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ACELLULAR LIFE (1)

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13 views5 pages

ACELLULAR LIFE (1)

Uploaded by

alidhallani0
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ACELLULAR LIFE

LIFE CYCLE OF HIV

1.Attatchment/Adsorption
HIV attaches with the CD4 protein found on the surface of T4 cells with the help of virion glycoprotein
120(spikes). Viral envelop fuse with membrane of T4 cells.

2.Entrance of Virion/Uncoating
Virion enter in to host cell by endocytosis and sheds its protective coat i.e., Uncoating occur. Now the
cytoplasm of host cell has viral RNA along with viral enzymes.

3.Reverse Transcription
Synthesis of DNA occur and this DNA complements with the virus RNA. This synthesis of cDNA is
catalyzed by enzyme reverse transcriptase.

4. Disintegration of viral genomic RNA


Now enzyme ribonuclease disintegrates viral genomic RNA.

5. Synthesis of double stranded DNA


Single stranded DNA replicates and form double stranded DNA.

6.Integration
Virus encoded enzyme; integrase join cDNA with the DNA of host cell. The integrated DNA of virus is now
called PROVIRUS.

7.Transcription
During transcription, viral genomic RNA and mRNA is transcribed from proviral DNA by enzyme RNA
polymerase.

8.Translation
Viral mRNA is translated by host ribosomes in to several large proteins. Enzyme protease cleaves large
proteins in to virions structural proteins.

9.Assembly of viral components


Viral components assembled and virion produce.

10.Budding
Mature virion release from host cell by budding. These virions have a portion of host cell membrane around
them. Due to this host cell become reduced and non-functional.
TWO CYCLES OF MULTIPLICATION OF BACTERIOPHAGE:LYTIC CYCLE AND
LYSOGENIC CYCLE
BACTERIOPHAGE VIRUS
A bacteriophage virus that infect and replicates within a bacterium.Bacteriophage viruses are also termed as
phages.Ther term Bacteriophage meaning Bacteria Eater.

LYTIC CYCLE
Master-Slave Relationship
In lytic cycle bacteriophage virus overtakes a bacterial cell and uses the celluler machinery of host
bacterium.i.e Escherichia coli to reproduce.Copies of newly produced viruses fill the host bacterium and
finally host cell burst,releasing phages to infect new bacterial cell.In this cycle LYSIS(death,break down )
of bacterial cell occur.The phages which cause the lysis of bacterial cell called VIRULENT PHAGES.e.g.
T4 phages.
1. ATTATCHMENT
It is the attatchment of T4 bacteriophage to the host bacterium i.e. E.coli.The virus attatch at the specific
receptor site present on the cell wall of host bacterium.

2. PENETRATION
Lysozyme enzyme present in tail of phages break down cell wall of host bacterium.Tail sheath of phage
contracts now phage injects its DNA I to host bacterium.While the phage capsid remain outside.

3. REPLICATION
DNA of phage uses cellular machionery of host bacterium to synthesis its own DNA and protein.

4.ASSEMBLY
In this stage, the phage DNA become packaged in to the head protein and various component od phage
structure come together to form mature virures.

5. RELEASE
Finally, the bacterial cell become filled with newly formed phages and they exert pressure on bacterial
cell.The bacterial cell burst and all the phages release from bacterial cell and infect another bacterial cell.

LYSOGENIC CYCLE
Lysogenic cycle is on of the two methods of viral repriduction which is characterised by integration(joining)
of bacteriophage nucleic acid with the DNA of bacteria(E.coli).In thic cycle bacteriophage infect host cell
but without damaging the host.This association between host bacterium and bacteriophage is also called
Host-Guest relationship.The phages which cause lysogeny are called TEMPERATE PHAGES.

1. ATTATCHMENT AND PENETRATION


When phage lambda(bacteriophage) infect host bacterium e.g.E.coli either lytic or lysogenic cycle may be
followed.In both cases the first step involves the attatchment of phage to the host cell and injecting its DNA
in to the host cell.
In lysogenic cycle the phage DNA is not replicated or transcribed.Instead,,the phage DNA integrates(join) in
to host cell genome.s

2. REPLICATION
The host cell can then replicate carrying the integrated phage genome.The integrated DNA of bacteriophage
is called PROPHAGE.

3.INDUCTION
When host cells are exposed to ultraviolet light or certain chemicals,phage induction occur(prophage detach
from bacterial genome).Now prophage DNA enters the lytic cycle.
LYTIC CYCLE LYSOGENIC CYCLE

 Lytic cycle is called master-slave  Lysogenic cycle is called host-guest


relationship relationship
 This cycle is caused by virulent  This cycle is caused by temperate
bacteriophage which cause lysis (death) of bacteriophage. This temperate
bacteria cell. bacteriophage infect bacterial cell without
damaging it.

 In this cycle, bacteriphage virus(master)  In this cycle, DNA of temperate


control and use host bacterium bacteriophage(guest) and DNA of bacterium
e.g.Escherichia coli (slave) enzyme to e.g.Escherichia coli (host) become
produce enzyme that will make copies of integrated. This integrated DNA replicate
the phage DNA. normally. The integrated DNA of temperate
bacteriophage is called Prophage.
VIROIDS PRIONS
 Viroids are infectious RNA molecules.  Prions are infectious protein particles

 Viroids are smaller than viruses  Prions are smaller than the viroids
 Viroids are composed of single strands of  Prions are composed of only protein
RNA. molecules.
 Viroids infect mostly plants.  Prions mainly cause neurodegenerative
diseases.
 Citrus exocytic  Mad cow diseases in cattle
Tomato apical stunt Scrapie in sheep and goats
Potato spindle tuber Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans
Grapevine yellow speckle Gerstmann-Straussler- syndrome in humans
Chrysanthemum stunt disease

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