BIL5011091
BIL5011091
Appearance Clear
Chemical Examination
Reaction and pH Acidic (5.5) 4.6-8.0
Method:Methyl Red & Bromothymol Blue
Microscopic Examination
Pus Cells (Leukocytes) 2-3 2 - 3 /hpf
Epithelial Cells 1-2 2 - 5 /hpf
RBC (Erythrocytes) Absent Absent
/hpf
Casts Absent Occasional hyaline casts may be seen
Crystals Absent Phosphate, oxalate, or urate crystals may
be seen
Others Nil Nil
Method:Microscopy
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Reference: Godkar Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods, First South Asia edition. Product kit
literature.
Interpretation:
The complete urinalysis provides a number of measurements which look for abnormalities in the urine. Abnormal
results from this test can be indicative of a number of conditions including kidney disease, urinary tract infecation or
elevated levels of substances which the body is trying to remove through the urine . A urinalysis test can help
identify potential health problems even when a person is asymptomatic. All the abnormal results are to be
correlated clinically.
Dr Vikas Reddy
Consultant Pathologist
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DEPARTMENT OF HEMATOPATHOLOGY
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
Investigation Observed Value Biological Reference Intervals
Differential count
Neutrophils 52.4 40.0-80.0 %
Method:Microscopy
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Interpretation: A Complete Blood Picture (CBP) is a screening test which can aid in the diagnosis of a variety of
conditions and diseases such as anemia, leukemia, bleeding disorders and infections. This test is also useful in
monitoring a person's reaction to treatment when a condition which affects blood cells has been diagnosed. All the
abnormal results are to be correlated clinically.
Note: These results are generated by a fully automated hematology analyzer and the differential count is computed
from a total of several thousands of cells. Therefore the differential count appears in decimalised numbers and may
not add upto exactly 100. It may fall between 99 and 101.
Dr Vikas Reddy
Consultant Pathologist
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DEPARTMENT OF IMMUNOLOGY
Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen (HbsAg)
Investigation Observed value Biological Reference Interval
Interpretation:
This test is used to screen for infection with the Hepatitis B (Hep B) virus. The Surface Antigen test looks for a
protein which is present on the surface of the virus. This protein will be present in the blood with an acute or chronic
Hep B infection.
A Negative test result does not exclude possibility of exposure to or infection with Hepatitis B Virus. Levels of
HbsAG may be undetectable both in early infection and in late after infection.
* Sample processed at National Reference Laboratory,
Tenet Diagnostics,Hyderabad
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DEPARTMENT OF CARDIOLOGY
Physical Examination (BP, HT, WT, BMI)
Investigation Observed Value
BP 125/80
Weight 82 Kg
Height 168 cm
BMI 29.05
Pulse 66
Doctor
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Interpretation:
1.Vitamin D is a family of compounds that is essential for the proper growth and formation of teeth and bones. This test
measures the level of vitamin D in the blood.
2.Two forms of vitamin D can be measured in the blood, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. The 25-
hydroxyvitamin D is the major form found in the blood and is the relatively inactive precursor to the active hormone, 1,25-
dihydroxyvitamin D. Because of its long half-life and higher concentration, 25-hydroxyvitamin D is commonly measured to assess
and monitor vitamin D status in individuals.
3. The main role of vitamin D is to help regulate blood levels of calcium, phosphorus, and (to a lesser extent) magnesium.
4 Vitamin D is vital for the growth and health of bone; without it, bones will be soft, malformed, and unable to repair themselves
normally, resulting in diseases called rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.
5. Vitamin D has also been shown to influence the growth and differentiation of many other tissues and to help regulate the
immune system. These other functions have implicated vitamin D in other disorders, such as autoimmunity and cancer.
Creatinine, Serum
Investigation Observed Value Biological Reference Interval
Interpretation:
Creatinine is a nitrogenous waste product produced by muscles from creatine. Creatinine is majorly filtered from the
blood by the kidneys and released into the urine, so serum creatinine levels are usually a good indicator of kidney
function. Serum creatinine is more specific and more sensitive indicator of renal function as compared to BUN
because it is produced from muscle at a constant rate and its level in blood is not affected by protein catabolism or
other exogenous products. It is also not reabsorbed and very little is secreted by tubules making it a reliable marker.
