remove
in only elements: is
trap
hydrophobic
the the why
in
water. the washing nature skin dirt
water-soluble most
dirt the of and
The and its people
molecules at with
ends
dust the insoluble natural from
oil
centre attach water.
and use
particles
of oil-soluble oils soap the
of
soap
themselves in skin.
the water. in
are
arrange
cluster. the It
then the is
first
 " "
surfactants
insoluble. asare This end.becomes
When
hydrophilic
hydrophobic water There solution.
WhenBecause present
hydrophobic When whereas
Ifcomponent.
(noipolar)
EMULSIPYING
and Asalkyl
theSoaps
açids.
A in
emulsifiers, surfactant, a
results container,
we will a Na+soap result, The are
in
add be oil ions,
the sodium
end
inheadsuch is a
transient
soap aisa water, dissolved soap
making the more the of
less we
formation ofas hydrophilic non-polar. end isthe and
soap, stable. ordense mix and molecule
abovea soap
detergent molecule
potassium
molecule layer oil the in ACTION
while and water,
or substance,
Emulsification
a of
of
Na+ has
threshold detergent,
a water, part to
non-polar
micelle. emulsion as ions it both whichsalts
soluble a separates of
surfactant, and
sticking the OF
micelle
it hydrophilic a the of
is will micelle
particles
in required. is if they R-CO0-Na+
sodium
SOAP
a you float
solution the
are to into
concentration, the
term shake on being the two
likeemulsion allowed oil (polar) is
water.
Water for
vigorously. them CO0-, parts: long-chain linked
that dirt molecules
attracts this to and
is attract CO0 is
normally procedure. of settle. which
micellesact apolar,
fatty
the the andoil in
the is
 >BASICITY SOAPS" OF " " >
If Soap acids.
which weak fatty
irritation.
Thecause
SoapHard Theacids,replacement.skin
duration.
Hardnessan
is
clean,soap Soaps
HARDNESS
type perfect
acids
can with makersfats, the
and is are
the
too water be slightly such of more in soap
If
fat hardness
basic, said can the
clothes used
as On
essential
shows complex soap the is
that also
tallows,
it basic too OF
to other
it's can base pH use determines for soft,
make
because the soap WATER
property
supposedharm above buttermake hand,
is soapsoap. it
also does is
the soaps somewhere a
7, they such the too-hard of
also not
tohavingbasic
skin,
soap's soap
clean. are as
affects
harder last
thbehavior
e the cocoa
a because
surfaces sour soaplong,
salts hardness. in
than the the
taste. butter. is so
and of hardness middle.difficultusers it
soft
it's strong determines
it fats The
supposed also need
bases like of more The to
it the use
tastes olive amount frequent
fatty its
and soap. and
to
oil.
sour of may
 BIODEGRADABLE AND
NON BIODEGRADABLESOAPS
>BIODEGRADABLE SOAPS-
Biodegradable soap is a type of soap that is made from plant-based
ingredients. Unlike regular sops, biodegradable soap ingredients are
easily broken down in the environment.Moreover, biodegradable soap
breaks down quickly into natural elements when it is exposed to air,
sunlight, water, or microorganisms.
In addition, bËodegradable soap is free of synthetic ingredients, petroleum,
and phosphates,which makes it safer for the environment and other
sensitive areas.On the other hand, regular soap contains petroleum-based
ingrdients, which are not biodegrdable and can take hundreds of years to
break down. Compared to the reular one, þiodegradable soap isgentler
the environment ndis a better option for those Tooking to reduce their
environmental impact.
Biodegradable soap is typiçally, made of ingredients found in nature such
as vegetable oil, coconue oil,olive oil, or other plant-based oils. These
plant-based oils are mixed with sodium hydroxide, or ye, to create a
chemiçal reaction c¡lled saponification. This reaction produces glycerin, a
natural byproduct of soap-making, and fatty acid salts, which are the soap.
 NON BIODECRADABLE SOAPS
Non-biodegradable detergents are described as those with
abranched hydrocarbon chain.
These are classified as non-biodegradable because
microbes cannot degrade them.
These are one of the pollution sources.
Example of nonbiodegradable detergent
" Non-biodegradable substances include cetyl trimethyl
ammonium bromide.
bromide is as
The structure of cetyltrimethyl ammonium
follows: CH,
CH,(CH),,-N-CH, Br
CH,
Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromlde
 DIFFERENCE

S.NO.
5. 4. 3. 2. 1.

biodegradable.
cleansingSoaps Soapsare
action -CO0-Na+.
water
hard. is
Soaps The JongSoaps
ionic chainBETWEEN
have are are
SOAPS
not carbOxýlic the
group
relatively useful sodium
in
soaps
when acids.salts
weak 1s
of SOAPS
Detergents acids.long are
SO3-Nat orTheDetergents
hard.is S04-Nat.
water
on-biodegradable.
Detergents
cleansing
action Some washing
ionic chain
DETERGENTS
of
the purpOses
when
even groupbenzene AND
can
have
detergents
be sodium
saltsof
in
a
strong used soapsDETERGENT
sulphonic
are for
is
 CONCLUSION

" THEAEANENGACIONCFSOAPS AND DEIRCENSISDLETOTHHR CAPAaTY TO

REDUOETHEUFAETENSONOFWAR EMISYaLOR GREASE ANDRETANITIN
SUSPENEIONINWATR SOAPS ADDERCENISHAETHS POIENIAL DETO THER
SIRUCTLRE ASODUMSOAP DSSOVESINWARTO PRODESOAPANONSAND
SODLM CATICNS
" LEANNGACENIS AREBSTANCSTHATAREAPUEDTO SURFAOES TOREMOE
SIANG DLST, OOLRS,IR, ANDO-ERIMPURIES SILMHORONDECR
POTASSIUMHROMDEINRACISWTHVECETAELECRANMLFATS TOGENRAE
SOAPINASAFCNACATINREACION SOAPSARESALIS MADE UPOFALENGIHY
CHANCFFAIIY AODSDRVDROMPOTASSUMCR SOOLM
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. UNACADEMY.COM
2. BYJUS.COM
3. VEDANTU.COM
4. BRITANNICA.COM
6.WILSONCHEMISTRY.COM
6. WIKIPEDIA.COM
7.chenm.libretexts.org
Thank You