Name:-------------------- Class Period:

Albany Plan: Proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754, it aimed to create a unified government for the Thirteen Colonies, but it was
ultimately rejected.

Benjamin Franklin: A Founding Father, inventor, and diplomat, Franklin was influential in colonial politics and the push for
independence.

Boston Massacre: A deadly confrontation on March 5, 1770, where British soldiers killed five colonists, escalating tensions between
Britain and the colonies.

Boston Tea Party: A protest on December 16, 1773, where colonists, led by the Sons of Liberty, dumped tea into Boston Harbor in
response to the Tea Act.

Charles Townshend: British politician known for the Townshend Acts, which imposed duties on imported goods and heightened
colonial discontent.

Coercive Acts: Also known as the Intolerable Acts, these were punitive measures passed in 1774 to punish Massachusetts for the
Boston Tea Party.

Committees of Correspondence: Networks of communication among the colonies to coordinate resistance against British policies.

Creoles: People of European descent born in the colonies, often distinguishing themselves from those born in Europe.

Currency Act: A 1764 law that restricted the colonies from producing their own paper money, contributing to economic distress.

Daughters of Liberty: A women’s organization that supported the boycott of British goods during the American Revolution.

First Continental Congress: Convened in 1774 to address colonial grievances, leading to a unified response to British policies.

George Grenville: Prime Minister who introduced several controversial acts, including the Stamp Act and Sugar Act.

Impressment: The forced enlistment of American sailors into the British navy, a source of resentment.

Iroquois Confederacy: A powerful alliance of Native American tribes in the Northeast, influential in colonial politics.

Lord North: British Prime Minister during much of the American Revolution, known for his policies that antagonized the colonies.

Mutiny Act: A 1765 act that required colonial assemblies to provide housing and supplies for British troops.

Patrick Henry: A passionate orator and a leading figure in the push for independence, famous for his “Give me liberty, or give me
death!” speech.
Proclamation of 1763: Issued by King George III, it forbade colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains to appease
Native Americans.

Quebec Act: A 1774 act that extended Quebec’s boundaries and granted rights to Catholics, causing alarm among Protestant
colonists.

Samuel Adams: A key figure in organizing resistance against British policies and one of the founders of the Sons of Liberty.

Sons of Liberty: A secret society formed to oppose British policies and promote colonial rights.

Stamp Act: A 1765 tax on paper goods that sparked widespread protests and was eventually repealed due to colonial resistance.

Stamp Act Congress: A meeting of representatives from the colonies in 1765 to organize opposition to the Stamp Act.

Sugar Act: A 1764 act that imposed taxes on sugar and molasses, aimed at raising revenue for Britain.

Tea Act: A 1773 law allowing the British East India Company to sell tea directly to the colonies, leading to the Boston Tea Party.

Townshend Duties: A series of taxes imposed in 1767 on various goods imported to the colonies, sparking protests.

Virginia Resolves: Resolutions passed in 1765 asserting that only the Virginia Assembly could tax Virginians, challenging British
authority.

William Pitt: A British statesman who played a significant role in the French and Indian War and supported colonial rights later.

Due Date: I I

Guided Reading & Analysis: Colonial Era

Unit 3-1754-1800, PP 84-156
Reading Assignment:
Unit 3, divided into 13 subsections reflecting learning objectives for APUSH
(corresponds to chapters 4-6 in 3rd edition)

Purpose:
This guide is not only a place to record notes as you read,but also to provide a place and structure for
reflections and analysis using higher level thinking skills with new knowledge gained from the reading.

Basic Directions:
1. Pre-Read: Read the prompts/questions within this
2. Skim: guide before youread the chapter.
Flip through the chapter and note the titles (Image Source: Benjamin Frankin, Penns varia
and subtitles. Look at images and their read Gazette,
captions. Ge/a feel for/he content you are
about to read.
3. Read/Analyze: Read the chapter. Remember, considerquestions in order
the goal is not to "fish"for a specific answer(s) to critically understand what you read!
to reading guide questions, but to
 1754, Public Domain This graphic was based on a common superstition that a severed snake could come back to life if its sections were joined prior to
sundown. Believe it or not! ©)
4. Write Write your notes and analysis in the spaces provided.

Key Concepts FOR PERIOD 3:

Key Concept 3.1: British attempts to assert tighter control over its North American colonies and the colonial resolve to
pursue self-government led to a colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War.
Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution's democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with
different forms of government.
Key Concept 3.3: Migration within North America and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade intensified
conflicts among peoples and nations.

Topic 3.1 Contextualization, pp 84-85

As you read the contextualization, consider the skill you will be mastering as you analyze history.

Contextualization: Analyze the context of historica I events, developments, or processes; Identify and describe a historica I con text fora
specific historica I development or process; Explain how a specific historica I development or process is situated within a broader historical
context.

In the spaces provided, record you notes as you read in the left-hand column. Additional questions are presented in order to focus your attention to
main ideas. When you have finished note-taking for this section, address the prompts in the right-hand column.

Learning Objective: Explain the context in which America gained independence and developed a sense of
national identity.

NOTES ANALYSIS
Connecting unit 2 to unit 3 (first paragraph): Explain why 1754 is a major turning point in
American history.
The 13 British colonies in North America began to develop an identity distinct
from Great Britain. It marks the beginning of the French and
Indian War, leading to British debt and
This is why the colonies helped fight a war against France, won their own subsequent taxation of the colonies, setting the
independence, wrote a constitution, and established a democratic republic.
stage for colonial discontent.
 Unit 3 ends with 1800, which is also a major
turning point. It marks the peaceful exchange of
British-French Wars: power from a Federalist,President John Adams, to
The British and the French fought a series of wars for control of territory in Europe, a Democratic-Republican, President Thomas
the Americas, Jefferson.
In the end the British won in 1763 consolidated their control
of North America and freed colonists from fear of French attacks. In addition, How did the relationship between Britain and her
The contributions by the colonies reflected their political maturity.
colonies change from 1754-1800?
Initially cooperative during the French and Indian War,
the relationship soured due to British taxation and
control, ultimately leading to colonial rebellion and
Colonial Independence: independence.
The British sought to raise taxes to pay for war expenses.
American colonists viewed themselves as self-sufficient.
Enlightenment thinking encouraged calls for self-governance. What inspired the American Revolution?
Clashing views led to the founding of a new nation. Enlightenment ideas about self-governance, natural
rights, and resistance to oppressive taxation and British
rule inspired the revolution.
The Articles of Confederation and the Constitution:
Why was the AOC replaced with the Constitution?
New country was initially governed by the Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation created a weak national
Weak national government prompted the creation of a stronger Constitution. government, leading to inefficiency and instability,
Reserved certain powers for states while enhancing federal authority. prompting the need for a stronger federal system
Bill of Rights added to protect individual liberties. through the Constitution.
The Constitution remains the basis of the U.S. government today.

