G. Rizzoni and J.

Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Electrical Circuits – Instructor Notes

Chapter 1 has been reorganized to enable students to solve interesting and practical
problems at the very beginning of an introductory course. The first section introduces students to
basic circuit structures (nodes, branches, meshes and loops) and emphasizes the important skill
of identifying and counting nodes. The following three sections cover basic definitions of
charge, current and voltage (Section 1.2), ideal independent and dependent sources (Section 1.3),
and power and the passive sign convention (Section 1.4). A special feature, Focus on Problem
Solving: The Passive Sign Convention (p. 18) along with two examples and two exercises
illustrate this important topic. A second feature that recurs throughout the early chapters is
presented in the form of sidebars. Make The Connection: Hydraulic Analog of a Voltage Source
(p. 15), Make The Connection: Hydraulic Analog of Current Sources (p. 16), and Make The
Connection: Hydraulic Analog of Electrical Resistance (p. 31) present electromechanical
analogies.

Section 1.5 introduces Kirchhoff’s laws in multiple forms and further develops problem
solving skill through six examples and three exercises. Two of these examples illustrate simple
yet practical automotive applications.

Section 1.6 covers the concepts of electrical resistance and Ohm’s law and describes the
basic construction of various discrete resistors. Table 1.1 (p. 30) lists the resistance of copper
wire for various gauges while Tables 1.2 (p. 32) and 1.3 (p. 33) summarize the resistivity of
common materials and standard resistor values. Variable resistors and potentiometers are also
discussed along with their practical utility. Resistive power dissipation is introduced here.
Finally, a practical electromechanical analogy of heat transfer in the quenching of an engine
crankshaft and the concept of thermal resistance are discussed at the end of this section. Other
analogies are presented throughout the early chapters.

Sections 1.7 and 1.8 present the Node Voltage and Mesh Current methods. Each section
is supported by highlighted Focus on Problem Solving summaries of the detailed step-by-step
procedure for applying these methods. Seven examples and seven exercises provide thorough
illustrations of the methods, including two examples that introduce MatLab to solve matrix
equations. Section 1.9 details the use of these methods to circuits involving dependent sources.

The presentation of the Node Voltage and Mesh Current methods emphasizes the
importance of consistent and systematic solution methods. The aim of this presentation, which is
perhaps more detailed than usual in a textbook suitable for non-majors, is to develop good habits
early on, with the hope that the orderly approach presented in this chapter will facilitate the
discussion of AC and transient analysis in Chapters 3 and 4.

The homework problems include a variety of practical examples, with emphasis on

automotive batteries and the role of resistance in power dissipation in fuses, cables, lightbulbs
and heating coils. Numerous problems associated with Section 1.2 focus on the charging of

1.1
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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

batteries. Problems 1.28, 1.29, 1.33-1.35 and 1.40 focus on resistance and power in lighting
elements; problem 1.41 involves the resistance of heating coils; problem 1.43 involves the role of
wire gauge in power transmission between a generator and an electric motor; problem 1.44
relates the geometry of a thin film resistor to its resistance; and problem 1.45 illustrates the
surprisingly involved analysis of fuses. The remainder of the homework problems are focused
on basic concepts and the development of problem-solving skill.

It has been the authors’ experience that providing students with an early introduction to
practical applications of electrical engineering to their own disciplines can increase the interest
level in the course significantly.

Learning Objectives for Chapter 1

Students will learn to...
1. Identify the principal features of electric circuits or networks: nodes, loops,
meshes, and branches. Section 1.1.
2. Apply definitions of charge, current and voltage. Section 1.2.
3. Identify sources and their i-υ characteristics. Section 1.3.
4. Apply the passive sign convention to compute the power consumed or supplied by
circuit elements. Section 1.4.
5. Apply Kirchhoff’s laws to simple electric circuits. Section 1.5.
6. Apply Ohm’s law to calculate unknown voltages and currents in simple circuits.
Section 1.6.
7. Apply the Node Voltage method to solve for unknown voltages and currents in
resistive networks. Section 1.7.
8. Apply the Mesh Current method to solve for unknown voltages and currents in
resistive networks. Section 1.8.
9. Apply the Node Voltage and Mesh Current methods to solve for unknown voltages
and currents in resistive networks with dependent sources. Section 1.9.

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Section 1.2: Charge, Current, and Voltage

Problem 1.1
A free electron has an initial potential energy per unit charge (voltage) of 17 kJ/C and a velocity
of 93 Mm/s. Later, its potential energy per unit charge is 6 kJ/C. Determine the change in
velocity of the electron.

Solution:
Known quantities:
m
U i =93 M
Initial Coulombic potential energy, V i =17 kJ / C ; initial velocity, s ; final Coulombic
potential energy, V f =6 kJ /C .
Find:
The change in velocity of the electron.
Assumptions:
D PEg << D PEc
Analysis:
Using the first law of thermodynamics, we obtain the final velocity of the electron:
Qheat −W=D KE+D PEc +D PEg +.. .
Heat is not applicable to a single particle. W=0 since no external forces are applied.
D KE=- D PE c
1
m (U 2 −U 2 )=-Qe (V f −V i )
2 e f i
2Q
U 2f =U 2i − e (V f −V i )
me
2 ( −1. 6 ´ 10−19 C )
( )
2
m
¿ 93 M − ( 6 kV −17 kV )
s 9 .11´ 10−37 g
m2 m2
¿ 8 . 649´ 10 15 2 −3 .864 ´ 1015 2
s s
7m
U f =6 . 917 ´ 10
s
m m m
|U f −U i|=93 M −69 .17 M =23 . 83 M .
s s s

1.3
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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.2
The units for voltage, current, and resistance are the volt (V), the ampere (A), and the ohm (),
respectively. Express each unit in fundamental MKS units.

Solution:
Known quantities:
MKSQ units.
Find:
Equivalent units of volt, ampere, and ohm.

Analysis:
Joule J
Voltage=Volt = V=
Coulomb C
Coulomb C
Current=Ampere= a=
second s
Volt Joule´ second J⋅s
Resistance=Ohm= = Ω= 2
Ampere Coulomb 2
C
2
Ampere C
Conductance=Siemens or Mho= =
Volt J⋅s

Problem 1.3
A particular fully charged battery can deliver 2.7 x 106 coulombs of charge.

Solution:
Known quantities:
qBattery = 2.7 · 106 C.
Find:
a) The capacity of the battery in ampere-hours
b) The number of electrons that can be delivered.

Analysis:
a) There are 3600 seconds in one hour. Amperage is defined as 1 Coulomb per second
and is directly proportional to ampere-hours.
6 1 hr
2.7 ∙ 10 C ∙ =750 AH
3600 s

b) The charge of a single electron is -1.602·10-19 C. The negative sign is negligible. Simple
division gives the solution:

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

6
2.7 ∙ 10 C 25
−19
=1.685 ∙1 0 electrons
1.602 ∙1 0 C
1 electron

Problem 1.4
The charge cycle shown in Figure P1.4 is an example of a three-rate charge. The current is held
constant at 30 mA for 6 h. Then it is switched to 20 mA for the next 3 h.

Solution:
Known quantities:
See Figure P1.4
Find:
a) The total charge transferred to the battery.
b) The energy transferred to the battery.
Analysis:
Coulombs
a) Current is equal to , therefore given a constant current and a duration of that
Second
current, the transferred charge can be calculated by the following equation:
A ∙ t=C
The two durations should be calculated independently and then added together.
0.030 A ∙ 21600 s=648 C
0.020 A ∙10800 s=216 C
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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

648 C+ 216 C=864 C

b) P=V·I, therefore, the total energy can be calculated as sum of the products of the
average voltage, the average current, and the interval length over all three intervals.
Note the conversion from hours to seconds.

U=V*I*t= (0.55*0.030*3600*3)+(0.9*0.030*3600*3)+(1.1*0.020*3600*3)=707.4J

Problem 1.5
Batteries (e.g., lead-acid batteries) store chemical energy and convert it to electric energy on
demand. Batteries do not store electric charge or charge carriers. Charge carriers (electrons)
enter one terminal of the battery, acquire electrical potential energy, and exit from the other
terminal at a lower voltage. Remember the electron has a negative charge! It is convenient to
think of positive carriers flowing in the opposite direction, that is, conventional current, and
exiting at a higher voltage. (Benjamin Franklin caused this mess!) For a battery with a rated
voltage = 12 V and a rated capacity = 350 A-h, determine:
a. The rated chemical energy stored in the battery.
b. The total charge that can be supplied at the rated

Solution:
Known quantities:
Rated voltage of the battery; rated capacity of the battery.
Find:
a) The rated chemical energy stored in the battery
b) The total charge that can be supplied at the rated voltage.
Analysis:
a)
D PE c DQ
DVº I=
DQ Dt
Chemical energy=D PEc=DV⋅DQ=DV⋅( I⋅Dt )
s
=12 V 350 A−hr 3600 =15 . 12 MJ.
hr
As the battery discharges, the voltage will decrease below the rated voltage. The remaining
chemical energy stored in the battery is less useful or not useful.
b) DQ is the total charge passing through the battery and gaining 12 J/C of electrical energy.
C s
DQ=I⋅Dt=350 a hr=350 hr⋅3600 =1 .26 MC.
s hr

1.6
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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.6
What determines:
a. The current through an ideal voltage source?
b. The voltage across an ideal current source?

Solution:
Known quantities:
Resistance of external circuit.
Find:
a) Current through an ideal voltage source
b) Voltage across an ideal current source.
Assumptions:
Ideal voltage and current sources.
Analysis:
a) An ideal voltage source produces a constant voltage at or below its rated current. Current is
determined by the power required by the external circuit (modeled as R).

b) An ideal current source produces a constant current at or below its rated voltage. Voltage is
determined by the power demanded by the external circuit (modeled as R).

