GRAMMAR:

1. Phrases
Noun Phrases
A noun phrase is a phrase that consists of a noun or pronoun along with other
modifiers such as adjectives or adverbs that further describe the noun.
Example:
 The red car is fast.
In this example, "The red car" is a noun phrase consisting of the noun "car"
and the adjective "red" which modifies the noun.
Verb Phrases
A verb phrase is a phrase that includes a main verb, possibly accompanied by
auxiliary verbs or other components that support the verb.
Example:
 She has been reading a book.
"has been reading" is a verb phrase consisting of the auxiliary verb "has been"
and the main verb "reading."
Adjectival Phrases
An adjectival phrase is a phrase that contains an adjective or more adjectives that
describe a noun.
Example:
 The house next to the park is old.
"next to the park" is an adjectival phrase that describes the noun "house."
Adverbial Phrases
An adverbial phrase is a phrase that includes an adverb or more adverbs that modify
a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
Example:
 He runs very quickly.
"very quickly" is an adverbial phrase that describes how he runs.
Conditional Clauses and Related Expressions
Conditional clauses are sentences that contain a condition and a result. There are
three main types of conditionals:
First Conditional
Used for real or likely future situations:
 If it rains, I will stay at home.
(If it rains, I will stay at home.)
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Second Conditional
Used for hypothetical or unlikely present or future situations:
 If I were a bird, I would fly to you.
(If I were a bird, I would fly to you.)
Third Conditional
Used for unreal past situations, where the condition did not happen:
 If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.
(If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.)
Mixed Conditionals
A combination of the second and third conditionals, showing how a past event
affects the present or future:
 If she had studied harder, she would be a doctor now.
(If she had studied harder, she would be a doctor now.)

2. Questions
Yes/No Questions
Yes/No questions are questions that require a short answer of either "yes" or "no."
These typically start with an auxiliary verb or main verb.
Example:
 Do you like coffee?
The answer would be: "Yes, I do." or "No, I don't."
Wh- Questions
Wh- questions are used to gather detailed information. They begin with question
words like "What", "Where", "When", "Why", "How", etc.
Example:
 What is your name?
(What is your name?)
 Where are you going?
(Where are you going?)
Tag Questions
Tag questions are short questions added at the end of a statement to confirm or
verify information. The rule is: if the statement is positive, the tag question is
negative, and if the statement is negative, the tag question is positive.
Example:
 You are coming to the party, aren't you?
(You are coming to the party, aren't you?)
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  She doesn't like pizza, does she?
(She doesn't like pizza, does she?)

3. Reported Speech
Direct and Indirect Speech
In direct speech, the exact words spoken are quoted, while in indirect speech, the
words are reported with changes in structure and verb tense.
Example of Direct Speech:
 He said, "I am going to the store."
(He said, "I am going to the store.")
Example of Indirect Speech:
 He said (that) he was going to the store.
(He said that he was going to the store.)
How to Transform Sentences from Direct to Indirect Speech:
1. Statements:
Change the tense in the indirect speech. If the sentence is in the present tense,
it is changed to the past tense in indirect speech.
o Example: She said, "I like pizza." → She said (that) she liked pizza.
2. Questions:
When transforming questions, change the word order from the interrogative
form to a regular statement form, and add "if" or "whether" where needed.
o Example: He asked, "Are you coming?" → He asked if I was coming.
3. Commands:
When converting commands, use "to" followed by the base verb.
o Example: He said, "Close the door." → He told me to close the door.
Notes on Changing Sentences:
 If the sentence is in the present tense, change it to the past tense in indirect
speech.
 If the sentence is in the future tense, use "would" or "was/were going to" in
indirect speech.
……………….

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4. Types of Conditionals in English
Conditionals are essential for expressing different situations and their possible
outcomes. There are four main types, each conveying a unique result:

1. Zero Conditional
The zero conditional describes general truths or facts. It follows the structure:
"if + present tense, present tense."
Examples:
 If water boils, it turns into steam.
 If you heat ice, it melts.
 If a plant doesn't get enough light, it does not grow.

2. First Conditional
The first conditional is used to describe likely future events or conditions. It follows
the structure:
"if + present tense, future tense."
Examples:
 If she works hard, she will pass the test.
 If he wakes up early, he will catch the train.

3. Second Conditional
The second conditional describes unlikely future events or hypothetical situations. It
follows the structure:
"if + past simple, would/could + base verb."
Examples:
 If she won the lottery, she would buy a new house.
 If he could speak Spanish, he could travel more.

4. Third Conditional
The third conditional is used for hypothetical past events and their imagined results.
It follows the structure:
"if + past perfect, would/could have + past participle."
Examples:
 If she had studied harder, she would have passed the exam.
 If he had taken the train, he wouldn't be stuck in traffic.