What was the result of conflicting views on politics

during Washington's presidency?
The emergence of two political parties, the Federalists
and Democratic-Republicans, highlighted
Conflicting Views of Government: disagreements over government power and individual
rights.
Leaders debated economy, individual rights, foreign affairs, and government roles.
Two political parties emerged: Democratic-Republicans (stronger state power) and
Federalists (stronger federal power). How did migration patterns affect the U.S.?
Democratic-Republicans defeated Federalists in the 1800 election, testing political Westward migration created economic opportunities
stability. but also led to conflicts with Native Americans and
Peaceful transfer of power marked a successful test of the young democracy. challenges from European powers claiming land.
By 1820, Federalists disappeared, but their ideas persisted in later politics.

Changes in Economics, Politics, and Culture:

Immigrants continued to arrive, expanding the population.
Westward migration caused conflicts with Native Americans.
Competing claims from British, French, and Spanish posed challenges.
U.S. defended its borders and shipping interests.
National identity began to form post-1800, despite declaring independence in 1776
and ratifying the Constitution in 1788.
Identify the significant events occurring in each of the following years. Circle the one you believe is most significant.

1754-1763:
French and Indian War begins (1754) and ends (1763), altering British-colonial relations and leading to taxation.
1776:
Declaration of Independence adopted, marking the formal break from Britain.
1783:
Treaty of Paris signed, officially ending the Revolutionary War and recognizing U.S. independence.
1789:
George Washington inaugurated as the first President, establishing the new government under the Constitution.

Topic 3.2, The Seven Years' War, pp 86-91

As you read the chapter, jot down yournotes in the right-hand column.Consideryournotes to be elaborations on the Main Ideas presented in the
left column. Partial notes have been provided to model this step. When you finish the section,analyze & process what you read by answering the
questions in the analysis section located at the bottom of the page.

Leaming Objective: Explain the causes and effects of the Seven Years' War (the French and Indian War).

MAIN IDEAS NOTES

Introduction...
Colonial rivalry intensified Historic rivalries among Great Britain, France, and Spain were brought to North America by early
immigrants. While these conflicts began in Europe, disputes in the colonies intensified tensions. Britain's
victories in 18th-century wars came at the unexpected cost of colonial rebellion and loss of territories.
between Britain and France in
the mid-18th century, as the
growing population of the Empires at War, 1689-1763...
British colonies expanded into
the interior of North America,
threatening French-Indian trade
networks and American Indian

In the late 17th century, wars broke out involving Great Britain, France, and Spain, with
battles occurring globally. The conflicts centered around power in Europe and control of
valuable colonies, particularly sugar islands in the Caribbean and fur trade networks in
North America.

autonomy.

The First Three Wars...

In King William’s War, the British failed to capture Quebec. Queen Anne’s War saw
British successes, gaining Nova Scotia and trading rights. In King George’s War, British
forces captured Louisbourg but returned it to France for gains in India, angering New
Englanders.
 The Decisive Conflict…
Initially, European powers relied on colonial forces in America, as most fighting occurred
in Europe. By 1754, with the value of colonies recognized, Britain and France sought
control over resources. This led to the Seven Years' War, known in North America as the
French and Indian War.

Beginning of the War…

The French provoked the war by building forts in the Ohio River Valley. Virginia's governor
sent George Washington to confront them. After initial success, Washington surrendered,
marking the war's start. Early British efforts were unsuccessful, facing defeats against
French and Native allies.

Albany Plan of Union…

In 1754, representatives from seven colonies met in Albany to discuss defense. Benjamin
Franklin proposed the Albany Plan of Union for a cooperative government and military
recruitment. However, colonies rejected it, prioritizing their autonomy, but it set a
precedent for future congresses.

continued on next page...

British victory ...

British Prime Minister William Pitt focused on conquering Canada, achieving victories at Louisbourg,
Quebec, and Montreal. The 1763 Peace of Paris treaty gave Britain French Canada and Spanish Florida,
effectively ending French power in North America.
Britain achieved a major expansion
of its territorial holdings by
defeatingthe French, but at
tremendous expense, setting the Immediate Effects of the War...
stage for imperial efforts to raise Britain’s victory in the Seven Years' War established its dominance in North America and diminished Native
American autonomy. It also solidified British naval supremacy and altered British-colonial relations, leading
revenue and consolidate control
to increased tensions.
over the colonies.

The British View of the War:

Post-war, the British held a low opinion of colonial military capabilities, viewing American militias as
disorganized and noting that some colonies did not contribute troops or funds. They believed colonists were
unwilling to defend new frontiers.

The Colonial View of the War:

Colonists felt proud of their military performance during the wars and gained confidence in
their ability to defend themselves. They viewed British troops and strategies as unsuitable
for the American landscape.
ANALYSIS:

What was the most significant cause of the French andIndian War?The most significant cause was the competition between Britain and
France for control of the Ohio River Valley and valuable resources in North America.

Explain one way the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) impacted the relationship between Britain and her North
American colonies.
The war led Britain to view the colonies as incapable and unwilling to defend the empire, resulting in a shift toward stricter
control and taxation, which fostered resentment among colonists.

After the British victory, Reorganization of the British Empire ...

im peria 1 officials' attempts to The British government changed its approach after the wars, moving from a policy of salutary neglect to
prevent colonists from moving stricter control. To manage the costs of maintaining troops and the empire, Britain sought to impose taxes and
regulations on the colonies.
westward generated colonial
opposition, while native groups
Pontiac's Rebellion...
sought to both continue trading with
Europeans and resist the In 1763, Chief Pontiac led an uprising against colonial settlements due to settlers encroaching on Native lands
encroachments of colonists on tribal and the lack of British gifts. The British responded with regular troops rather than relying on colonial forces to
lands. suppress the rebellion.

Proclamation Line of 1763:

To stabilize the western frontier, the British issued a proclamation prohibiting colonists from settling west of
the Appalachians, aiming to prevent conflicts with Native Americans. Colonists reacted with anger and
defiance, hoping to expand westward.

Growing British-Colonial Tensions …

Divergent views on the war and shifts in British policies fueled tensions between Britain and
its North American colonies, particularly over taxation and representation, leading to
increased conflict.
Multiple Choice Practice, pp 90-91
1. c
2. b
3. c

Short Answer Question, page 91

Record your answers for a-b-c. Write in complete sentences and ensure each answer has at least one specific piece
of historical evidence. When interpreting a document, your analysis beyond the obvious is your evidence. Use the
lingo of each prompt to set up your answer, and include an explanation of how or why. The first one is done for
you as a model of how to address short answer questions.

a. One historical event or development during the Seven Years' War that demonstrated a fundamental change in the British view of its
relationship with its American colonies was the Albany Plan. This plan attempted to unite the colonies in an effort to defeat the French, but
it failed because colonies didn't want a larger power deciding taxes. It shows a change in the British view, because they wanted the colonies
to do more to support the empire.

b. One historical event or development during the Seven Years' War that demonstrated a fundamental change in the colonial view of its
relationship with its British government was the pride colonists felt in their military successes during the war. This newfound confidence made
them less reliant on British military support, fostering a sense of autonomy. _

c. One historical event or development resulting from the changing views by the British or by the colonists was the growing resentment among
colonists toward British taxation and control, culminating in protests and demands for representation, which eventually contributed to the
American Revolution.
 Topic 3.3, Taxation Without Representation, pp 92-99
As you read the chapter, jot down your notes in the right-hand column.Consider your notes to be elaborations on the Main Ideas presented in the
left column. Partial notes have been provided to model this step. When you finish the section,analyze & process what you read by answering the
questions in the analysis section located at the bottom of the page.