A real source will overheat and, perhaps, burn up if its rated power is exceeded.

Problem 1.7

An automotive battery is rated at 120 A-h. This means that under certain test conditions it can
output 1 A at 12 V for 120 h (under other test conditions, the battery may have other ratings).
a. How much total energy is stored in the battery?
b. If the headlights are left on overnight (8 h), how much energy will still be stored in the battery
in the morning? (Assume a 150-W total power rating for both headlights together.)

Solution:
Known quantities:
Rated discharge current of the battery; rated voltage of the battery; rated discharge time of the
battery.
Find:
a) Energy stored in the battery when fully recharging
b) Energy stored in the battery after discharging

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Analysis:

a)
Energy=Power ´ time= (1 A )( 12 V )( 120 hr ) (60hr min )(60minsec )
w = 5. 184 × 106 J
b) Assume that 150 W is the combined power rating of both lights; then,
w used=(150 W )( 8 hrs)
3600 sec
hr (
= 4 .32 × 106 J )
w stored =w−wused =864×103 J

Problem 1.8
A car battery kept in storage in the basement needs recharging. If the voltage and the current
provided by the charger during a charge cycle are shown in Figure P1.8,
a. Find the total charge transferred to the battery.
b. Find the total energy transferred to the battery.

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Solution:
Known quantities:
Recharging current and recharging voltage
Find:
a) Total transferred charge
b) Total transferred energy
Analysis:
Q = area under the current-time curve=∫ Idt
1 1 1
= (4 )(30 )(60)+6 (30)(60 )+ (2)( 90)(60 )+ 4 (90 )(60 )+ (4 )(60 )(60)=48,600 C
a) 2 2 2
Q = 48,600 C
dw
=p
b) dt sow=∫ pdt=∫ vidt
3
v=9+ t V, 0≤t≤10800 s
10800
4
i 1 = 10- t A, 0≤t≤1800 s
1800
2
i2 = 6 - t A, 1800≤t≤72 00 s
5400
4
i 3 = 12- t A, 7200≤t≤10800 s
3600
i=i 1 +i 2 +i 3
where
Therefore,
1800 7200 10800
w=∫0 vi1 dt+∫1800 vi 2 dt +∫7200 vi 3 dt

(
¿ 90t+
t2 t2 t3
− −
)
|1800
720 100 4 .86×106 0

(
+ 60t+
t2 t2 t3
− − |7200
1080 600 29.16×10 1800
6 )
( t2 t2 t3
+ 108t+ − − |10800
600 200 9.72×10 7200
6 )
¿132.9×103 +380.8×103−105.4×103+648×103−566.4×103
Energy = 489.9 kJ

Problem 1.9

Suppose the current through a wire is given by the curve shown in Figure P1.9.
a. Find the amount of charge, q, that flows through the wire between t1 = 0 and t2 = 1 s.
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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

b. Repeat part a for t2 = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 s.

c. Sketch q(t) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 10 s.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Current-time curve
Find:
a) Amount of charge during 1st second
b) Amount of charge for 2 to 10 seconds
c) Sketch charge-time curve
Analysis:
4×10−3 t
i=
a) 1
2
1 1 −3 t 1 amp
Q1=∫0 idt=∫0 4×10 −3
tdt=4×10 |0=2×10−3 =2×10−3 Coulombs
2 sec
b) The charge transferred from t =1 to t =2 is the same as from t =0 tot =1 .
Q 2 =4 ´ 10−3 C oulombs

The charge transferred from to is the same in magnitude and opposite in direction to
−3
that from t =1 tot =2 . Q3 =2 ´ 10 Coulombs
t =4
4
Q4 =2´ 10−3−∫3 4 ´ 10−3 dt =2´ 10−3−4 ´ 10−3 =- 2´ 10−3 Coulombs
t =5 , 6 , 7
5
Q5 =- 2 ´ 10−3 +∫4 2 ´ 10−3 dt =0
6
Q6 =0+∫5 2 ´ 10−3 dt =2 ´ 10−3 Coulombs
7
Q7 =2 ´ 10−3 +∫6 2 ´ 10−3 dt =4 ´ 10−3 Coulombs
t=8 , 9 , 10 s
Q=4 ´ 10−3 Coulombs

1.10
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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.10

The charge cycle shown in Figure P1.10 is an example of a two-rate charge. The current is held
constant at 70 mA for 1 h. Then it is switched to 60 mA for the next 1 h.

Solution:
Known quantities:
See Figure P1.10
Find:
a) The total charge transferred to the battery.
b) The total energy transferred to the battery.
Analysis:
Coulombs
a) Current is equal to , therefore given a constant current and a duration of that
Second
current, the transferred charge can be calculated by the following equation:
A ∙ t=C
The two durations should be calculated independently and then added together.
0.070 A ∙ 3600 s=252C
0.060 A ∙ 3600 s=216 C
648 C+ 216 C=468 C
b) P=V·I, therefore, an equation for power can be found by multiplying the two graphs
together.
First separate the voltage graph into three equations:
t
0 h  1 h :V =5+ e 5194.8 V
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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

1 h  2 h :V = 6−( 4 4
) t
+ 2 1 ∗e V
1
e −1 e −e
Next, multiply the first equation by 0.07A and the second by 0.06A.
t
0 h  1 h : P=0.35+0.07 e 5194.8

1 h  2 h : P=0.06 6− ( 1h
4
e −1 ) 4 t
+0.06 2 h 1 h ∗e V
e −e
Finally, since Energy is equal to the integral of power, take the integral of each of the
equations for their specified times and add them together.

[ ]
t 3600
0 h  1 h : E= 0.35 t+363.64 e 5194.8 = 1623.53 J
0

7200
1 h  2 h : E=[ 0.36 t+ 2.88∗1 0 ∗2.7 2t ]3600 = 1296.24 J
−3128

ETotal =2919.77 J

1.12
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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.11

The charging scheme used in Figure P1.11 is an example of a constant-current charge cycle.
The charger voltage is controlled such that the current into the battery is held constant at 40
mA, as shown in Figure P1.11. The battery is charged for 6 h. Find:
a. The total charge delivered to the battery.
b. The energy transferred to the battery during the charging cycle.

Hint: Recall that the energy, w, is the integral of power, or P = dw/dt.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Current-time curve and voltage-time curve of battery recharging

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Find:
a) Total transferred charge
b) Total transferred energy
Analysis:
a)

Q = 864 C
dw
=P
b) dt so

Energy =1,167 J

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.12

The charging scheme used in Figure P1.12 is called a tapered-current charge cycle. The current
starts at the highest level and then decreases with time for the entire charge cycle, as shown.
The battery is charged for 12 h. Find:
a. The total charge delivered to the battery.
b. The energy transferred to the battery during the charging cycle.
Hint: Recall that the energy, w, is the integral of power, or P = dw/dt.

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Solution:
Known quantities:
Current-time curve and voltage-time curve of battery recharging
Find:
a) Total transferred charge
b) Total transferred energy
Analysis:

a)
Q = 8,564 C
dw
=P
b) dt so

Energy = 8,986J

Section 1.4: Power and the Passive Sign Convention

Problem 1.13
Find the power delivered by the source in Figure P1.13.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.13.
Find:
Power delivered by the 3A current source.
Analysis:

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Follow the counterclockwise current:

P=(+3 A)∙(+ 10V )
P=+ 30W supplied

Problem 1.14
Find the power delivered by each source in Figure P1.14.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuits shown in Figure P1.14.
Find:
Power delivered by the -9V Voltage Source
Analysis:
Follow the counterclockwise current:
P=(+5 A )∙(−9 V )
P=−45 W supplied

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.15
Determine whether each element in Figure P1.15 is supplying or dissipating power, and how
much.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.15.
Find:
Determine power dissipated or supplied for each power source.
Analysis:
Element A:
P=-vi=−(−12 V )(25 A )=300 W (dissipating)
Element B:
P=vi=(15V )(25 A )=375 W (dissipating)
Element C:
P=vi=(27 V )(25 A )=675 W (supplying)

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.16
In the circuit of Figure P1.16, find the power absorbed by the resistor R4 and the power
delivered by the current source.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.16.
Find:
a) Power absorbed by R4
b) Power supplied by the current source
Analysis:
a) Follow the counterclockwise current in the rightmost loop:
P=(2 A )∙(15 V )
P=30 W absorbed
b) Use KVL at the leftmost loop to find V3:
10 V −2 V −1 V −V 3=0
V 3=7 V
Use KVL at the rightmost loop to find V5:
7 V +15 V −V 5 =0
V 5=22 V
Remember that the power calculations are based upon the passive sign convention, in
which current is directed from high to low potential. Positive power is power absorbed by
an element. Since V5 is positive the current is directed from low to high potential such
that power is supplied by the current source.
P = -( +2 A ) ∙ ( 22 V )=+ 44 W supplied
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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.17
For the circuit shown in Figure P1.17:
a. Determine whether each component is absorbing or delivering power.
b. Is conservation of power satisfied? Explain your answer.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.17.
Find:
a) Determine power absorbed or power delivered
b) Testify power conservation
Analysis:
A supplies( 12 V )( 5 A )=60 W
B supplies ( 3V ) ( 5 A )=15 W
C absorbs ( 5V ) ( 5 A )=25 W
D absorbs ( 10 V ) ( 3 A )=30 W
E absorbs ( 10 V ) ( 2 A )=20 W
Total power supplied = 60 W +15 W =75W
Total power absorbed = 25 W +30 W +20 W =75 W
Tot. power supplied = Tot. power absorbed conservation of power is satisfied.

