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Conclusions and Discussion

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Conclusions and Discussion

Uploaded by

Mahmoud Essa
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Conclusions and Discussions

Conclusions and Discussions


Conclusions

The focus of this study is the characterization of the Denise gas


field based on the geological and petrophysical characterization of the
reservoir. ln Pliocene Kafr El Sheikh Formation, three sand levels were
distinguished significantly based on their different reservoir qualities.
The pre-upper DENISE, upper DENISE and lower DENISE sand levels
are consisting of sandstones with shale intercalations and oriented NW-
SE with -45o.

The Denise field 3D seismic interpretations were done with the top
Kafr El Sheikh Formation and top Rosetta Formation used as control
surfaces in addition to their in-between sand levels. The inputted
Synthetic seismogram, in addition to 11 wells checkshot data used
alongside in picking up different reservoir levels. The interpreted
horizons of the reservoir sections were converted into surfaces
(structure depth maps) with different attributes applied and used as a
basic unit in building up the static structural and property models. The
reservoir section of the Denise field was defined in most of the lines
with Direct Hydrocarbon Indicators (DHI) spots and affected by set of
normal faults with two main trends. The Base Miocene Rosetta
evaporates was interpreted and correlatable across the seismic in-line
and crosslines of the whole volume.

The positive gains of applying attributes and seismic realizations


(creating physical copies or virtual copies) on the Denise seismic
volume has shown by extension that the frequency smoothing effect
could be very valuable when applied to noisy data sets; since this
technique has the adequacy to toggle (change) the resolution and filter
the frequency component of the pristine data.

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Conclusions and Discussions

The petrophysical evaluations were done to identify the lithological


and petrophysical characteristics of different reservoir levels where,
Kafr El Sheikh Formation was found to be petrophysically subdivided
into three hydrocarbon potential levels (PRE U. DENIESE S.S level, U.
DENIESE S.S level, and L. DENIESE S.S level). All this three sand
levels are characterized by the predominance of sandstone, with a little
shale content and the U. DENIESE S.S level is representing the
effective target with an average net pay of 90m.

As indicated by graphical quantitative interpretation, these three


sand levels were found to be enriched by quartz as an all-important
mineral with minor calcites as an effect of calcareous cement. Also, the
shale type analysis reveals that, laminated and structural habitat of
shale are the main type with the presence of dispersed type in some
wells, and finally, the petrophysical characteristics were illustrated and
interpreted both laterally (in the form of iso-parametric maps) and
vertically (in the form of litho-saturation cross-plots).

Property modeling was initiated with facies and petrophysical


workflows to populate the 3D skeleton with discrete facies properties.
This process shows that sand dominates much of the identified
structural relief in the Denise seismic lines. Likewise, this modeling
could be stretched to include effective porosity and saturation to
determine fluid mobility in the Denise field along production period.
This modeling provides a good basis for prospect analysis and also for
dynamic simulation of the field.

The process of carrying out integrated reservoir modeling from this


work shows that a combination of wide range procedures and ideas is
required. It is a purely an iterative workflow, which is developed from
having an understanding in a broader view of the regional geologic
framework to develop the model in its finite dimension in the Petrel
workflow.

169
Conclusions and Discussions

The process of reservoir modeling requires a high quality control of


the input data. The integration of different data inputs poses the
challenge to the user in the ability to combine and integrate the
knowledge and skills in geology, geophysics, geostatistics and
petrophysics. The main process is initiated from scratch by interpreting
the seismic volumes within sections of the reservoir level which is the
zone of interest. Geologic based understanding / licenses, in
combination with window based visualization/seismic attributes, are
used to interpret faults and the reservoir surfaces of the top shale layer
of Kafr El Sheikh Fm., pre-upper DENISE sand level, upper DENISE
sand level and Lower DENISE sand level. These form the required
inputs needed in performing the structural modeling framework. Other
hard data used to constrain the interpretation includes the petrophysical
data that were obtained through applying routine well-log data analysis
procedures for the available wells.

The process of populating the structural models with discrete


properties forms the basis of property modeling. The facies modeling
workflow is initiated by well interpretations of the field and correlation
of the interpreted reservoir surfaces. The Gamma-Ray and Neutron-
Density logs were used to discriminate sand/shale ratio. This is
followed by upscaling the wells to the 3D grid using corresponding
upscaling techniques which satisfy the available well inputs and
data/property distribution needed in populating the models.
Furthermore, comparing different modeling algorithms, the upscaled
wells facies properties are spatially distributed by stochastic simulation
which honors rather less dense spatial dimensions of the wells.

The property modelling is not exclusive to facies process; effective


porosity and water saturation models were done which would deliver a
much wider investigation. To confine the limit of this study, prospect
analyses were inferred based on the reservoir models, structural maps
and seismic volume attribute visualization. Structural closures were
used to screen out 5 new prospect locations and delimit their location in

170
Conclusions and Discussions

seismic to the structural/property models. These models could also be


used in field simulation which means the grid dimension should be
upscaled through the process of grid upscaling.

Conclusively, the process of making models involves a whole range


of collective data and integration. It involves dynamic or iterative
process of inculcating available data/information, with knowledge to
the modeling workflow, which means that they are subject to updates
(not static in true sense). Other models and techniques like the fault
property modelling (sealing capacity) and permeability would be
considered as alternative models in the DENISE field. Finally, the
cascading of geologic ideas into the models requires the user to query
actions (modeling efforts) with good quality control schemes especially
hard data/geologic understanding to query the inconsistencies or
deviations in the models.

In conclusion, an effective interaction of geology and geophysics


can result winning for the exploitation of the residual hydrocarbon
potential.

As a consequence of this type of data consolidation, new five


proposed prospect locations were identified in Denise area and their
Original Gas in Place (OGIP) were calculated based upon the final
resultant model which need to be examined for future development
purposes.

171

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