Subject: BOTANY

Chapter: Cell structures and Functions

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Ser MCQ
A B C D Key

1. Cyclosis is a term referred to Active Active Active Passive D

movement of movement of movement of movement of
prokaryotes protoplasm blood cells cytoplasm

2. The organelle responsible for synthesis of Peroxisome Dictyosome Lysosome Ribosome D

proteins is

3. Which of the following would be more prominent Lysosomes Golgi Mitochondrion Ribosome B
in a secretory cell than non secretory cell: complex

4. Protein packaging is completed in Golgi Ribosomes Endoplasmic Nucleolus A

Apparatus reticulum

5. ER is studded with Ribosomes Lysosomes Glyoxysomes Peroxisomes A

6. The larger subunit in eukaryotic ribosomes is 50S 60S 40S 20S B

7. Cell organelle responsible to carry kreb’s cycle Mitochondria Peroxisome Glyoxysomes Nucleus A
is

8. Thylakoids are constituents of Mitochondria Chloroplast Endoplasmic Ribosomes B

reticulum

9. Identify cell organelle known as SUICIDAL Centrioles Mesosomes Lysosomes Microsomes C

BAGS

10. The layer joining the primary walls of the Plasmodesmata Middle Periderm Casperian B
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Ser MCQ
A B C D Key

adjacent cells is known as lamella strips

11. Non membranous cell organelle is Mitochondria Endoplasmic Ribosomes Lysosomes C

reticulum

12. What would happen if lysosomes burst inside Cell will swell Cell will Cell will die Nothing will C
the cell? shrink happen

13. The endoskeleton in the cell is made up of Cell wall Cytoplasm Endoplasmic Mitochondria C
Reticulum

14. ATP, cell energy currency is synthesized in Nucleus Mitochondria Dictyosome Nucleus B

15. Difference between plant and animal cell is the Lysosomes Nucleus Chloroplast Cell C
presence of membrane

16. A feature common to nucleus, chloroplast and Lamella Cristae Nucleic acid Pigments C
mitochondria is the presence of

17. Identify the structure that is present in Quantosome Polysome F1 particles Mesosome C
mitochondria

18. Outermost living layer of cell wall is Primary wall Secondary Middle Plasmalemm A
wall lamella a

19. Extra genetic information in the form of DNA is Peroxisomes Chloroplast Mitochondria Chloroplast B
present in & ribosomes & & ribosome & ribosome
mitochondria

20. Peroxisomes contain Hydrolyzing Transferases Oxidases Isomerases C

enzymes
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21. Every living cell has a Chloroplast Cell Cell wall Food B
membrane vacuole

22. Organelles involved in photorespiration Chloroplast Peroxisome Peroxisome Chloroplast, D

& & & chloroplast peroxisome
mitochondria mitochondria &
mitochondria

23. Organelles with major function of storage of Centrioles Chromoplast Lysosomes Chloroplast C
hydrolytic enzymes are

24. The physical basis of life is Nucleus Sex Protoplasm DNA C

chromosome

25. Cellular organelle containing hydrolytic Chromosomes Endoplasmic Lysosomes Microsomes C

enzymes or acid hydrolases rich in hydrolytic reticulum
enzymes is

26. Microfilaments are composed mainly of a Tubulin Chitin Keratin Actin D

protein known as

27. Polyribosomes are aggregation of Ribosomes Only r-RNA Peroxisomes Several D

and r-RNA ribosomes
units held
together by
m-RNA
string

28. Pattern of organization of axoneme in cilia and 9+0 9+2 9+1 9+3 B
flagella is
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A B C D Key

29. Large globular proteins which project beyond Peripheral Integral Extrinsic Extracellular B
the lipid layers on both sides, help to pass proteins proteins proteins proteins
water-soluble materials through the membrane
is

30. Cell recognition and adhesion is facilitated by Proteins & Glycoproteins Lipids Proteins B
components of cell membrane, is generally lipids & glycolipids