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.18
Determine whether each element in Figure P1.18 is supplying or dissipating power, and how
much.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.18.
Find:
Determine power absorbed or power delivered and corresponding amount.
Analysis:
A supplies( 100 V ) ( 4 A )=400 W
B absorbs ( 10 V ) ( 4 A )=40 W
C supplies ( 100 V ) ( 1 A )=100 W
D supplies (−10 V ) ( 1 A )=−10 W , i.e absorbs 10W
E absorbs ( 90 V ) ( 5 A )=450 W

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.19
Determine whether each element in Figure P1.19 is supplying or dissipating power, and how
much.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.19.
Find:
Determine power absorbed or power delivered and corresponding amount.
Analysis:
A absorbs ( 5 V ) ( 4 A )=20 W
B supplies ( 2 V ) ( 6 A )=12 W
C absorbs (2V)(2A) = 4W
D supplies ( 3 V ) ( 4 A )=12W
Since conservation of power is satisfied, Tot. power supplied = Tot. power absorbed
Total power supplied = 12W+12W =24W

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.20
If an electric heater requires 23 A at 110 V, determine:
a. The power it dissipates as heat or other losses.
b. The energy dissipated by the heater in a 24-h period.
c. The cost of the energy if the power company charges at the rate 6 cents/kWh.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Current absorbed by the heater; voltage at which the current is supplied; cost of the energy.
Find:
a) Power consumption
b) Energy dissipated in 24 hr.
c) Cost of the Energy
Assumptions:
The heater works for 24 hours continuously.
Analysis:
J A
P=VI =110 V ( 23 A )=2. 53 ´ 103 =2 .53 KW
a) A s
J s
W =Pt=2 . 53´ 10 3 ´ 24 hr ´ 3600 =218 . 6 MJ
b) s hr
cents
Cost=(Rate)´ W=6 ( 2. 53 kW ) ( 24 hr )=364 . 3 cents=$ 3 . 64
kW−hr
c)

Section 1.5: Kirchhoff’s Laws

Problem 1.21
For the circuit shown in Figure P1.21, determine the power absorbed by the 5 Ω resistor.

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.21.
Find:
Power absorbed by the5Ω resistance.
Analysis:
20 V
The current in the series circuit is i= =1 A .
20 Ω
The voltage across the 5 ohm resistor is v 5=( 1 A )( 5 Ω ) =5V .
P5 Ω=( 5 V ) ( 1 A )=5 W absorbed. This power could also have been calculated using P
Therefore,
= (5V)2/5 = (1A)2(5) = 5W. Note that resistors always absorb power. They cannot supply power.

Problem 1.22
Use KCL to determine the unknown currents in the circuit of Figure P1.22. Assume i0 = 2 A and
i2 =−7A.

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Solution:
Known quantities:
io = 2 A, i2 = -7 A
Find:
a) i1
b) i3
Analysis:
a) Apply KCL at the node between Ro ,R1, and R2.
i 0−i 1 +i 2=0
i 1=i 0 +i 2
i 1=−5 A
b) Apply KCL at the node between R2 ,R3, and the current source.
6 A+i 3−i 2=0
i 3=i 2−6 A
i 3=−13 A

Problem 1.23
Use KCL to find the currents i1 and i2 in Figure P1.23. Assume that ia = 3 A, ib = −2 A, ic = 1 A, id
= 6 A and ie = −4 A.

Solution:
Known quantities:
ia = 3 A, ib = -2 A, ic = 1 A, id = 6 A, ie = -4 A
Find:
a) i1
b) i2
Analysis:
a) Use KCL at Node A.
i 1+ ib −i a−i c =0
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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

i 1=i a−i b +i c
i 1=6 A
b) Use KCL at Node B.
i e +i d −i 1−i 2=0
i 2=i e +i d −i 1
i 2=−4 A

Problem 1.24
Use KCL to find the currents i1, i2, and i3 in the circuit of Figure P1.24. Assume that ia = 2 mA, ib
=7mA and ic =4mA.

Solution:
Known quantities:
ia = 2 mA, ib = 7 mA, ic = 4 mA
Find:
a) i1
b) i2
c) i3
Analysis:
a) Use KCL at Node A.
i b−i a−i 1=0
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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

i 1=i b−i a
i 1=5 mA
b) Use KCL at Node C.
i c −i 2−i b=0
i 2=i c −i b
i 2=−3 mA
c) Use KCL at Node D.
i 3 +i a−i c =0
i 3=i 2−i a
i 3=2 mA

Problem 1.25
Use KVL to find the voltages v1, v2, and v3 in Figure P1.25. Assume that va = 2 V, vb = 4 V, and
vc = 5 V.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Va = 2 V, Vb = 4 V, Vc = 5 V
Find:
a) V1
b) V2
c) V3
Analysis:
a) Apply KVL around the right mesh.
V 3−V c =0
V 3=V c
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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

V 3=5 V
b) Apply KVL around the middle mesh.
V 2 −V 3−V b =0
V 2=V 3 +V b
V 2=9V
c) Apply KVL around the left mesh.
V a −V 1−V 2=0
V 1=V a−V 2
V 1=−7 V

Check these results by applying KVL around the outer loop. 2V = V1 + 5V + 4V = 2V. Check!

Problem 1.26
Use KCL to determine the currents i1, i2, i3, and i4 in the circuit of Figure P1.26. Assume that ia =
−2 A, ib =6A, ic =1A and id =−4A.

Solution:
Known quantities:
ia = -2 A, ib = 6 A, ic = 1 A, id = -4 A
Find:
a) i1
b) i2
c) i3
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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

d) i4
Analysis:
a) Use KCL at Node A.
i 1−i a−i c =0
i 1=i a +i c
i 1=−1 A
b) Use KCL at Node B.
i 2−i 1−i b=0
i 2=i 1+ ib
i 2=5 A
c) Use KCL at Node C.
i 3−i 2−i d =0
i 3=i 2+ i d
i 3=1 A
d) Use KCL at Node D.
i c + i 4−i 3=0
i 4 =i3 −i c
i 4 =0 A

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Section 1.6 Resistance and Ohm’s Law

Problem 1.27
In the circuit shown in Figure P1.27, determine the terminal voltage vT of the source, the power
absorbed by Ro, and the efficiency of the circuit. Efficiency is defined as the ratio of load power
to source power.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.27 with voltage source,
vS =12V, internal resistance, RS =5k, and load, Ro =7k.

Find:
The terminal voltage of the source; the power supplied to the circuit, the efficiency of the circuit.
Assumptions:
Assume that the only loss is due to the internal resistance of the source.
Analysis:
Apply KVL around the loop to write v S−i T R S−i T RO =0. Thus, i T =v S / ( R S + RO )=1mA. Apply
Ohm’s law to write v T =i T RO =7V.

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.28
A 24 V automotive battery is connected to two headlights that are in parallel, similar to
that shown in Figure 1.11. Each headlight is intended to be a 75 W load; however, one
100 W headlight is mistakenly installed. What is the resistance of each headlight? What
is the total current supplied by the battery?
Solution:
Known quantities:
Headlights connected in parallel to a 24 V automotive battery; power absorbed by each
headlight.
Find:
Resistance of each headlight; total resistance seen by the battery.
Analysis:
Headlight no. 1:
75 W
I 1= =3.125 A
24 V
24 V
R 1= =7.68 Ω
3.125 A
Headlight no. 2:
100 W
I 2= =4.167 A
24 V
24 V
R 2= =5.76 Ω
4.167 A

The total current supplied by the battery is: I =I 1+ I 2=7.292 A

Problem 1.29
What is the total current supplied by the battery of Problem 1.28 if two 15 W taillights
are added (in parallel) to the two 75 W headlights?
Solution:
Known quantities:
Headlights and 24 V automotive battery of problem 1.13 with 2 15 W taillights added in
parallel; power absorbed by each headlight; power absorbed by each taillight.
Find:
total current supplied by the battery.
Analysis:
For each 15 W tail light compute:
15 W
I 3 ,4 = =0.625 A
24 V
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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

The total current supplied by the battery is I =I 1+ I 2 + I 3+ I 4 =8.542 A .

Problem 1.30
For the circuit shown in Figure P1.30, determine the power absorbed by the variable resistor R,
ranging from 0 to 30 . Plot the power absorption as a function of R. Assume that vS = 15 V, RS
= 10 .

Solution:
Known quantities:
vs=15V, Rs=10 , and the circuit in Figure P2.30.
Find: Plot of the power absorbed by R as a function of R.
Analysis:
Use Ohm’s law to find an equation for P as a function of R.
P R=V R∗I R
The current through R is given by Ohm’s law.
I R =15/ ( 10+ R )
The voltage V R is determined by Ohm’s law.
( 15 ) R
V R=I R R=
(10+ R)
Then, the power dissipated by R is
P R=
[ 15
10+ R][
∗
15 R
=
]
225 R
10+ R ( 10+ R )2

Plot:

Notice that the maximum power absorbed by R occurs when R = RS.

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.31
Refer to Figure P1.27 and assume that vS = 15 V and RS =100 .For iT =0, 10, 20, 30, 80, and
100 mA:

a. Find the total power supplied by the ideal source.

b. Find the power dissipated within the non-ideal source.
c. How much power is supplied to the load resistor?
d. Plot the terminal voltage vT and power supplied to the load resistor as a function of
terminal current iT.