Leaming Objective: Explain how British colonial policies regarding North America led to the Revolutionary War.

MAIN IDEAS NOTES

The imperial Introduction...
struggles of
the mid-18th
century, as well New B>vLhsvi -poLLcLes LvccludLvcg te1xes Led to colovcLsts
as new British becovMLvcg V1Mve covccevvced wLtvi LLbevtr1
efforts
to collect
taxes SoVMe e1cce-pted tvieVM, soVMe rebelled
without
direct
coIonia1
representa tion
or consent
and to assert
imperial
authority in the
British Actions and Colonial Reactions …
colonies,
began to unite The Proclamation of 1763 sparked colonial anger by
the limiting westward expansion. While the British
government viewed it as necessary for protecting the
empire, colonists saw it as a threat to their rights and
liberties. Key tensions arose around representation, as
colonists could not elect Parliament members, which
fueled their demand for self-governance.

colonists
against
perceived and
real
constraints on
their
economic
activities and
political rights.

Colonial
leaders based
their calls for
resistance to
Brita in on
arguments
about the rights
of British
subjects, the New Revenues and Regulations ...
rights of the
individual,
local traditions
of self-rule, and
the ideas
of the In 1764, the Sugar Act imposed duties on imports to raise revenue,
Enlightenment. leading to colonial anger over smuggling enforcement. The
Quartering Act of 1765 required colonists to house British troops,
 further straining relations. The Stamp Act, enacted in 1765, was the
first direct tax on the colonies, requiring stamps on various printed
materials. This act provoked widespread outrage and resistance,
including violent protests.
The effort for
American
independence
was
energized by
colonial
leaders such as
Benjamin
Franklin, as
well as by
popularmoveme
nts that
included the Reactions to the Stamp Act...
politica1
activism Colonial reaction to the Stamp Act was one of indignation, with leaders like
oflaborers, Patrick Henry advocating against taxation without representation. The
formation of the Stamp Act Congress unified colonies in their opposition, and
groups like the Sons and Daughters of Liberty used intimidation tactics
against tax officials. Economic boycotts against British goods gained traction,
compelling Parliament to eventually repeal the Stamp Act in 1766.
artisans, and
women.
In the face of
economic
shortages and
the British
military
occupation of
some regions,
men and
women
mobilized in
large
numbers to
provide
financial and
material
support to the
Patriot
movement.
ANALYSIS: Which of the following had the greatest impact on colonial attitudes toward Great Britain: Proclamation Line of 1763 or
Stamp Act of 1765.
Explain your answer.
The Stamp Act of 1765 had a greater impact on colonial attitudes toward Great Britain than the Proclamation Line of 1763. The
Stamp Act represented a direct tax on the colonists and triggered widespread protests and organized resistance, highlighting the
colonists' grievances about representation and taxation. In contrast, the Proclamation Line was more of a regulatory measure that,
while unpopular, did not provoke the same level of unified resistance or violence.
MAIN IDEAS NOTES
The imperial struggles of Second Phase of the Crisis, 1767-1773...
the mid-18th century, as In 1767, the Townshend Acts imposed new duties on imports like tea and glass, funding colonial officials independently of local
assemblies. Initially accepted as indirect taxes, opposition grew as leaders argued for colonial representation. The Massachusetts
Circular Letter and boycotts further unified colonial resistance, leading to increased tensions and smuggling. Although the acts were
mostly repealed by 1770, a small tea tax remained, causing further dissent.

well as new British efforts

to collect taxes without
direct colonial
representation or consent
and to assert imperial
authority in the colonies,
began to unite the
colonists against perceived
and real
constraints on their
economic activities and
politica I rights.

Colonial leaders based their

calls forresistance to
Brita in on arguments
abouttherights of British
subjects, the rights of the
individual, local traditions
Renewal of the Conflict…
of self-rule, and the ideas of
the Enlightenment. Tensions in Boston escalated, culminating in the Boston Massacre in March 1770, where British
soldiers killed five colonists. This incident intensified anti-British sentiments and was used as
propaganda against British rule. Despite a brief period of economic prosperity after the repeal of
the Townshend Acts, underlying tensions remained high.
The effort for American
independence was
energized by colonial
leaders such as Benjamin
Franklin, as well as by
popular movements that
included the political
activism oflaborers,
artisans, and women.

In the face of economic

shortages and the British Intolerable Acts...
military occupation of In response to the Boston Tea Party, the British enacted the Coercive Acts (1774), aimed at punishing Massachusetts.
some regions, men and These included closing Boston's port and reducing local government powers. The Quebec Act, which expanded
Quebec's territory and recognized Catholicism, further outraged colonists, who saw it as an assault on their rights and
territorial claims.
women mobilized in large
numbers to provide
financialand material
support to the Patriot
movement.
 The Demand for Independence …
As British crackdowns intensified, colonial support for independence grew, particularly in New
England. While some merchants supported British policies, the rising tide of public dissent
fostered mass protests and a stronger push for independence among colonists.

ANALYSIS: Which event was most responsible for Patriot rebellion, Boston Massacre or the Intolerable Acts? Explain your
answer.
The Intolerable Acts because they were the breaking point for the colonists.
Multiple Choice Practice, page 98
1. c
2. c

Short Answer Questions, page 99

Record your answers for a-b-c. Write in complete sentences and ensure each answer has at least one specific
piece of historical evidence. Use the lingo of each prompt to set up your answer, and include an explanation
of how or why. The first step - using the lingo is set up for you.
Remember when you are interpreting a document as you are in part a., your analysis BEYOND THE OBVIOUS is
your evidence.

a. One major difference between Wood's and Bailyn 's historical interpretations of why the American colonies rebelled against the British
was that Bailyn emphasizes a belief in a conspiracy against liberty, suggesting that fear of losing rights motivated the rebellion, while Wood
argues that the revolution was based on a reasoned understanding of freedom and maintaining existing rights rather than responding to
immediate suffering.

b. One historical event or development in the period 1754-1776 that is not explicitly mention in the excerpts that can be used to
supportBailyn 's interpretation was the The Boston Massacre could support Bailyn's view, as it was perceived as evidence of a direct attack on
colonial liberties and fueled fears of British oppression.

c. One historical event or development in the period 1754-1776 that is not explicitly mention in the excerpts that can be used to
support Wood's interpretation was the development of Enlightenment ideas among colonists could support Wood’s interpretation, as
these ideas encouraged rational discussions about rights and governance, shaping a collective understanding of freedom that prompted
rebellion
 Topic 3.4, Philosophical Foundations of the American Revolution, pp 100-103
As you read the chapter, jot down your notes in the right-hand column.Consideryournotes to be elaborations on the Main Ideas presented in the
left column. Partial notes have been provided to model this step. When you finish the section,analyze & process what you read by answering the
questions in the analysis section located at the bottom of the page.