31. The thickness of the cell membrane is about 200 nm 7.5nm 150 nm 1.0nm B

32. Middle lamella contains Lignin Suberin Calcium Calcium C

pectate phosphate

33. Prokaryotic genetic system contains DNA and Either DNA DNA but no Neither DNA C
histones or histones histones or histones

34. Golgi bodies are absent in Plants Bacteria Animals Eukaryotic B

cell

35. Most water content in mature plant cell is In the cell In the In the In vacuole D
located in walls nucleus cytoplasm

36. An example of cell devoid of nuclear membrane Protist cell Sperm Sponge cell Prokaryotic D
and mitochondria is cell

37. The chief role of nucleolus in a nucleus Organization DNA Ribosomes Chromatid C
concerns of replication biogenesis separation
chromosomes

38. Granular ER differs from smooth ER In not having In having In playing Both A&B B
ribosomes ribosomes role in
on its surface on surface steroid
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synthesis

39. A flattened disc like sac in a chloroplast Loculus Thylakoid Stroma cristae B

40. Which of the following organelle is NOT Nucleus Lysosome Plastid Mitochondria B
bounded by 2 membranes?

41. The functional activities of cell are directed by Ribosome Nucleus Mitochondria Nucleolus B

42. Eukaryotic cell differs from prokaryotic cell in DNA True nucleus Protoplasm Ribosomes B
having

43. Two organelles responsible for cytoplasmic Lysosomes Mitochondria Chloroplast Chloroplast C
inheritance among eukaryotes are and & Golgi & & lysosomes
mitochondria complex mitochondria

44. Phragmoplast is precursor of Cell plate Chloroplast Chromoplast Leucoplast A

formation
later
becomes cell
wall

45. The key role of peroxisomes is H2O2 Conversion Detoxification Oxidative A

destruction of fats to of heavy phosphorylati
carbohydrates metals on

46. Which organelle of plant cells secrete Golgi bodies Lysosomes Mitochondria Chloroplast A
polysaccharide and proteins to make cell walls?

47. Which of the following is associated with the Cristae Quantosomes Cisternae Phragmoplast C
structure of Golgi complex?
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48. All are membrane bounded organelles EXCEPT Mitochondria Lysosomes Chloroplast Ribosomes D

49. A cell is unable to synthesize lipids and Mitochondria Lysosomes Chloroplast SER D
lipoproteins, which organelle is absent in the
cell?

50. Plastids that are engaged in starch synthesis Glucoplast Amyloplast Chromoplast Leucoplast B
and storage are called

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS

FLUID MOSAIC MODEL OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
In 1972, Singer and Nicolson proposed model of plasma membrane known as Fluid Mosaic Model. In the fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane,
the protein layers are not continuous and are not confined to the surface of membrane but are embedded in the lipid bilayer of plasma membrane in
mosaic manner.
Two groups of protein associated with lipid bilayer are;

INTEGRAL PROTEIN (Intrinsic Protein)

Integral protein provides a channel through which water-soluble substances can pass between the extra cellular and intracellular compartments.

PERIPHERAL PROTEIN (Extrinsic Protein)

These are extracellular protein or present at the cytoplasmic surface. These proteins do not in to plasma membrane.
TRANSPORT ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE
OR
FUNCTION OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
Plasma membrane function like protection of cytoplasm and regulate the flow of substances in or out of the cell with certain limitations. Plasma
membrane is selectively permeable membrane or differentially permeable membrane because it allows some of the substances to pass through it while
restrict the flow of other substances.
There are two types of transport across plasma membrane;
 Active Transport
 Passive Transport

ACTIVE TRANSPORT
In this type of transport substances move against the concentration gradient or substances move from the area of lower concentration to the area of
higher concentration. This transport requires energy in the form of ATP.
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
In this type of transport substances move from higher concentration to lower concentration without energy consumption.
Osmosis and Diffusion are examples of Passive transport.
In animal cell plasma membrane helps to take in material by infolding in the form of vacuole. This type of intake are phagocytosis and Pinocytosis.
PHAGOCYTOSIS

In endocytosis(phagocytosis) solid particles are engulfed by plasma membrane. WBCs destroy harmful bacteria from blood stream by engulfing
bacteria.