Solution:
Known quantities:
vs=15V, Rs=100 Ohms, iT= 0, 10, 20, 30, 80, 100 mA. Figure P2.27.
Find:
a) The total power supplied by the ideal source
b) The power dissipated within the non-ideal source
c) How much power is supplied to the load resistor
d) Plot vT and power supplied to R0 as a function of iT.
Analysis:
a) The power supplied by the ideal source is equal to the current through the loop times the
15V of the supply. From current lowest to highest the power supplied would be:
0 W 0.15 W 0.3 W 0.45 W 1.2W 1.5 W
b) The power dissipated within the non-ideal source is the power dissipated by Rs which
can be found using P=i2*r. From current lowest to highest the power dissipated would be:
0 W 0.01 W 0.04 W 0.09 W 0.64 W 1 W
c) The power supplied to the load resistor is equal to the total power supplied minus the
power dissipated by the non-ideal source. From current lowest to highest the power
supplied would be:
0 W 0.14 W 0.26 W 0.36W 0.56 W 0.5 W
d) For the vT plot Ohm’s Law can be used to find the voltage drop across Rs which is equal
to VT. For the power plot, the data from part c can be used directly.

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.32
In the circuit in Figure P1.32, assume v2 = vs/6 and the power delivered by the source is 150
mW. Find R, vs, v2, and i.

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Solution:
Known quantities:
R1=8kΩ, R2=10kΩ, R3=12kΩ and the circuit in Figure P1.32.
Find:
R, vs, v2, and i.
Analysis:
Use Ohm’s law to find vs and i:
vs
v 2= =R2∗i
6
Also:
v s∗i=( 6 R 2 i ) i=150 mW
So:

Since we know i, vs can easily be found:

√
i= 2
150 mW
R 2∗6
=1.58 mA

v s∗i=150 mW
v s=94.9 V

vs
v 2= =15.8 V
6
The power absorbed by each resistor can be calculated using i2R.
Thus:
2 2
PS =150 mW =i (R ¿ ¿ 1+ R2 + R+ R 3)=75 mW +i R yields R=30 k Ω¿
→

Problem 1.33
A GE SoftWhite Longlife light bulb is rated as follows:

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

PR = rated power = 60 W
POR = rated optical power = 820 lumens (lm) (average)
1 lumen = 1/680W
Operating life = 1,500 h (average)
VR = rated operating voltage = 115 V
The resistance of the filament of the bulb, measured with a standard multimeter, is 16.7 Ω.
When the bulb is connected into a circuit and is operating at the rated values given above,
determine:
a. The resistance of the filament.
b. The efficiency of the bulb.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Rated power; rated optical power; operating life; rated operating voltage; open-circuit resistance
of the filament.
Find:
a) The resistance of the filament in operation
b) The efficiency of the bulb.
Analysis:
a) The power absorbed by a resistor can be calculated using P=V 2 /R . Thus,
2 2
V 115
R= = =220.4 Ω
P 60

b) Efficiency is defined as the ratio of the useful power dissipated by or supplied by the load to
the total power supplied by the source. In this case, the useful power supplied by the load is the
optical power. From any handbook containing equivalent units: 680 lumens=1 W
W
=820 lum =1 . 206 W
Po , out = 680 lum
Optical Power Out
Po , out 1 .206 W
= = =0. 02009=2. 009 %
η= efficiency PR 60W
.

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.34
An incandescent light bulb rated at 100 W is designed to dissipate 100 W as heat and
light when connected across a 110-V ideal voltage source. Determine the resistance of
the lightbulb when operated as designed.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Rated power; rated voltage of a light bulb.
Find:
The resistance of the light bulb
Analysis:
the circuit can be assumed as a voltage source connect in series to the resistance due
of the light bulb.
2
V 12100
R= = =121 Ω
P 100

Problem 1.35
An incandescent light bulb rated at 60 W is designed to dissipate 60 W as heat and light
when connected across a 110 V ideal voltage source. A 100 W bulb is designed to
dissipate 100 W when connected across the same source Determine the resistance of
each lightbulb when operated as designed.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Rated power and rated voltage of the two light bulbs.
Find:
The resistanceof each of the two light bulbs in series.
Assumptions:
The resistance of each bulb doesn’t vary when connected in series.
Analysis:
2
V 12100
R100 W = = =121 Ω
P1 100
2
V 12100
R60 W = = =201.67 Ω
P2 60

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.36
Refer to Figure P1.36, and assume that vS = 12 V, R1 =5 , R2 =3 , R3 =4 , and R4 =5 .
Find:

a. The voltage vab.

b. The power dissipated in R2.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Figure P1.36. R1=5Ω, R2=3Ω, R3=4Ω, R4=5Ω, vs=12V.
Find:
vab and the power dissipated in R2.
Analysis:
Apply KVL around the left mesh and the outer loop to write v S=v 1+ v 2=v 3+ v 4 . Apply Ohm’s law
to each resistor to write v 1=i1 R1, v 2=i 2 R2, v 3=i 3 R3 , and v 4=i 4 R 4 . Plug into the KVL equations
to write 12 V =i 1 R1 +i 2 R 2=i 3 R3 +i 4 R 4 . Since R1 and R2 sit on the same branch i1 = i2 and since
R3 and R4 sit on the same branch i3 = i4. Plug in to write
12 V =i 1 ( R 1+ R 2 )=i 3 ( R 3+ R 4 )
Thus
12V 12V
i 1=i 2= =1.5 A and i 3=i 4= =1.33 A
8Ω 9Ω
Apply KVL around the lower half of the right mesh to write
i 2 R2 −v ab−i 4 R 4=0
Thus
v ab=i 2 R2−i 4 R 4=4.5 V −6.67 V ≈−2.17 V
The power dissipated by R2 is
2 2
P R 2=i 2 R2= ( 1.5 A ) ( 3 Ω ) =6.75W

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.37
For the circuit shown in Figure P1.37, find the currents i2 and i1 and the power supplied by the
voltage source.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit of Figure P1.37. R1=20Ω, R2=12Ω, R3=10Ω,
is=3A, vs=7V.
Find:
i1, i2, and Pv.
Analysis:
Apply KVL to the left mesh.
v s−R1∗i1 −R 2∗i 2−R3∗i1 =0
v s=R1∗i1 + R2∗i 2+ R 3∗i 1
Apply KCL to the upper right node.
i 1+ i s−i 2=0
i 1+ i s=i 2
Combine the two equations to solve for i1.
v s=R1∗i1 + R2∗(i 1 +i s )+ R 3∗i 1
i 1=−0.69 A
Solve for i2.
i 1+ i s=i 2
i 2=2.31 A
Power delivered by the independent voltage source is
Pv =v s∗i 1=−4.83 W

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.38
For the circuit shown in Figure P1.38, find the currents i2 and i1 and the power supplied by the
voltage sources.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit of Figure P1.38. R1=18Ω, R2=10Ω, v1=15V, v2=6V.
Find:
i1, i2, Pv1,Pv2.
Analysis:
Apply KVL to the right mesh.
v 2+ R 1∗(−i 1 )−R2∗i 2=0
v 2=R1∗i 1 + R2∗i 2
Apply KCL to the upper node.
i−i 1−i 2=0
i 1+ i2 =i
Note that the voltage across R2 is v1 such that
v 1=R2∗i 2
i 2=1.5 A
Apply KVL around the left mesh.
v 1−R1∗i 1−v 2=0
i 1=0.5 A
Solve for i.
i 1+ i2 =i
i=2.0 A
Power delivered equals the voltage across times the current through any element.
P1=v 1∗−i=−30.0 W =30.0 W supplied

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

P2=v 2∗i 1=3 W =3.0W consumed

Problem 1.39
Consider NiMH hobbyist batteries shown in the circuit of Figure P1.39.
a. If V1 = 12.0 V, R1 = 0.15 Ω and R0 = 2.55Ω find the load current Io and the power
dissipated by the load.
b. If we connect a second battery in parallel with battery 1 that has voltage V 2 = 12 V and
R2 = 0.28 Ω, will the load current Io increase or decrease? Will the power dissipated by
the load increase or decrease? By how much?

Solution:
Known quantities:
Schematic of the circuit in Figure P1.39.
Find:

a) If , the load current and the power dissipated by

the load

b) If a second battery is connected in parallel with battery 1 with ,

determine the variations in the load current and in the power dissipated by the load due
to the parallel connection with a second battery.

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Analysis:

a) = 4.44 A

= 50.4 W.
b) Apply KVL around each mesh to obtain 2 equations in 3 unknowns:
V 2−I 2 R 2+ I 1 R 1−V 1=0
V 1−I 1 R 1−I o R o=0
Apply KCL to write I o=I 1+ I 2 .Plug in values to write
12−I 2 R 2+ I 1 R 1−12=0
12−I 1 R 1−( I 1+ I 2 ) Ro=0
Thus
I 1 R1=I 2 R 2
I 1 ( R1 + R o )=12−I 2 R o=12−I 1 ( R1 ¿ R 2 ) R o
Solve for I1 and then I2, Io and PRo.

A, A  A  W
The power dissipated increased by roughly 4%.

Problem 1.40
The open-circuit voltage across the terminals of a particular power supply is 50.8 V. When a 10-
W load is attached, the voltage drops to 49 V.
a. Determine vS and RS for this non-ideal source.
b. What voltage would be measured at the terminals in the presence of a 15-Ω load resistor?
c. How much current could be drawn from this power supply under short-circuit conditions?