Serum creatinine levels are increased in pre renal, renal and post renal azotemia, active acromegaly and gigantism.
Decreased serum creatinine levels are seen in pregnancy and increasing age.
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Interpretation: It measures the Glucose levels in the blood with a prior fasting of 9-12 hours. The test helps screen a
symptomatic/ asymptomatic person who is at risk for Diabetes. It is also used for regular monitoring of glucose levels
in people with Diabetes.
Interpretation: This test measures the blood sugar levels 2 hours after a normal meal. Abnormally high blood sugars
2 hours after a meal reflect that the body is not producing sufficient insulin which is indicative of Diabetes.
Interpretation:
It is an index of long-term blood glucose concentrations and a measure of the risk for developing microvascular
complications in patients with diabetes. Absolute risks of retinopathy and nephropathy are directly proportional to the
mean HbA1c concentration. In persons without diabetes, HbA1c is directly related to risk of cardiovascular disease.
1) Low glycated haemoglobin (below 4%) in a non-diabetic individual are often associated with systemic
inflammatory diseases, chronic anaemia (especially severe iron deficiency & haemolytic), chronic renal failure and
liver diseases. Clinical correlation suggested.
Interpretation: Urea is the major nitrogen-containing metabolic product of protein and amino acid catabolism. It is
increased in pre-renal uraemic conditions such as high protein diet, increased protein catabolism, GI hemorrhage,
dehydration, heart failure, etc. post-renal uremia is seen in malignancy, nephrolithiasis and prostatism.
Interpretation:
1.Vitamin B12 is essential in DNA synthesis,haematopoiesis and CNS integrity.
2.Measurement of vitamin B12 is intended to identify and monitor vitamin B12 deficiency. This can arise from the following; (1)
defect in the secretion of Intrinsic Factor, resulting in inadequate absorption from food (pernicious anemia); (2) gastrectomy and
malabsorption due to surgical resection; and (3) a variety of bacterial or inflammatory diseases affecting the small intestine.(4)
Decreased dietary intake.
3.Reduced concentrations of vitamin B12 may indicate the presence of vitamin dependent anemia.
4.Elevated concentrations of vitamin B12 have been associated with pregnancy, the use of oral contraceptives and multivitamins
and in myeloproliferative diseases, such as chronic granulocytic leukemia and myelomonocytic leukemia. An elevated
concentration of vitamin B12 is not known to cause clinical problems.
Dr Afreen Anwar
Consultant Biochemist
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Interpretation: Lipids are fats and fat-like substances which are important constituents of cells and are rich sources of energy. A
lipid profile typically includes total cholesterol, high density lipoproteins (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), chylomicrons,
triglycerides, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), Cholesterol/HDL ratio .The lipid profile is used to assess the risk of developing
a heart disease and to monitor its treatment. The results of the lipid profile are evaluated along with other known risk factors
associated with heart disease to plan and monitor treatment. Treatment options require clinical correlation.
Reference: Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and
Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III), JAMA 2001.
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Dr Afreen Anwar
Consultant Biochemist
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Interpretation: Liver functions tests help to identify liver disease, its severity, and its type. Generally these tests are
performed in combination, are abnormal in liver disease, and the pattern of abnormality is indicative of the nature of
liver disease. An isolated abnormality of a single liver function test usually means a non-hepatic cause. If several
liver function tests are simultaneously abnormal, then hepatic etiology is likely.
* Sample processed at National Reference Laboratory,
Tenet Diagnostics,Hyderabad
--- End Of Report ---
Dr Afreen Anwar
Consultant Biochemist
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A thyroid profile is used to evaluate thyroid function and/or help diagnose hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism due
to various thyroid disorders. T4 and T3 are hormones produced by the thyroid gland. They help control the rate at
which the body uses energy, and are regulated by a feedback system. TSH from the pituitary gland stimulates the
production and release of T4 (primarily) and T3 by the thyroid. Most of the T4 and T3 circulate in the blood bound to
protein. A small percentage is free (not bound) and is the biologically active form of the hormones.
Reference: Tietz textbook of Clinial Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Nader Rifia, Andrea Ritas Horvath, Carl
T. Wittwer.
* Sample processed at National Reference Laboratory,
Tenet Diagnostics,Hyderabad
--- End Of Report ---
Dr Afreen Anwar
Consultant Biochemist
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