PINOCYTOSIS (Cell Drinking Process)

It is ingestion of liquid in to cell by the budding of small vesicle from the plasma membrane.

CELL WALL
Cell wall is nonliving, permeable, outermost covering of cell. It provides a definite shape to cells. It is found in plant, bacteria and fungi but the
composition of cell wall is different in different groups of organisms. In plants cell wall is composed of cellulose (primary cell wall), pectin and lignin
substances.
At some places in cell wall, the deposition of wall does not take place, these places are known as Plasmodesmata.
Plant cell wall can be differentiated in to;
 Middle lamella
 Primary cell wall
 Secondary cell wall

MIDDLE LAMELLA
The middle lamella is a pectin layer which cements the cell wall of two adjoining cells together. It is the first formed layer which deposit at the time of
cytokinesis.

PRIMARY CELL WALL

Primary cell wall is composed of cellulose and some deposition of pectin and hemicellulose. Primary wall develops in newly growing cells and
remains thin and elastic. When cells mature it becomes thick and rigid.

SECONDARY CELL WALL

Secondary cell wall is formed on the inner surface of primary cell wall. It is comparatively thick and rigid and composed of lignin and some other
substances like Silica, waxes, inorganic salts.
FUCNTION OF CELL WALL
It provides mechanical support and gives a definite shape and protection to the cell.
It helps in the movement of water and solutes toward protoplasm because it is hydrophilic (affinity for water) and capable of imbibing water.

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Endoplasmic reticulum is a network of channels extending from plasma membrane to nuclear membrane. It is an elaborate tube like system of
lipoprotein. It provide mechanical support to the cell so that its shape is maintained.

Two types of endoplasmic reticulum are:

 Rough endoplasmic reticulum
 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

These are heavily coated with ribosomes and involved in the synthesis of protein. RER are found in mammalian salivary gland and pancreas.

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

SER do not have ribosome and found in steroid producing cells like adipose cells, glycogen storing cells (liver) and muscle cells. SER helps in
metabolism of lipids, helps in detoxification of harmful drugs and transmission of impulses in muscle cells. SER in skin converts cholesterol in to
lipids compound called Vitamin D. When sunlight strikes the skin, this vitamin helps to strong healthy bones.

MITOCHONDRIA
It is double membrane bound, organelle which appear as minute granules, rodlets, vesicles, thread or string depending upon the physiological
condition of cells. Mitochondria are site for aerobic respiration. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth while the inner membrane form
infolding called CRISTAE. The interior of the mitochondria contain fluid like substance called MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX.
During aerobic respiration (Krebs cycle) energy in the form of ATP is released which is stored within mitochondria that’s why mitochondria are called
POWER HOUSE OF CELL.
Mitochondria are semi autonomous in existence because they have their own DNA and ribosomes that’s why mitochondria can synthesis their own
proteins. It is self replicating(reproduce independently of cells normal cell cycle)
GOLGI APPARATUS (Dictyosomes)
Golgi apparatus is a sac of flattened membrane bound, canalicular system. Each of them is disc shaped and consist of flattened plate like compartment
called CISTERNAE. They perform the function of collection, packaging and distribution. Golgi apparatus manufacture certain macromolecules.
Many poly saccharides secreted by cell like cell wall and cell plate material are golgi products.
The golgi complex of plants and lower invertebrates is usually referred as Dictyosomes.
CYTOSKELETON
Cytoskeleton is a microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells giving them shape and perform other
functions.
Cytoskeleton plays an important role in mitosis, meiosis, cytokinesis, cell wall deposition, maintenance of cell shape and cell differentiation.
Three types of filament form cytoskeleton.
 Microfilaments
 Intermediate filaments
 Microtubules
MICROFILAMENTS
Microfilaments are made up of actin protein. In muscle cells, these filaments are several cm in length. Microfilaments consist of two actin chains that
intertwine together in helical fashion. These are solid filaments and have diameter of 7nm.They perform the function of muscle contraction,
cytoplasmic streaming(cyclosis), changes in cell shape.