Solution:
Known quantities:
Open-circuit voltage at the terminals of the power source is 50.8 V; voltage drop with a 10-W
load attached is 49 V.
Find:
a) The voltage and the internal resistance of the source
b) The voltage at its terminals with a 15- load resistor attached
c) The current that can be derived from the source under short-circuit conditions.
Analysis:
(a) v S=50.8 V is the open-circuit voltage. The power absorbed by the load is
2 2
2 v T ( 49 V )
Po =iT R o= = =10 W → R o ≈ 240 Ω
Ro Ro

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

And thus

Apply Ohm’s law to solve for RS.

iT ≈
√ 10W
240 Ω
≈204 mA

( 50.8−49 ) V
R S= ≈ 8.8 Ω
204 mA
(b)
vS Ro
v T =i T Ro = Ro = v S ≈32 V
( RS+ Ro) ( RS+ Ro)
(c)
vS
i SC = ≈ 5.76 A
RS

Problem 1.41
A 220-V electric heater has two heating coils that can be switched such that either coil can be
used independently or the two can be connected in series or parallel, for a total of four possible
configurations. If the warmest setting corresponds to 2,000-W power dissipation and the coolest
corresponds to 300 W, determine the resistance of each coil.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Voltage of the heater, maximum and minimum power dissipation; number of coils, schematics of
the configurations.
Find:
The resistance of each coil
Analysis:
To maximize the power dissipation place the two coils in parallel so that 220V is across each
coil. Therefore,
2000=
( 220 )2 ( 220 )2
R1
+
R2 (
=( 220 )2
1
+
1
R1 R2 )
or,
1 1 5
+ =
R 1 R 2 121 .

To minimize the power dissipation place the two coils in series so that 220V is across the sum
(220 )2 1 3
300= =
of the two coils. Therefore, R1 + R2 or, R 1 + R2 484 .

Solving, we find that R1 =131. 6 Ω and R2 =29 .7 Ω .

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.42
For the circuits of Figure P1.42, determine the resistor values (including the power rating)
necessary to achieve the indicated voltages. Resistors are available in 1/8-, 1/4-, 1/2-, and 1-W
ratings.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuits of Figure 1.42.
Find:
Values of resistance and power rating
Analysis:
In general, for a series loop apply KVL and Ohm’s law to solve for
unknown currents and voltages.
(a)
50V
V OUT =i Ra = R =20V
15 K + R a a
Ra =10 k Ω

( )
2
50
Pa=I 2 R= ( 10 ,000 )=40 mW
25000
P1 =I 2 R =60 mW
Both resistors can be rated as small as 1/8W.
5V
(b) V OUT =i Ra = 30 Ω=2.25 V
R b+ 30 Ω
Rb =36.7 Ω
The larger of the two resistors will dissipate the greater power.
( 5−2.25 )2 ( 2.25 )2
PR = ≈ 0.2W P R = ≈ 0.17 W
b
36.7 a
30
Both resistors can be rated as small as 1/4W.

110 V
c) V OUT =i R 4= 2.7 K =28.3V
1 K + R o +2.7 K
Ro ≈ 6.8 K
The power dissipated by each of the three resistors is

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

The three resistors should be rated no smaller than 1W, 1/8W and 1/2W, respectively.

Problem 1.43
At an engineering site, a 1-hp motor is placed a distance d from a portable generator, as
depicted in Figure P1.43. The generator can be modeled as an ideal DC source VG = 110 V.
The nameplate on the motor gives the following rated voltages and full-load currents:
VMmin =105V→ IM FL =7.10A
VMmax =117V→ IM FL =6.37A
If d = 150 m and the motor must deliver its full-rated power, determine the minimum AWG
conductors that must be used in a rubber-insulated cable. Assume that losses occur only in the
wires.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Figure P1.43.
Find:
The minimum AWG wire that will meet the specifications.
Assumptions:
Assume an ideal DC source.
Analysis:
The circuit as described is essentially two voltage sources in series with two resistors. The
resistances in Table 1.1 are given in units of ohms per 1000 feet. The total length of wire is
150m or roughly 492 feet.

Assume the voltage of the motor is 105V. Use Ohm’s Law to calculate the Current through the
first conductor:
110 V −105 V
I M=
2R
For the given motor rating, IM has to be 7.1 A for the motor to draw full power.

1.45
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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

2.5 V
7.1 A=
R
R=0.352 Ω

Use the value of R along with the chart to find the correct AWG:

❑ =0.715 mΩ
492 ft ft

In table 1.1, 8 AWG wire is rated at 0.64 m/ft. The AWG scale is logarithmic (similar to the
decibel scale) such that adding 3 doubles the resistance. Since 6 AWG is 0.4 m/ft, 9 AWG is
0.8 m/ft. The desired rating is between these two values. It is important in practice that the
wire gauge meets or exceeds the minimum specified value. Thus, a good choice would be the
thicker of the two wire sizes, which is the 8 AWG wire.

Problem 1. 44
Cheap resistors are fabricated by depositing a thin layer of carbon onto a non-conducting
cylindrical substrate (see Figure P1.44). If such a cylinder has radius a and length d, determine
the thickness of the film required for a resistance R if:
a = 1 mm R = 33 kΩ σ = 1/ρ= 2.9 MS/m d = 9 mm
Neglect the end surfaces of the cylinder and assume that the thickness is much smaller than the
radius.

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Solution:
Known quantities:
Figure P1.44. Diameter of the cylindrical substrate; length of the substrate; conductivity of the
carbon.
Find:
The thickness of the carbon film required for a resistance R of 33 k.
Assumptions:
Assume the thickness of the film to be much smaller than the radius
Neglect the end surface of the cylinder.
Analysis:
d d
R= @
s⋅A s⋅2 pa⋅Dt
d 9⋅10−3 m
Dt= =
R⋅2 pa⋅s 3 6S −3
33⋅10 Ω⋅2 . 9⋅10 ⋅2 p⋅1⋅10 m
m

Problem 1.45
The resistive elements of fuses, lightbulbs, heaters, etc., are significantly nonlinear (i.e., the
resistance is dependent on the current through the element). Assume the resistance of a fuse
(Figure P1.45) is given by the expression R = R0[1 + A(T −T0)] with T −T0 = kP; T0 = 25◦C; A =
0.7[◦C]−1; k = 0.35◦C/W; R0 = 0.11 Ω; and P is the power dissipated in the resistive element of
the fuse. Determine the rated current at which the circuit will melt and open, that is, “blow” (Hint:
The fuse blows when R becomes infinite.)

Solution:
Known quantities:
Figure P1.45. The constants A and k; the open-circuit resistance.
Find:
The rated current at which the fuse blows, showing that this happens at:
1
I=
√ AkR0 .
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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Assumptions:
Here the resistance of the fuse is given by:
R=R 0 [ 1+ A( T −T 0 ) ]
where T 0 , room temperature, is assumed to be 25°C.
We assume that:
T −T 0 =kP
where P is the power dissipated by the resistor (fuse).
Analysis:
R=R 0 ( 1+ A⋅DT )=R0 (1+ AkP )=R0 ( 1+ AkI 2 R)
R−R 0 AkI 2 R=R0
R0
R= →¥
1− R 0 AkI 2 I − R0 AkI 2 → 0
when
1
1 m °C V −
I= =(0. 7 0 . 35 0 . 11 ) 2
√ AkR0 °C Va a
=6.09 A.

Problem 1.46
Use Kirchhoff’s current law and Ohm’s law to determine the unknown currents.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.22
R0=1, R1=2, R2=3, R3=4, vs=10V
Find:
a) i0 b) i1 c) i2 d) i3
Analysis:
Apply KVL around the left mesh:

v s−( i 0 ∙ R 0 )−( i 1 ∙ R1 ) =0
10=( i 0 ∙ 1 ) + ( i 1 ∙ 2 ) Eq. 1
Apply KVL around the exterior of the center and right meshes:
( i1 ∙ R1 ) + ( i2 ∙ R2 ) + ( i3 ∙ R 3 )=0 Eq. 2
Apply KCL at the center left node:
i 0 +i 2=i 1
i 1=i 0 +i 2 Eq. 3
Apply KCL at the center right node:
i 3 +6 A=i 2
i 2=i 3+ 6 A Eq. 4
Use algebra to solve the four equations with four unknowns:
i 0=1.83 A
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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

i 1=4.09 A
i 2=2.26 A
i 3=−3.74 A

Problem 1.47
Assuming R0 = 2 Ω, R1 = 1Ω, R2 = 4/3 Ω R3 = 6 Ω and VS = 12 V in the circuit of Figure
P1.47, use Kirchhoff’s voltage law and Ohm’s law to find a. ia ,ib, and ic.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Schematic of the circuit shown in Figure P1.47 with resistors

and voltage source V.

Find:

a) The mesh currents , ,

b) The current through each resistor.
Analysis:
Applying KVL to mesh (a), mesh (b) and mesh (c):

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1


Solving the system we obtain:

Problem 1.48
Assuming R0 = 2Ω, R1 = 2 Ω, R2 = 5 Ω , R3 = 4 Ω, and VS = 24 V in the circuit of Figure P1.47,
use Kirchhoff’s voltage law and Ohm’s law to find
a. ia, ib, and ic.
b. The voltage across each resistance.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Schematic of the circuit shown in Figure P1.55 with resistors R0 =2 Ω , R 1=2 Ω , R2 =5 Ω , R 3=4 Ω
and voltage source V S =24 V.
Find:
a) The mesh currents i a , i b , i c
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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

b) The current through each resistor.

Analysis:
Applying KVL to mesh (a), mesh (b) and mesh (c):

{iaR0+(ia−ib)R1=0¿{(ia−ib)R1−ibR2+(ic−ib)R3=0¿¿¿¿ {2ia+2(ia−ib)=0¿{2(ia−ib)−5ib+4(ic−ib)=0¿¿¿¿

Solving the system we obtain:


{ (Åup)¿{V =R(i−i)=4V (Ådown)¿{V =Ri=20V (Åup) ¿ ¿
i{ a= 2 A ¿{ib=4A ¿ ¿ VR0=R0ia=4V R 1b a
1
R 2b
2

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.49
Assume that the voltage source in the circuit of Figure P1.47 is now replaced by a current
source, and R0 = 1 Ω, R1 = 3 Ω, R2= 2Ω, R3 = 4 Ω, and IS = 12 A. Use Kirchhoff’s voltage law
and Ohm’s law to determine the voltage across each resistance.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Schematic of the circuit shown in Figure P1.47 with resistors R0 = 1 Ω, R1 = 3 Ω, R2= 2Ω, R3 = 4
Ω, and IS = 12 A.
Find:
The voltage across each resistance.