Leaming Objective: Explain how and why colonial attitudes about government and the individual changed in the
years leading up to the American Revolution.
MAIN IDEAS: NOTES:

LoV\,g trnc{ltloV\, of LOrJClltrJ to "&rltnLV\,

Enlightenment ideas and cflnV\,glV\,g relntloV\,sfll-p betweeV\, "&rLtnlV\, /ll!l,CT coloV\,Les Lect to ctlverglV\,g
philosophy inspired many ctlrectloV\,s JoflV\, Lock:e lV\,flueV\,cect coloV\,les
American political th inkers
to emphasize individual Enlightenment Ideas...
In the mid-18th century, Enlightenment ideas influenced American leaders like Washington, Jefferson, Franklin,
ta lent over hereditary
and Adams. Many Enlightenment thinkers were Deists, believing in a God who set natural laws but did not interfere
privilege, while religion in daily life. This was different from traditional Christian views. Enlightenment thought focused on reason and
strengthened Americans' view science, encouraging people to think critically about government and society.
of themselves as a people
blessed with liberty.

The colonists' belief in the

superiority of republican
forms of government based
on thenaturalrights of the
people found expression in
ThomasPaine's Common
Sense and the DecIara tion
oflndependence.Theideas in Thomas Paine's Argument for Independence...
these documents resonated
throughout American
history, shaping Americans' In January 1776, Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet that argued for American independence from
understanding of the ideals Britain. He stated it was unreasonable for a large continent to be ruled by a distant island and criticized the corrupt
monarchy. His clear message urged the colonies to break away from British rule.
on which the nation was
based.

Historical Perspectives …
Traditionally, the American Revolution was seen as a major change influenced by Enlightenment
ideas. Early historians believed it offered a chance to create a new society with a government
focused on individual rights. Later historians argued that American society was already
becoming more democratic before the war, with the conflict reflecting these earlier changes.

ANALYSIS:
How did colonial views on individualism affect the Patriot revolution?
Colonial views on individualism encouraged people to seek self-governance and personal rights. This belief made Patriots
resist British control and fight for independence, insisting that people should have a say in their government.
Multiple Choice Practice, pp 102-103.
1. c
2. a
3. c

Short Answer Questions, page 103

Record your answers for a-b-c. Write in complete sentences and ensure each answer has at least one specific piece of
historical evidence. Use the lingo of each prompt to set up your answer, and include an explanation of how
or why.
a. One specific perspective expressed by Abigail Adams in the excerpt is that men are power hungry and dangerous. As a
result, she is questioning who can really run a new nation without the liberties of the people being striped. She further
explained that the people should consider this and be weary of the future of the nation.

b. One historical event or development in the period leading up to independence that led to the view expressed here by
Abigail Adams is the controlling nature of Great Britain. All the taxation without representation, having no justice
system, and being forced under laws they had no say in effect the opinions of most Americans. They became extremely
weary like Abigail Adams and were very cautious in creating the new government.

c. One historical event or development in the period leading up to independence that challenged the views expressed here
by Abigail Adams was the fact that there were many great leaders during and after the revolution that placed the liberties
of the people above the rest. People like George Washington were great fits to lead the country because they were
physically fighting for the independence of the people, and already had experience leading.
 Topic 3.5, The American Revolution, pp 104-110
As you read the chapter, jot down yournotes in the right-hand column.Consideryournotes to be elaborations on the Main Ideas presented in the
left column. When you finish the section, analyze & process what you read by answering the questions in the analysis section located at the
bottom of the page.

Leaming Objective: Explain how various factors contributed to the American victory in the Revolution.

MAIN IDEAS: NOTES:

Despite First Continental Congress ...
considerable Joya list ● Caused by the Intolerable acts
opposition, as well as ● Conference of representatives from each colony with the exception of Georgia.
● Took place in Philadelphia 1774.
Great Britain's ● Most didn’t want independence and just wanted their rights and to restore their relationship with the British.
apparently ● Delegates were all wealthy white men, however they had diverse views on the topic.
overwhelming ● Leading radicals demanding the most from Britain, included Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, John Adams, George Washington,
military and John Dickinson, John Jay, and Joseph Galloway.\
financial Galloway's Plan:
● Suffolk Resolves, a statement originally issued by Massachusetts, called for the immediate repeal of the Intolerable Acts and
advantages, the for colonies to resist them by making military preparations and boycotting British goods.
Patriot cause ● Continental Association a network of committees to enforce the economic sanctions of the Suffolk Resolves.
succeeded because
of the actions of
Fighting Begins …
coIonia I militias and
the Continental Army, ● Lexington and Concord April 18, 1775, the first conflicts that sparked the start of the war.
George ● Bunker Hill June 17, 1775, the colonial militia Breed’s Hill was defeated.
Washington's military
leadership,
the colonists' Second Continental Congress ...
ideologica I ● Conflicting opinions throughout the colonies.
commitment and ● Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms which called up the colonies to provide
resilience, and troops.
assistance sent by ● George Washington was appointed the commander in chief.
European allies. ● Navy and marine corps were organized in the fall of 1775 to attack British ships.

Peace Efforts...
● Many colonies in fact did not want a full on war to start up. They just wanted rights and to restore their
relationship with the British.
● Olive Branch Petition was sent to King George III, pledging loyalty and for protection of colonial rights.
● The King reacted angrily at this and imposed the Prohibitory Act, which declared the rebellion of the
colonies and forbade trade between the two.
The Declaration of Independence ...
● The declaration drafted by Jefferson listed specific grievances against George III’s government and also
expressed the basic principles that justified revolution:
● “We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their
Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.”
● Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776.