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
Intermediate filaments are made up five different types of proteins. They are intermediate in between microtubules and microfilaments. They are also
solid filaments having diameter of 8-11 nm. These filaments are important in maintaining cell shapes, attachment of muscle cells and support of nerve
cell processes.

MICROTUBULES
They are hollow tubes with diameter of 25 nm. They are made up of tubulin protein. During cell division, they are responsible for movement of
chromosomes. Flagella and cilia also have microtubules.

LYSOSOMES
Lysosomes are intracellular, spherical, single membrane bound microbodies containing digestive enzymes.

FUNCTION
Lysosomes perform the function of Phagocytosis and Autophagy. In autophagy, old or worn-out parts of cells like mitochondria are digested. In this
way, cell is recycled. The enzymes of lysosome can also result in degeneration of cell. When the membrane of lysosome is ruptured, the cell undergoes
chemical break down or lysis. Since release of enzyme cause a cell to destroy itself. Thus, lysosomes have been referred as Suicide Sac.
Lysosomes also act as destroyers of foreign particles. i.e. perform the function of phagocytosis.
PLASTIDS
Plastids are double membrane bound intracellular organelle and site for photosynthesis and also act as storage bodies. Plastide are found in
photosynthetic organisms.
There are 03 types of plastids;
 Chloroplast
 Chromoplast
 Leucoplast

CHLOROPLAST
These plastids contain chlorophyll which gives plants their green colour and help plants to synthesis food during the process of photosynthesis.
Chloroplast has its own DNA and RNA.

CHROMOPLAST
Chromoplast are found in coloured plant parts like flower, fruits except green parts. They have pigments like xanthophylls and carotene.

LEUCOPLAST
These are colourless plastids commonly found in underground plant parts like potato etc. They perform the function of storage.

CENTRIOLE
Centrioles are short barrel shaped ring of microtubules found at the exterior surface on NUCLEUS.
Each centriole is composed of nine set of triplet microtubules arranged in ring.
Found in animal cells, lower plants and some microorganisms.
When a cell divides a centriole replicates, move to opposite side of cell and thread like fibers begin to radiate from centriole called SPINDLE FIBRES.
Centriole arrange themselves perpendicularly to form centrosomes.
Paper Chromatography
Chromatography is a technique used for the separation proteins, amino acid and photosynthetic pigments from the mixture. There are different
techniques of chromatography, like, in paper chromatography for the separation of compounds mobile phase and stationary phase is used.

Electrophoresis
It is technique used for the separation of fragments of charge bearing polymer like DNA, RNA and protein under the influence of electric current. This
is technique charge bearing polymer on the basis of their size, shape, molecular weight and surface charge.

Q. Why lysosomes are called suicide bag?

* When a particular cell is required to be disintegrated (programmed death of cell) lysosomes burst and their enzymes quickly disperse in cytoplasm
and bring about the programmed death of cell. Due to this fact lysosomes are called suicide bag. Lysosomes kill their self for programmed death of
cell.

Q. What do you understand by lysosomal storage disease?

* Lysosomal storage diseases are complications which are caused by accumulation of various substances in cell due to the absence of certain
lysosomal enzyme. One example of lysosomal storage disease is Tay-sachs disease in which lysosome lack lipid digesting enzyme and this results in
accumulation of undigested lipids in the cell. This brings about impaired brain.

What is autophagy?

Autophagy Definition: Autophagy (or autophagocytosis) is the cell's normal, controlled mechanism for removing unwanted or defective components.
It enables the degradation and recycling of cellular components in a controlled manner. Autophagy (also known as autophagocytosis) is a catabolic
process in which cells destroy damaged and unwanted cellular components. The action of lysosomes drives this mechanism, which aids survival
during starvation by allowing the cellular energy level to be preserved.