Analysis:
Applying KVL to mesh (a), mesh (b) and mesh (c):

{iaR0+(ia−ib)R1=0¿{(ia−ib)R1−ibR2+(ic−ib)R3=0¿¿¿¿ {ia+3(ia−ib)=0¿{3(ia−ib)−2ib−4ib+48=0¿¿¿¿

Solving the system we obtain:

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

{{ 16 64
3 9 0 
{ (Åup)¿{V =R(i−i)=5.3 V (Ådown)¿{V =Ri=14.2 V (Åup) ¿ ¿
i a = A ¿ i b = A ¿ ¿ ¿ V R = R0 i a = 5 . 3 V R 1b a
1
R 2b
2

Problem 1.50
The voltage divider network of Figure P1.50 is designed to provide v out =v S /2. However, in
practice, the resistors may not be perfectly matched; that is, their tolerances are such that the
resistances unlikely to be identical. Assume v S=10 V and nominal resistance values
R1=R 2=5 k Ω .
a. If the resistors have ±10 percent tolerance, find the expected range of possible output
voltages.
b. Find the expected output voltage range for a tolerance of ±5 percent.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Schematic of voltage divider network shown of Figure P1.49.
Find:
a) The expected range of possible output voltages for ±10 percent tolerance
b) The expected output voltage range for ±5 percent tolerance
Analysis:
a) The largest range of output voltages for resistors with 10% tolerance is found by computing
the output voltage when R1 and R2 are at their extreme values while maintaining R1 + R2 = 10K.
One such case occurs when
R2 = 4500 , R1 = 5500 
vS
v out =i R 2= R =4.5 V
R 1+ R 2 2
Another case occurs when
R2 = 5500 , R1 = 4500 

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

vS
v out =i R 2= R =5.5 V
R 1+ R 2 2
Thus, the possible range is 5.0V ± 0.5V.
b) The largest range of output voltages for resistors with 5% tolerance is found by computing the
output voltage when R1 and R2 are at their extreme values while maintaining R1 + R2 = 10K. One
such case occurs when
R2 = 4750 , R1 = 5250 
vS
v out =i R 2= R =4.75 V
R 1+ R 2 2
Another case occurs when
R2 = 5250 , R1 = 4750 
vS
v out =i R 2= R =5.25 V
R 1+ R 2 2
Thus, the possible range is 5.0V ± 0.25V.

SECTION 1.5 Node Voltage Method

Problem 1.51
Use the node voltage analysis method to find the voltages V1 and V2 for the circuit of Figure
P1.51.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.51
Find:
Voltages v1 and v2 .

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Analysis:
Applying KCL at each of the two nodes, we obtain the following equations:

Rearranging the equations,

4
V1 - V2 4
3
-V1  2V2 0

Solving the equations,

V1 4.8 V
and V2 2.4 V

Problem 1.52
Using the node voltage analysis method find the voltages V1 and V2 for the circuit of Figure
P1.52.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.52
Find:
Voltages v1 and v2 .
Analysis:
Applying KCL at each node, we obtain:

Rearranging the equations,

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Solving the two equations,

and

Problem 1.53
Using the node voltage analysis method in the circuit of Figure P1.53, find the voltage v across
the 0.25-Ω resistance.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.53
Find:
Voltages across the resistance, v.
Analysis:
Label the nodes: v1, v2, and v3 as shown.

At node 1:
v1  v2 v1  v3
  2
1 0.5
At node 2:
v2  v1 v
 2 3
1 0.25
At node 3:

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Solving for v2, we find v2 0.34V and, therefore, v 0.34V .

Problem 1.54
Using the node voltage analysis method in the circuit of Figure P1.54, find the current i through
the voltage source.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.54
Find:
Current through the voltage source.
Analysis:
Label the nodes, v1, v2, and v3 as shown.
At node 1:
v1  v 2 v1  v 3
  2
0.5 0.5 (1a)
At node 2:
v 2  v1 v
  2  i 0
0.5 0.25 (2a)
At node 3:
v3  v1 v
  3  i 0
0.5 0.33 (3a)
Further, we know that v 3 v 2  3 . Now either v2 or v3 can be eliminated from the equations,
leaving three equations in three unknowns:


(1b)
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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

(2b)

(3b)
Solving the three equations we compute

Problem 1.55
Use the node voltage analysis method in the circuit of Figure P1.55 to find Va. Let R 1 = 12Ω, R2
= 6Ω, R3 = 10Ω, V1 = 4V, V2 = 1V.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.55 with known source voltages and resistances,

, V1 = 4V, V2 = 1V.
Find:

The voltage Va.

Analysis:
Apply KCL to a supernode surrounding the V2 voltage source:
V a−V 1 V a−0 V 3 −0
+ + =0
R1 R2 R3
Plug in values
V a−4 V a−0 V 3−0
+ + =0 (1)
12 6 10
Relate the node voltages on either side of V2 by writing

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

V 3 +V 2=V a
Plug in for V2
V 3 +1=V a∨V 3=V a−1(2)
Multiply both sides of (1) by 60 to write
5 ( V a−4 ) +10 V a +6 ( V a−1 )=0 (3)
21 V a=26 → V a ≈ 1.24 V

Problem 1.56
Use nodal analysis in the circuit of Figure P1.56 to find V1, V2, and V3. Let R1 = 10Ω, R2 = 8Ω, R3
= 10Ω, R4 = 5Ω, is = 2A, Vs = 1V.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.56 with known source voltages and resistances.
Find:

The voltages V1, V2, V3.

Figure P1.56
Analysis:
Use KCL at all the nodes:
V 3−V 1 V 1−0 V 1−V 2
− − =0 Node1
R1 R3 R2
V 1−V 2
−i s−i=0 Node 2
R2
V 3−V 1 V 3
i− − =0 Node 3
R1 R4
V 3−V 2=1
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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Express these equations in matrix form:

The solution is
V 1 ≅−5.43V V 2 ≅−8.29 V V 3 ≅−7.29 V
It is important to note that it was not necessary to solve for the current i through the voltage
source and so it could have been excluded from the solution by applying KCL to a supernode
surrounding nodes 2 and 3. The number of equations is reduced from 4 to 3.

Problem 1.57
Use nodal analysis in the circuit of Figure P1.57 to find the voltages at nodes A, B, and C. Let
V1 = 12V, V2 = 10V, R1 = 2Ω, R2 = 8Ω, R3 = 12Ω, R4 = 8Ω.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The current source value, the voltage source value and the resistance values for the circuit
shown in Figure P1.57.
Find:
The three node voltages indicated in Figure P1.57 using node voltage analysis.
Analysis:
Using the node voltage analysis:

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

It is clear that


15 1 1
  Vb  Vc ia
2 2 8 V1 12V
 7 
 Vb  6  ib   Vb 6V
 12 V 16V
  3  1 Vc ib  c
Va V1 12V  2 4

Vc  Vb 10V  .  Vc  Vb 10V

Problem 1.58
Use nodal analysis in the circuit of Figure P1.58 to find Va and Vb. Let R1 = 10Ω, R2 = 4Ω, R3 =
6Ω, R4 = 6 Ω, I1 = 2A, V1 = 2V, V2 = 4V.

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.58 with known source voltages and resistances.
Find:

The voltages Va, Vb

Analysis:
Use KCL at all the nodes:
V 1−V a V a−V b
−I s− =0 Node1
R1 R2
V a−V b V b V b−−V 2
+ I s− − =0 Node 2
R2 R3 R4
Collect coefficients:
−0.35∗V a +0.25∗V b=1.8 Node 1
11
0.25∗V a− ∗V b =1.33 Node 2
12
Solve:
V a =−7.67 V V b=−3.55 V

Problem 1.59
Find the power delivered to the load resistor R0 for the circuit of Figure P1.59, using node
voltage analysis, given that R1 = 2Ω, RV = R2 = R0 = 4Ω, VS = 4 V, and IS = 0.5A.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.59.

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Find:
Power delivered to the load resistance.
Analysis:
Consider the bottom node to be the reference.
KCL at node V1:

Or (Eq. 1)
KCL at node V2:

Or ( Eq. 2)
KCL at node V0:

Or (Eq. 3)

Substitute Eq. 3 into Eq. 2

Use this result and Eq. 1 to solve for V1 and V2. Use those results to solve for V0.

The power delivered to R0 is simply

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.60
(a) For the circuit of Figure P1.60, write the node equations necessary to find voltages V1, V2,
and V3. Note that
G = 1/R = conductance. From the results, note the interesting form that the matrices [G] and [I ]
have taken in
the equation [G] [V ] = [I ] where

(b) Write the matrix form of the node voltage equations

again, using the following formulas:
gii =Ʃ conductances connected to node i
gij = −Ʃconductances shared by nodes i and j
Ii =Ʃ all source currents into node i

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.60.
Find:
a) Voltages
b) Write down the equations in matrix form.
Analysis:
a) Using conductances, apply KCL at node 1:

Then apply KCL at node 2:

and at node 3:

Rewriting in the form

[G][V] [I]

we have
 G1  G12  G13  G12  G13   V1   I S 
    
  G 12 G2  G12  G23  G 23  V2    0 
  G13  G23 G3  G13  G23   V3   0 

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

The result is identical to that obtained in part a).

Problem 1.61
In the circuit in Figure P1.61, assume the source voltage and source current and all resistances
are known.
a. Write the node equations required to determine the node voltages.
b. Write the matrix solution for each node voltage in terms of the known parameters.