ANALYSIS:
Explain how John Locke's ideas influence the writing of the Declaration of Independence.
John Locke’s ideas on natural rights had a big impact on the declaration of independence and Thomas Jefferson, the person who drafted the
declaration. He wrote how people had undeniable rights to life, liberty and property, similar to the declarations, life, liberty and the pursuit of
happiness.
 MAIN IDEAS: NOTES:
Despite Continued from previous page
considerable loyalist The Revolutionary War...
opposition, as well ● The first shots fired in Lexington and Concord in 1775
as Great Britain's ● The final signing of a peace treaty in 1783.
● The whole thing was a bitter struggle
apparently ● With the war, Americans laid the foundations for a new national identity, as the former colonies
overwhelming became a new country, the United States of America.
military and
financial advantages, The Competing Sides...
the ● 2.6 million people lived in the 13 colonies in 1775.
Patriot cause ● 40% of the population were patriots.
succeeded because of ● 25% were loyalists
the actions of ● The others were neutral or struggling to pick which side.
colonial militias and ● The British had a lot of advantages because they were well supplied, had a big powerful, trained,
military.
the Continental Army, ● Patriot missionaries had come and go soldiers because many did not want to leave their own region.
George ● George Washington’s troops were chronically short of supplies, poorly equipped, and rarely paid, but
Washington's they had the commitment to fight for independence
military leadership, ● At first George Washington opposed the idea of African Americans in militias, but he eventually
the colonists' accepted it because they needed all the people they could get.
ideological ● Almost 60,000 American Tories(loyalists) fought next to British soldiers, supplied them with arms and
commitment and food, and joined in raiding parties to pillage Patriot homes and farms
resilience, and ● American Indians tried to stay out of the war at first, but eventually joined the side of the British who
assistance sent by promised to limit westward expansion.
European allies. Initial American Losses and Hardships...
● 1775-1777 went very badly for the Americans.
● Washington and his troops barely escaped complete disaster in a battle for New York City in 1776.
● By the end of 1777, the British occupied both New York and Philadelphia.
● Washington’s demoralized troops suffered through the severe winter of 1777–1778 camped at Valley
Forge in Pennsylvania.
● American ports resulted in a 95 percent decline in trade between 1775 and 1777.
● Goods were scarce, and inflation was rampant. The paper money issued by Congress, known as
continentals, became almost worthless.

Alliance with France...

● France secretly provided money and supplies to the American revolutionaries as early as 1775.
● The Battle of Saratoga, won by the Americans, became a diplomatic win as well because France
openly allied itself with the Americans.

Victory...
● 1778–1779, the Patriots, led by George Rogers Clark, captured a series of British forts in the Illinois
country to gain control of parts of the vast Ohio territory
● Yorktown In 1781, the last major battle of the Revolutionary War.
● Treaty of Paris in 1783, ended the war .
● Stated that the British would recognize the U.S. as a nation, the Mississippi river was the boundary for
the nation, Americans would have fishing rights along the coast of Canada, and America would pay
their debts to Britain.

ANALYSIS:

To what extent was the alliance with France a key factor in the American victory in the Revolutionary War?
The alliance with the French was a major key factor in the American Victory because they were provided with supplies and support that they didn’t
have. They wouldn’t have won without the French helping them because they didn’t have a developed military.

Explain the key difference between the Treaty of Paris, 1763 and the Treaty of Paris, 1783.
The first Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian war, otherwise known as the 7 years war. The Second Treaty of Paris ended the
revolutionary war, which was fought between the Americans and the British.
Multiple Choice Practice, page 110
1. D
2. C

Short Answer Questions, page 110

Record your answers for a-b-c. Write in complete sentences and ensure each answer has at least one specific
piece of historical evidence. Use the lingo of each prompt to set up your answer, and include an explanation
of how or why.
a. One specific strength that Patriots had in the American Revolution was the great leadership they had. On the Patriots
side they had George Washington leading them. He was able to command the militias with unprecedented war
tactics, determination and grit. This eventually led to the victory of the revolutionary war.

b. One specific way that France influenced the American Revolution was the alliance with the patriots.This alliance
allowed them to gain way more military power and supplies, which might have pushed them to win the war. Without
the French the Patriots might not have had enough power to go against the British and loyalists.

c. One specific role that Native Americans played in the American Revolution was their alliance with Britain. They
originally wanted to stay out of the war, but Britain convinced them to join their side by promising to limit westward
expansion caused by the colonists. This damped the Patriots power and gave Britain people who knew the land well
enough to fight well.

Topic 3.6, The Influence of Revolutionary Ideals

As you read the chapter,jot down yournotes in the right-hand column.Consider youmotes to be elaborations on the Main Ideas presented
in the left column. When you finish the section, analyze & process what you read by answering the questions in the analysis section
located at the bottom of the page.

Leaming Objectives:
Explain the various ways the American Revolution affected society.
Describe the global impact of the American Revolution.
MAIN IDEAS: NOTES:
During and after the American Introduction...
Revolution, an increased ● Revolutionary ideas impacted American society before, during, and after the war.
awareness of inequalities in ● These ideas shaped the new state governments that replaced the colonial ones, especially for
society motivated some women, enslaved workers, and Native Americans.
individuals and groups to call for
Women in the Revolutionary Era…
the abolition of slavery and ● Before and during the war, groups of women such as the Daughters of Liberty
greater political democracy in the organized to oppose British actions.
new state and ● They provided supplies to the fighting forces and some women followed men into
national governments. the armed camps and worked as cooks and nurses.
● Some even fought in the war in place of their husband.
● While fathers, husbands, and sons were away fighting, women ran family farms and
businesses
● They provided much of the food and clothing necessary for the war effort.
● A new view of their status in society evolved, a change referred to as Republican
Motherhood
● Educating women so that in the home they could teach their children the values of
the new republic and their roles as citizens

The Status of Enslaved African Americans…

● The Continental Congress abolished the importation of enslaved people, and most
states went along with the prohibition.
● Several northern states ended slavery, while in the south, some owners voluntarily
freed their enslaved laborers.
● However, this changed dramatically with the development of the cotton gin in 1793
 ● Slave owners came to believe that enslaved labor was essential to their prosperity
and that the ideals of the Revolution did not apply to the people they owned.

Native Americans and Independence …

● American Indians generally supported the British in the Revolutionary War, so they
did not benefit from the success of the colonies’ independence.
● colonists’ racism and greed for land caused most of them to view American Indians
as obstacles to settlement that should be removed.

International Impact of the American Revolution …

● The ideas that people have a right to govern themselves, that all people are created
equal, and that individuals have inalienable rights have had wide appeal.
● Leaders of the French Revolution (1789–1799) that overthrew the monarchy
● United Irishmen who rebelled against British rule (1798)
● The Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) that ended slavery, and numerous Latin
American revolutions against European control.
● They all cited the declaration of independence.

Historical Perspectives …
● Most revolutions like the American, French, and Russian revolutions were
extremely similar.
● Some even compare the similarities of the American revolution to other state
rebellions, and question whether the American revolution shaped these events.
● There are mixed opinions about this topic, and there will continue to be numerous
arguments made about it.

ANALYSIS:
Explain the historical significance of Republican Motherhood.
Republican Motherhood is extremely important in times of warring and rebellion because it keeps the society intact and functioning. While all the men are
away at war, Republican motherhood steps up and takes action by taking over jobs, continuing to educate the youth, and still being able to do all the
housework at the same time.