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Practice
Task One: Put the Verbs in Brackets into Their Correct Forms
1. I would have read the letter if I had known (know) it was from you.
2. If Tony does not help in the garden, I will not finish (not finish) my work in
time.
3. If you had not told (not tell) me about Maxwell’s birthday, I would forget it.
4. We would have caught (catch) the train earlier if Mary had found her purse.
5. If Susan had learned (learn) the poem, she would have known the answer.
6. If it is (be) too hot, we will stop and get a cold drink.
7. If it did not rain (not rain) today, I would stay at home.
8. If the Professor spoke clearly, we would understand (understand) him better.
9. If you go on talking like that, we will throw (throw) you out.

Task Two: Rewrite Each Pair as a Mixed Conditional Sentence

1. If the Browns weren’t on holiday, they would have visited their neighbors.
2. If I had learned to play the violin, I would be in an orchestra now.
3. If Kate weren’t learning Portuguese, she wouldn’t have spent two weeks in
Lisbon.
4. If Jeremy were fit, he would have finished the race.
5. If Paul didn’t believe you, he would have left you.
6. If you were a good student, you would have gone to university.
7. If it hadn’t rained all night, we could play football on the field.
8. If Mark hadn’t worked hard last term, he wouldn’t be disappointed with his
exam results.
9. If Mary weren’t a hard worker, she wouldn’t have got a promotion.

Advanced Conditional Patterns

1. Mixed Conditionals
Mixed conditionals combine elements of the second and third conditional to connect
a past hypothetical event with a present or future result, or vice versa.
Examples:
 If I had been elected, I would be the president now.
 If I didn’t have so much work, I would have gone to the party last night.
2. Inverted Conditionals
Inverted conditionals offer a more formal structure by inverting the subject and
auxiliary verb in the if-clause.
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Examples:
 Were I to win the lottery, I would travel the world.
 Had I known earlier, I would have made different plans.

5. Rules for Converting Verbs Between Active and Passive Forms in All Tenses
When converting between active and passive voice, the structure of the verb
changes while maintaining the sentence's tense. Below are the rules for verb
transformation in various tenses:

1. Present Tenses
a. Present Simple
 Active: Subject + base verb + object
 Passive: Object + is/am/are + past participle (PP)
o Example:
 Active: She writes a letter.
 Passive: A letter is written (by her).
b. Present Continuous
 Active: Subject + is/am/are + verb(-ing) + object
 Passive: Object + is/am/are + being + past participle (PP)
o Example:
 Active: They are painting the house.
 Passive: The house is being painted (by them).
c. Present Perfect
 Active: Subject + has/have + past participle (PP) + object
 Passive: Object + has/have + been + past participle (PP)
o Example:
 Active: She has cleaned the room.
 Passive: The room has been cleaned (by her).

2. Past Tenses
a. Past Simple
 Active: Subject + past verb + object
 Passive: Object + was/were + past participle (PP)
o Example:
 Active: He built a house.
 Passive: A house was built (by him).

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b. Past Continuous
 Active: Subject + was/were + verb(-ing) + object
 Passive: Object + was/were + being + past participle (PP)

o Example:
 Active: She was writing a report.
 Passive: A report was being written (by her).
c. Past Perfect
 Active: Subject + had + past participle (PP) + object
 Passive: Object + had + been + past participle (PP)
o Example:
 Active: They had completed the project.
 Passive: The project had been completed (by them).

3. Future Tenses:
a. Future Simple
 Active: Subject + will + base verb + object
 Passive: Object + will + be + past participle (PP)
o Example:
 Active: He will deliver the package.
 Passive: The package will be delivered (by him).
b. Future Perfect
 Active: Subject + will + have + past participle (PP) + object
 Passive: Object + will + have + been + past participle (PP)
o Example:
 Active: She will have finished the assignment.
 Passive: The assignment will have been finished (by her).

4. Perfect Continuous Tenses (All Tenses):

 The perfect continuous form is generally not used in the passive voice due to
its complexity and awkward structure. Instead, other constructions are
preferred.

5. Modals (Can, Could, Should, etc.):

 Active: Subject + modal + base verb + object
 Passive: Object + modal + be + past participle (PP)

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 o Example:
 Active: You should close the door.
 Passive: The door should be closed (by you).

Key Notes for Transformation:

1. Identify the object and subject: The object in the active voice becomes the
subject in the passive voice.
2. Use "be" appropriately: The form of "be" must match the tense of the active
verb.
3. Past Participle: Always use the past participle of the main verb in the passive
voice.
4. Agent (by ...): Use "by" to mention the doer only when it adds important
context.