Solution:
Known quantities:

Circuit of Figure P1.61 with voltage source, , current source, IS, and all resistances.
Find:
a. The node equations that determine the node voltages.
b. The matrix solution for each node voltage in terms of the known parameters.
Analysis:
a) Specify the nodes (e.g., A on the upper left corner of the circuit in Figure P1.57, and B on the
right corner). Choose one node as the reference or ground node. If possible, ground one of the
sources in the circuit. Note that this is possible here. When using KCL, assume all unknown
current flow out of the node. The direction of the current supplied by the current source is
specified and must flow into node A.

KCL: KCL:
b) Matrix solution using Cramer’s rule:

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Notes:
1. The denominators are the same for both solutions.
2. The main diagonal of a matrix is the one that goes to the right and down.
3. The denominator matrix is the "conductance" matrix and has certain properties:
a) The elements on the main diagonal [i(row) = j(column)] include all the conductance
connected to node i=j.
b) The off-diagonal elements are all negative.
c) The off-diagonal elements are all symmetric, i.e., the i j-th element = j i-th element.
This is true only because there are no controlled (dependent) sources in this circuit.
d) The off-diagonal elements are the conductances between node i [row] and node j
[column]

Problem 1.62
For the circuit of Figure P1.62 determine:
a. The voltage across R1 using the node voltage method.
b. The voltage across R3.

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 G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.62
VS1 VS2 110 V
R1 500 m R2 167 m
R3 700 m
R4 200 m R5 333 m
Analysis:
VR1  VS1 VR1  0 VR1  VR 2 VR 2   VS 2  VR 2  0 VR 2  VR1
  0   0
 KCL: R4 R1 R3 R5 R2 R3
 1 1 1   1  V S1  1   1 1 1  V
V R1      VR 2    V R1     VR 2      S 2
     
 R1 R3 R4   R3  R4  R3   R5 R2 R3  R5
 1 1 1 1 1 1
     8.43  -1
R1 R3 R4 500 10 3 700 10 3 200 10 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
     10.42  -1
R5 R2 R3 33310 3 167 10 3 700 10 3
1 1
 1.43  -1
R3 700 10 3
VS1 110 VS2 110
 
550 A  330 A
R4 200 10 3 R5 33310 3

550  1.43

VR1 
 330 10.42

5731 472 61.30 V
8.43  1.43 87.84 2.04
 1.43 10.42
8.429 550

VR1 
 1.429  330

 2782  786  23.26 V
85.790 85.80

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 G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

KVL:  VR1  VR 3  VR 2 0 VR 3 VR1  VR 2 84.59 V



Problem 1.63
Figure P1.63 represents a temperature measurement system, where temperature T is linearly
related to the voltage source VS2 by a transduction constant k. Use nodal analysis to determine
the temperature.
VS2 = kT k = 10 V/◦C
VS1 = 24V RS = R1 = 12 kΩ
R2 = 3 kΩ R3 = 10 kΩ
R4 = 24 kΩ Vab = −2.524 V
In practice, Vab is used as the measure of temperature, which is introduced to the circuit through
a temperature sensor modeled by the voltage source VS2 in series with RS.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.63
VS2 kT k 10 V/ C
VS1 24 V RS R1 12 k
R2 3 k R3 10 k
R4 24 k VR 3  2.524 V .

The voltage across R3, which is given, indicates the temperature.

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 G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Find:
The temperature, T.
Analysis:
Specify nodes (A between R1 and R3, C between R3 and R2) and polarities of voltages (VA from
ground to A, Vc from ground to C, and VR3 from C to A). When using KCL, assume unknown
currents exit a node.

KVL:
Now write KCL at node C, substitute for VC, solve for VA:

VC  VS1 VC  VA VC
  0
KCL: R2 R3 R4



VC VA  VR 3 18.14   2.524 20.66 V

Now write KCL at node A and solve for VS2 and T:


VA  VS1 VA  VS2 VA  VC
  0
KCL: R1 R S R 3
R R
VS2 VA  S VA  VS1  S VA  VC  
R1 R3
 12 103 12 103
3
18.14  18.14  24 18.14  20.66 9.26 V
12 10 10 103
VS2 9.26
T  0.926  C
k 10

Problem 1.64
 Use nodal analysis to find node voltages V1, V2 and V3 in Figure P1.64.
Let R1 = 10Ω, R2 = 6Ω, R3 = 7Ω, R4 = 4Ω, I1 = 2A, I2 = 1A.

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit in Figure P1.64 and the values of the current sources and the values of the four resistors.
Find:

The voltages across using KCL and node analysis.

Analysis:

Using the node analysis:

Collect coefficients to write this linear system in matrix form.

Solving this set of independent simultaneous linear equations yields

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.65
Use nodal analysis to find the current through R4 in Figure P1.65. Let R1 = 10Ω, R2 = 6Ω, R3 =
4Ω, R4 = 3Ω, R5 = 2Ω, R6 = 2Ω, I1 = 2 A, I2 = 3A, I3 = 5A.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The values of the current sources and the values of the six resistors.
Find:
Find the current through R4.
Analysis:
Label the top node “a” and the two nodes to the left and right of I 3 as “b” and “c”, respectively.

Using the voltage node method:

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 G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

In matrix form:

Problem 1.66
The circuit shown in Figure P1.66 is a simplified DC version of an AC three-phase wye-wye (Y-
Y) electrical distribution system commonly used to supply industrial loads, particularly rotating
machines.
VS1 = VS2 = VS3 = 170 V
Rw1 = Rw2 = Rw3 = 0.7Ω
R1 = 1.9Ω R2 = 2.3Ω
R3 = 11Ω
a. Determine the number of non-reference nodes.
b. Determine the number of unknown node voltages.
c. Compute v′1, v′2, v′3, and v′n.
Notice that once v’n is known the other unknown node voltages can be computed directly by
voltage division.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The values of the voltage sources, VS1 VS2 VS3 170 V , and the values of the 6 resistors in the
circuit of Figure P1.66:
RW 1 RW 2 RW 3 0.7 
R1 1.9 R2 2.3   R3 11 

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Find:
a. The number of unknown node voltages and mesh currents.
b. Unknown node voltages.
c. Compute V’1, V’2, and V’3.
Analysis:
If the node common to the three sources is chosen as the reference, and the series resistances
are simplified into single equivalent resistances, there is only one unknown node voltage, v′n. On
the other hand, there are two unknown mesh currents. Node analysis would appear to be
simpler. Define:

Apply KCL:

Apply KVL:

Apply voltage division to find

R1 R w2
∗( V 1 −V n) ≅ 129.5V , V 2= ∗( V n −V 2 ) ≅ 38.0 V
' ' '
V ' 1=
Rw 1 + R1 R w 2+ R 2
and
R w3
∗( V n −V 3 ) =9.74 V
' '
V 3=
Rw 3 + R3

Apply Ohm’s law to find

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.67
Use nodal analysis in the circuit of Figure P1.67 to find the three indicated node voltages and
the current i. Assume: R1 = 10Ω, R2 = 20Ω, R3 = 20Ω, R4 = 10Ω, R5 = 10Ω, R6 = 10Ω, R7 = 5Ω,V1
= 20 V, V2 = 20 V.

Solution:
Known quantities:

The of Figure P1.67.The value of .

Find:

using the node voltage method, and the current i .

Analysis:
Transform both Thevenin sources to Norton sources.

and
Simplify the parallel resistors
Only four nodes remain, including the reference node. Apply KCL at nodes A, B, and C.

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Multiply both sides of each equation by 10Ω to find a matrix representation.

Solve the linear system by hand, or by using MatLab™ or other software.

SECTION 1.6 Mesh Current Method

Problem 1.68
In the circuit shown in Figure P1.68, the mesh currents are I1 = 5A I2 = 3A I3 = 7A. Determine the
branch currents through:
a. R1. b. R2. c. R3.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.68 with mesh currents: I1 = 5 A, I2 = 3 A, I3 = 7 A.
Find:
The branch currents through:
a) R1,
b) R2,
c) R3.
Analysis:
a) Assume a direction for the current through R1 (e.g., from node A toward node B). Then
summing currents at node A:
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 G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

KCL:
I R1 I 1  I 3  2 A

This can also be done by inspection noting that the assumed direction of the current through R1
and the direction of I1 are the same.

b) Assume a direction for the current through R2 (e.g., from node B toward node A). Then
summing currents at node B:
KCL: I 2  I R 2  I 3 0

I R 2 I 3  I 2 4 A

This can also be done by inspection noting that the assumed direction of the current through R2

and the direction of I3 are the same.

c) Only one mesh current flows through R3. If the current through R3 is assumed to flow in the
same direction, then:

Problem 1.69
In the circuit shown in Figure P1.68, the source and node voltages are
VS1 = VS2 = 110 V VA = 103 V VB = −107 V

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.68 with source and node voltages:
.
Find:
The voltage across each of the five resistors.

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Analysis:
Assume a polarity for the voltages across R1 and R2 consistent with the mesh currents I1 and I2
and the passive sign convention (i.e., from ground to node A, and from node B to ground.) R1
sits between node A and ground; therefore, the voltage across R1 is equal to VA. R2 sits between
node B and ground; therefore, the voltage across R2 is
equal to the negative of VB.

The two node voltages are with respect to the

reference. Assume a polarity for VR3 consistent with
the mesh current I3 and the passive sign convention.
Then:
KVL:

Assume polarities for the voltages across R4 and R5 consistent with the currents I1 and I2 and the
passive sign convention.

KVL: KVL:

Problem 1.70
Use mesh analysis in the circuit of Figure P1.55 to find Va. Let R1 = 12Ω, R2 = 6Ω, R3 = 10Ω, V1
= 4V, V2 = 1V.

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.70 with known source voltages and resistances,
.
Find:

The voltage Va.