Identify one positive and one negative aspect of African Americans' status in the new nation.
There were more steps for African Americans to be considered human with all the enlightenment ideas, and natural rights, however they
continued to be enslaved under the new nation.

Multiple Choice Practice, pp 114-115

1. B
2. A
3. C
Short Answer Questions, pp 115-116
Record your answers for a-b-c. Write in complete sentences and ensure each answer has at least one specific
piece of historical evidence. Use the lingo of each prompt to set up your answer, and include an explanation
of how or why.
a. One major difference between Wood’s and Raphael’s historical interpretations of how radical the American
Revolution was is that Wood believes that America is the country with the most equality, while Raphal believes that
equality is not yet attainable as there are still people fighting for rights. Woods claims that American equality gets
past wealth disparities because it has been set up in a capitalist way. Raphael mentions the minority groups and how
the constitution mostly refers to the majority, meaning that there is still a fight for equality.

b. One historical event or development that is not explicitly mentioned in the excerpts could be used to support Wood’s
interpretation is the writing of the new constitution which gave natural rights and protection of the government to
the people. Under the new constitution stated that all men were created equal, meaning that they should have equal
rights as well. This was a big step towards equality considering this was a time of existing slavery.
 c. One historical event or development that is not explicitly mentioned in the excerpts could be used to support
Raphael’s interpretation is the fact that slavery still existed. Although the new constitution addressed that all men
were created equal, it was not until later until slavery was fully abolished. Meaning that America wasn’t the fully
equal state that some pointed it out to be.

Topic 3.7, The Articles of Confederation, pp 117-122

As you read the chapter,jot down yournotes in the right-hand column.Consider youmotes to be elaborations on the Main Ideas presented
in the left column.When you finish the section,analyze & process what you read by answering the questions in the analysis section
located at the bottom of the page.
Leaming Objective: Explain how different forms of government developed and changed as a result of the Revolutionary
Period.
MAIN IDEAS: NOTES:
Introduction...
● Articles of Confederation, that was written by the Second Continental Congress during the Revolutionary
War.
● Intentionally weak form of central government
Organization of New Governments …
● Leaders of the 13 colonies worked to change them into independently governed states, each with
its own constitution (written plan of government).
● The Continental Congress in Philadelphia tried to define the powers of a new central government
for the nation that was coming into being.
State Governments …
● Although each state had their own constitution, they did share some major details.
● Each state constitution began with a “bill” or “declaration” listing basic rights and freedoms.
● With a few exceptions, the powers of state government were given to three separate branches:
legislative powers, executive powers to an elected governor, and judicial powers.
● All White males who owned some property. could vote.
● Those seeking elected office usually had to meet a higher property qualification than the voters
The Articles of Confederation …
● Approval of the Articles was delayed by a dispute over state claims to the vast American Indian
lands west of the Alleghenies.
● The Articles established a central government that consisted of just one body, a congress.
● Each state was given one vote, with at least nine votes out of 13 required to pass important laws.
● Amending the Articles required a unanimous vote. A Committee of States, with one
representative from each state
● The Articles gave Congress the power to wage war, make treaties, send diplomatic
representatives, and borrow money.
● Congress did not have the power to regulate commerce or to collect taxes, so they had no money
to function.
continued on next page

The United States Under the Articles, 1781-1789…

● The Original U.S. government consisted of a weak Congress and no executive or judicial branch.
● Although it was extremely weak, the AoC did have some strong points.
● The U.S. could finally claim independence as a separate, official nation.
● Land Ordinance of 1785, congress could survey and sell land in the west.
● Northwest Ordinance of 1787, congress claimed more land that could be used to create more
states that limited slavery.
● This land could be auctioned off to anybody and they made a lot of money from it.

Weaknesses of the Articles ...

● Relations between the new United States and the European powers were troubled.
 ● They did not respect the U.S. because they couldn’t pay back war debts.
● The country could not enforce the Treaty of Paris that ended the Revolutionary War.
● They were too weak to completely drive out British troops.
● Congress had no taxing power and could only request that the states donate money for national needs.
● Meaning that no other nation would lend money because they didn't have a reliable way to pay back the
money.
● This reduced trade as well.
● The 13 states treated one another as rivals and competed for economic advantage.
● They placed tariffs and other restrictions on the movement of goods across state lines.
● Shays’s Rebellion led other farmers in an uprising against high state taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack
of paper money.
● This revealed the high tensions with the people and state, and was a turning point for a change in the
government.
ANALYSIS:
How did the experiences of the founding generation influence the construction of the new government under the AOC?
The British government being too controlling and not giving the people power and rights caused the new government to be very weak
as to not repeat the controlling behavior. As a result, the government was too weak to do anything and failed.

Multiple Choice Practice, page 121:

1. D
2. C
3. D

Short Answer Questions, page 122

Record your answers for a-b-c. Write in complete sentences and ensure each answer has at least one specific
piece of historical evidence. Use the lingo of each prompt to set up your answer, and include an
explanation of how or why.
a. One major difference between Van Cleve’s and Freedman’s interpretations of the value of the Articles of
Confederation is that Van Cleve is criticizing the Articles of Confederation and Freedman is expanding the
common view of the Articles. In the excerpts, Van Cleve states that under the Articles, the nation was not
united, and the government couldn’t get anything done. Freedman on the other hand explains that the leaders at
the time, took the articles as a broad view in which that could loosely bend some powers to help with the
practical needs of the country.

b. One historical event or development that is not explicitly mentioned in the excerpts could be used to support
Van Cleve’s interpretation is the fact that the government could not raise money to pay war debts. Under the
Articles, the government would have to ask the states for permission to tax so that they could raise money to
become functional. This did not work because none of the states would cough up the money, and so the
government could not pay debts back which weakened trade, and the trust of other nations.

c. One historical event or development that is not explicitly mentioned in the excerpts could be used to support
Freedman’s interpretation is the land ordinance of 1787. Under the articles the government was able to acquire
land in which they banned slavery under, and could sell to anyone, black or white. The bend of these rules
outside of state jurisdiction allowed them to finally gain money to pay some debts back.

Topic 3.8, The Constitutional Convention and Debates Over Ratification, pp 123-129
As you read the chapter, jot down yournotes in the right-hand column.Consider youmotes to be elaborations on the Main Ideas presented
in the left column. When you finish the section, analyze & process what you read by answering the questions in the analysis section
located at the bottom of the page.

Leaming Objective: Explain the differing ideological positions on the structure and function of the federal
government.
MAIN IDEAS: NOTES:
Delegates from the states\ Introduction…
participated in the ● Many questioned if the constitution could be strong enough to hold the states together.
Constitution I ● Several problems led to a convention that wrote a new constitution, which was followed by intense
Convention and through debates on whether to ratify the new plan of government.
negotiation, The Annapolis Convention …
collaboration, and
compromise proposed a ● George Washington hosted a conference at his home in Mount Vernon.
● There other state representatives agreed that the problems were serious enough to hold a
constitution.
meeting in Annapolis.
● Only 5 states sent representatives to this meeting, however James Madiison, Alexander Hamiltion
and others persuaded them to hold another conference in Philadelphia about the AoC.

Drafting the Constitution at Philadelphia …

● Called upon all 13 states to send delegates to Philadelphia “for the sole and express
purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation.”
● Only Rhode Island didn’t send a representative.

continued on next page

 The Delegates …
The Constitutional ● 55 delegates went to the summer convention of 1787, all were White, all were male, and most
Convention compromised were college-educated.
over the representa tion of ● They were far wealthier than the average American of their day.
slave states in Congress ● A number of them were practicing lawyers, and many had helped to write their state constitutions.
and the role of the federal ● The delegates voted to conduct their meetings in secret and say nothing to the public about their
discussions until their work was completed.
government in regulating
● George Washington was unanimously elected chairperson.
both slavery and the slave ● Many big leaders were busy or away so they could not attend the convention.
trade, allowing the
prohibition ofthe
internationalsla ve trade Key Issues at the Convention …
after 1808.
● The convention opened with the delegates disagreeing sharply on its fundamental purpose.
● Some wanted to only revise the AoC while others wanted a completely new document.
The Constitutional ● They believed in federalism, a system with a strong but limited central government.
Convention compromised ● Separation of powers, dividing power among different branches of government and checks and
over the representation of balances, in which the power of each branch would be limited by the powers of the others
slave states in Congress ● Some argued that the larger states such as Virginia and Pennsylvania should have proportionally
and the role of the federal more representatives in Congress
government in regulating ● The Virginia plan, favored larger states, was countered by the New Jersey plan.
both slavery and the slave ● The Connecticut plan or the Great Compromise proposed a bicameral house that provided
trade, allowing the population representatives in the House of Representatives, and an equal vote in the Senate.
prohibition ofthe ● Three-Fifths Compromise, which counted each enslaved individual as three-fifths of a person for
the purposes of determining a state’s level of taxation and representation.
internationa Isla ve trade
● Still some underlying arguments about slavery but they weren’t dismayed until 20 years later.
after 1808. ● Commercial Compromise allowed Congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce,
including placing tariffs (taxes) on foreign imports, but it prohibited placing taxes on any exports.
● The delegates limited the president’s term to four years but with no limit on the number of terms.
● The Electoral College system was instituted because the delegates feared that too much
democracy might lead to mob rule.
● They decided to grant the president considerable power, including the power to veto acts of
Congress.
● On September 17, 1787, after 17 weeks of debate, the Philadelphia convention approved a draft
of the Constitution to submit to the states for ratification.
continued on next page

MAIN IDEAS: NOTES:

In the debate over ratifying
the Constitution, Anti Federalists and Anti-Federalists…
Federalists opposing
● Supporters of the Constitution and its strong federal government were known as Federalists
ratification battled with
● Opponents who feared that that new government would be too strong were known as
Federalists, whose principles
Anti-Federalists
were articulated in the
● Federalists argued that a strong central government was needed for preserving union, they had
Federalist Papers (primarily
strong leaders, were organized, and pointed out the problems of the Aoc. The only thing they
written by Alexander
lacked was the bill of rights because they thought it was redundant.
Hamilton and James
● Anti-Federalists argued that a strong central government would destroy the progress of the
Madison).
revolution, and restrict too much state rights. They were very untrusting of strong government
Federalists ensured the
power, and pointed out that the new constitution had no bill of rights and that it gave the central
ratification of the
government more power than the British had over the colonies. They lacked union in their
Constitution by promising
argument.
the addition of
a Bill of Rights that The Federalist Papers…
enumerated individual rights
and explicitly restricted the ● A key element in the Federalist campaign for the Constitution was a series of highly persuasive
powers of the federal essays written for a New York newspaper by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay.
government.
The Path to Ratification …

● Debate on a Bill of Rights caused a compromise of the federalists and antifederalists to add one to
the constitution.
● With this promise, the Federalists successfully addressed the Anti-Federalists’ most significant
objection and achieved ratification.
 ANALYSIS:

Explain The overall purpose of the compromises made during the Constitutional Convention.
The compromises were to be able to create a new constitution that allowed for a better functioning government and a more united nation. With these
compromises, they were able to settle the debate about the constitution and finally establish the government system that is still running today.

Identify one common goal of the Federalists and Anti-Federalists.

One common goal between the federalists and Anti federalists was to protect the people’s rights.

Explain the philosophical differences between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists.

The differences between the federalists and antifederalists was that the federalists had more leaders that were able to support their
argument and come to an agreement with each other, while the antifederalists were less organized and unified with their arguments.

Multiple Choice Practice, ppp128-129

1.D
2.B
3.D

Short Answer Questions, page 129

Record your answers for a-b-c. Write in complete sentences and ensure each answer has at least one specific
piece of historical evidence. Use the lingo of each prompt to set up your answer, and include an explanation
of how or why.

a. One compromise passed at the Constitutional Convention that altered the

development of the United States was the Great Compromise. The Great
Compromise created a House of Representatives and a Senate. It
fundamentally shaped the structure of the American government and
facilitated the ratification of the Constitution.

b. One specific criticism of a compromise passed at the Constitutional

Convention that would’ve altered the development of the United States was
criticism of the Three-Fifths Compromise. The Three-Fifths Compromise
perpetuated the institution of slavery and gave disproportionate political
power to slaveholding states. A common criticism of this was that by counting
enslaved individuals as three-fifths of a person for congressional
representation, the compromise allowed Southern states to increase their
influence in the House of Representatives.

C.One specific criticism brought forth by the Anti-Federalists concerning the

power of the new federal government was the lack of a Bill of Rights. It was
often argued that the Constitution granted excessive power to the federal
government, which could infringe upon individual liberties and state
sovereignty. Without explicit protections for freedoms such as speech,
religion, and assembly, the Anti-Federalists feared that the government could
easily abuse its authority, leading to tyranny, so they began to demand a bill
of rights.
 Topic 3.9, The Constitution, pp 130-134
As you read the chapter, jot down yournotes in the right-hand column.Consider youmotes to be elaborations on the Main Ideas presented
in the left column. When you finish the section, analyze & process what you read by answering the questions in the analysis section
located at the bottom of the page.

Leaming Objective: Explain the continuities and changes in the structure and functions of the government with the
ratification of the Constitution.

MAIN IDEAS: NOTES:

Delegates from the states Introduction…

● Correct the weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation

● Divided power between the federal and state governments to prevent tyranny
● One of the first tasks of the new Congress was to propose a Bill of Rights
participated in the
Constitutional Convention
that created
a limited but dynamic Federalism …
central government em
bodying federalism ● The Framers of the Constitution divided powers between the federal and state governments, with
the federal government handling national and interstate issues, while states managed local
matters.
● Increased interactions among states due to advancements in transportation and communication
have led to a stronger federal government, supported by constitutional amendments that
expanded its authority.
● By the 21st century, the federal government accounted for about 40% of the nation's GDP and
over half of public expenditures, funding key programs like Social Security and Medicare.
● Despite federal financial power, most public employees worked for state or local governments,
particularly in education.

and providing for a

separation of powers
between its
three branches.