Analysis:
Using the mesh current analysis:

V 1−i 1∗R 1−(i 1−i 2)∗R2=0 Mesh 1

−(i2 −i1 )∗R2 −V 2−i 2∗R3=0 Mesh 2
Collect coefficients:
18∗i1 −6∗i2 =4 Mesh 1
6∗i 1−16∗i 2=1 Mesh 2
Solve set of equations:
29
i 1= A
126

1
i 2= A
42
Find Va:
I 2=i 1−i 2
26
V a =I 2∗R 2=
21

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.71
Using mesh analysis, find the currents i1 and i2 for the circuit of Figure P1.71.

Solution:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.71.
Find:
Current i1 and i2 .
Analysis:

For mesh #1:

i1 1  3 i2  31

For mesh #2:

i1  3 i2 3  2 2

Solving,
i1  0.091A
i2  0.455A

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.72
Using mesh analysis, find the currents I1 and I2 and the voltage across the top 10-Ω resistor in
the circuit of Figure P1.72.

Solution:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.72.
Find:
Current i1 and i2 and voltage across the resistance 10 .
Analysis:

Mesh #1

Mesh #2
Therefore,
I1 0.1923 A
and I 2  0.865 A ,

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.73
Use mesh analysis to find the voltage, v, across the 3 resistor in the circuit of Figure P1.73.

Solution:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.73.
Find:
Voltage across the 3 resistance.
Analysis:
Meshes 1, 2 and 3 are clockwise from the left
For mesh #1:
i1 1  2  3 i2  2 i3  32

For mesh #2:

i1  2 i2 2  2  1 i3  1 1

For mesh #3:

i1  3 i2  1 i3 3  1  10

Solving,

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

and

Problem 1.74
Using mesh analysis, find the currents I1, I2, and I3 in the circuit of Figure P1.74.

Solution:

Apply KVL to mesh I1:

2  2 I1  3( I1  I 2 ) 0

Apply KVL around the loop formed by the boundary surrounding meshes I2 and I3:

From the current source:

Solving the system of equations:

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.75

Solution:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.75.
Find:
Mesh equation in matrix form.
Analysis:
 R12  R13  R12  R13   I1  VS 
    
  R12 R12  R2  R23  R23   I2    0 
  R13  R23 R3  R13  R23   I 3   0 
a)

b) same result as a).

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.76
For the circuit of Figure P1.76, use mesh analysis to find 4 equations in the 4 mesh currents.
Collect coefficients and solve for the mesh currents.

Solution:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.76.
Find:
Mesh equation in matrix form and solve for currents.
Analysis:
By observation, mesh current I1 is 2A. Apply KVL around meshes I2, I3, and I4 to acquire three
equations in those three unknown mesh currents. The result in matrix form is

Notice that product of the 2A mesh current I1 and the 6 resistor acts as a voltage source in the
KVL equation for mesh current I2. Solve the matrix equation to find

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.77
Use mesh analysis to find the mesh currents in Figure P1.77. Let R1 = 10Ω, R2 = 5Ω, V1 = 2 V,
V2 = 1V, I = 2A.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The values of the resistors and of the voltage and current sources (see Figure P3.25).
Find:
Find the mesh currents in the circuit of Figure P1.77 using mesh current analysis.
Analysis:
Using the mesh current analysis:

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.78
Use mesh analysis to find the mesh currents in Figure P1.78. Let R1 = 6Ω, R2 = 3Ω, R3 = 3Ω, V1
= 4V, V2 = 1V, V3 = 2V.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The values of the resistors and the voltage source in Figure P1.78.
Find:
Find the mesh currents in Figure P1.78 using mesh analysis.
Analysis:

Problem 1.79
Use mesh analysis to find the V4 in Figure P1.79. Let R2 = 6Ω, R3 = 3Ω, R4 = 3Ω, R5 = 3Ω, V =
4V, I = 2 A.

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Solution:
Known quantities:
The values of the resistors, of the voltage source and of the current source in the circuit of
Figure P1.79.
Find:
The voltage V5 using mesh current analysis.
Analysis:
Using mesh current analysis:

Problem 1.80
Use mesh analysis to find the currents in Figure P1.80. Let R1 = 8Ω, R2 = 3Ω, R3 = 5Ω, R4=2 Ω,
R5=4 Ω, R6=3 Ω, and V1 = 4V, V2 = 2V, V3=1V, V4=2V, V5=3V, V6=2V.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P1.80 with known source voltages and resistances.
Find:
The mesh currents.
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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Analysis:
Using the mesh current analysis:

−V 1−i 1∗R 1−( i 1−i 2 )∗R5 −V 5−( i 1−i 3 )∗R 6 +V 6=0 Mesh 1
−( i 2−i 3 )∗R 4 +V 4+ V 5−( i 2−i 1 )∗R 5+ V 2−i 2∗R2=0 Mesh 2
V 3−V 6−( i 3−i 1 )∗R 6−V 4 −( i 3−i 2 )∗R 4−i 3∗R 3=0 Mesh 3
Collect coefficients:
−15∗i 1+ 4∗i 2+3∗i 3=5 Mesh 1
4∗i1−9∗i 2 +2∗i3 =−7 Mesh 2
3∗i 1+2∗i 2−10∗i 3 =−3 Mesh 3
Solve set of equations:
i 1=3 mA
i 2=882 mA
i 3=476 mA

Problem 1.81
Use mesh analysis to find the current i in Figure P1.81.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The values of the resistors in the circuit of Figure P1.81.
Find:
The current in the circuit of Figure P1.81 using mesh current analysis.
Analysis:
The mesh current in the left mesh is known because the value of the current source is known.
Thus, KVL only needs to be applied to the other two meshes.
For mesh #1:

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

For mesh #2:

For mesh #3:

Solving,
Then, and

Problem 1.82
Use mesh analysis to find the currents through every branch in Figure P1.82. Let R1 = 10Ω, R2 =
5Ω, R3 = 4Ω, R4 = 1Ω, V1 = 5V, V2 = 2V.

Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit in Figure P1.82 with the values of the voltage sources and the values of the four
resistors.
Find:
The currents through every branch in the circuit.
Analysis:
Using mesh current analysis:

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 G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.83
The circuit shown in Figure P1.66 is a simplified DC version of an AC three-phase wye-wye (Y-
Y) electrical distribution system commonly used to supply industrial loads, particularly rotating
machines.
VS1 = VS2 = VS3 = 170 V
Rw1 = Rw2 = Rw3 = 0.7Ω
R1 = 1.9Ω, R2 = 2.3Ω
R3 = 11Ω
a. Determine the number of meshes.
b. Compute the mesh currents.
c. Use the mesh currents to determine v’n.

Solution:
Known quantities:

The values of the voltage sources, and the values of the 6 resistors in the
circuit of Figure P3.35:
RW 1 RW 2 RW 3 0.7 
R1 1.9  R2 2.3  R3 11 

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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Find:
The number of meshes, the mesh currents, and V’n.
Analysis:
There are two meshes. Apply KVL:
V s 1−i 1∗0.7−i 1∗1.9−( i 1−i 2 )∗3+ V s 2=0 Mesh 1
V s 3 −V s 2−( i 2−i 1 )∗3−i 2∗11−i 2∗0.7=0 Mesh2
and
V ' n−(−V s 2 )
=(i 1−i 2)
Rw + R2
2

Solve the system of two equations to find

i 1=68.17 A i 2=13.91 A V ' n=−7.234 V

Problem 1.84
Use nodal analysis on the circuit in Figure P1.84 to determine the voltage across R4. Note that
one source is a dependent (controlled) voltage source! Let VS = 5V; AV = 70; R1 = 2.2 kΩ; R2 =
1.8 kΩ; R3 = 6.8 kΩ; R4 = 220 Ω.

Solution:
Known quantities:

Circuit shown in Figure P1.84

Find:
The voltage across R4 using KCL and node voltage analysis.
Analysis:
Node analysis is not a method of choice because the dependent source is [1] a voltage source
and [2] a floating source. Both factors cause difficulties in a node analysis. A ground is
specified. There are three unknown node voltages, one of which is the voltage across R4. The
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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

dependent source will introduce two additional unknowns, the current through the source and
the controlling voltage (across R1) that is not a node voltage. Therefore 5 equations are
required:

These equations represent three unknown node voltages in three simultaneous linear algebraic
equations. Collect terms:

Plug in values to find

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 G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.85
Use mesh analysis to find the current i in Figure P1.85. Let V = 5.6 V; R1 = 50Ω; R2 = 1.2 kΩ; R3
= 330Ω; gm = 0.2 S; R4 = 440Ω.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The values of the resistors and of the voltage source in the circuit of Figure P1.85.
Find:

The current i through the resistance mesh current analysis.

Analysis:
For mesh (a):
i a 50 1200 i b  1200 5.6

For meshes (b) and (c):

i a  1200 i b 1200 330 i c 440 0

For the current source:

 i c  i b 0.2v x 0.2 1200 i a  i b 240 i a  i b 

Solving,
i a 136 mA , i b 137 mA and i c  106 mA .

Therefore,
i i c  106 mA .
  



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G. Rizzoni and J. Kearns, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, 7 th Edition Solutions, Chapter 1

Problem 1.86
Use mesh analysis to find the voltage gain Gv = v2/vs in Figure P1.86.

Solution:
Known quantities:
The values of the resistors of the circuit in Figure P1.86.
Find:
The voltage gain in the circuit of Figure P1.86 using mesh current analysis.
Analysis:
For mesh #1:
V s =3∗i 1−2∗i 2
For mesh #2:
6∗i 1−14∗i 2+ 4∗i 3=0
For mesh #3:
4∗i1=8∗i 3
Solving,
26
V s= ∗i
7 3
from which
4∗i 3∗13
=V s
14
and
V 2 14
=
V s 13

1.95
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