Separation of Powers …
● The Framers divided government into three branches:
● Legislative: Congress makes laws, imposes taxes, and allocates spending.
● Executive: Led by the president, it recommends and executes laws and federal programs.
● Judicial: Comprises the Supreme Court and lower federal courts, interpreting laws and the
Constitution.
● Checks and Balances: Each branch has mechanisms to limit the powers of the others:

continued onnext page

In the debate over ratifying The Bill of Rights ...
the Constitution, Anti ● Creation of the Bill of Rights: In 1789, the first Congress quickly approved amendments to
Federalists opposing protect individual liberties, largely drafted by James Madison. The ten amendments ratified by the
states in 1791 are known as the Bill of Rights.
ratification battled with
● The initial focus of The Bill of Rights was designed to protect against abuses by the federal
Federalists, whose government.
principles were articulated ● Following the ratification of the 14th Amendment in 1868, many protections in the Bill of Rights
in the Federalist Papers were extended to apply to state governments as well.
(primarily written by
Alexander Hamilton and
James Madison). First Amendment. ..
Federalists ensured the
ratification of the ● Protects freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.
Constitution by promising
the addition of a Bill of
Rights that enumerated Second
Amendment…
individual rights and
explicitly restricted the
● Protects the right to bear arms.
powers of the federal
government.

Third Amendment.

● Prohibits the quartering of soldiers in private homes without consent

Fourth
Amendment…

● Fourth Amendment: Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures; warrants require probable cause.

Fifth Amendment...

● Fifth Amendment: Ensures due process, protection against double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and
mandates just compensation for takings.

Sixth Amendment. ..

● Sixth Amendment: Guarantees the right to a speedy and public trial, an impartial jury, and legal counsel.

Seventh Amendment…

● Seventh Amendment: Preserves the right to a jury trial in civil cases exceeding twenty dollars.

Eighth Amendment. ..

● Eighth Amendment: Prohibits excessive bail, fines, and cruel or unusual punishments.

Ninth Amendment…

● Ninth Amendment: Clarifies that enumerated rights do not deny or disparage other rights retained
 by the people.

Tenth Amendment…

● Tenth Amendment: Reserves powers not delegated to the federal government for the states or the people.

ANALYSIS:

Explain two key differences between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution.

Two key differences between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution are central authority and the amendment process. The Articles
established a weak central government that lacked the power to tax or regulate commerce, while the Constitution created a stronger federal
government with these powers and a system of checks and balances. Additionally, the Articles required unanimous consent for amendments, making
changes nearly impossible, whereas the Constitution allowed amendments with a two-thirds majority in Congress and ratification by three-fourths of
the states, facilitating more flexible governance.

Select one of the ten amendments in the Bill of Rights and explain how it illustrates the experiences of the founding
generation.

The First Amendment illustrates the founding generation's experiences by protecting freedoms essential to avoiding oppression. Emerging from
British rule, where dissent was often suppressed, the framers recognized the need to safeguard free speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition.
This amendment reflects their commitment to preventing tyranny and ensuring that diverse opinions could thrive, highlighting their struggle against
censorship and the importance of civil liberties in a democracy.

Multiple Choice Practice, page 133:

1. C
2. B
3. C
Short Answer Questions, page 134
Record your answers for a-b-c. Write in complete sentences and ensure each answer has at least one specific
piece of historical evidence. Use the lingo of each prompt to set up your answer, and include an explanation
of how or why.

a. One major difference between Beard’s and Hofstadter’s interpretations of the influences on the Constitution is their focus on economic
versus ideological factors. Beard suggests that the Constitution arose from conflicts between capitalistic interests and agricultural concerns,
viewing the debates as driven by economic self-interest. In contrast, Hofstadter emphasizes the role of ideas and historical experiences,
particularly the impact of the American Revolution, suggesting that the Founding Fathers’ perceptions of their interests were shaped by
moral and intellectual forces rather than purely economic motivations.

b.One historical event or development in the period 1776 to 1789 that is not
explicitly mentioned in the excerpts could be used to support Beard’s
interpretation is Shays' Rebellion. This uprising, primarily led by indebted
farmers in Massachusetts, highlighted economic tensions. The uprising demonstrated
the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, prompting calls for a stronger
national government.

C.ONE historical event or development in the period 1776 to 1789 that is not explicitly mentioned in the excerpts
could be used to support Hofstadter’s interpretation is the ratification debates over the Constitution. Federalists
emphasized a strong central government to protect commerce and national defense, reflecting their economic
interests. In contrast, Anti-Federalists raised concerns about tyranny and the loss of liberties, rooted in revolutionary
ideals. This interaction shows how the Founding Fathers’ views were shaped by their revolutionary experiences,
supporting Hofstadter’s idea that interests are influenced by history and inherited ideas.

Topic 3.10, Shaping the New Republic, pp 135-144

As you read the chapter, jot down yournotes in the right-hand column.Consider youmotes to be elaborations on the Main Ideas presented in the
left column. When you finish each section, analyze & process what you read by answering the analysis questions.

Leaming Objectives:
Explain how and why competition intensified conflicts among peoples and nations from 1754 to 1800.
Explain how and why political ideas, institutions, and party systems developed and changed in the new
republic.

NOTE: There is one concept not addressed adequately in the 4th edition for topic 3.10. Below is that
concept along with some important information for review.

MAIN IDEA: NOTES:

The Spanish, supported While the United States was developing and growing, Spain continued to claim significant portions of
by the bonded labor of the North American West and Southwest. In California, many different groups of
the local American people were claiming the territory. These groups included numerous American Indians, the British,
Indians, expanded their Russia, and of course Spain. In California, Spain was particularly concerned about Russian claims. In
mission settlements order to increase their claim, Spain wanted to increase their presence. This is
into California; these one motivation of the Mission System.
provided opportunities
for social mobility Read more about the Mission System at https://www.history.com/topics/religion/california
among soldiers and led missions
to new
cultural blending.
Another thing to consider regarding the Mission System is how it differed from the encomienda system
of early colonization and conquest. Although both systems were heavily motivated by the
Christianization of natives, the Mission System was deemed a "kinder" system of subjugation.

ANALYSIS:
What were the goals of the Mission System in California?
MAIN IDEAS: NOTES:

The U.S. government Introduction…

forged diplomatic ● Federalists advocated for a strong central government to protect commerce and national
initiatives aimed at defense, reflecting their economic interests.
dealing with the ● Anti-Feds raised concerns about tyranny and the loss of liberties, rooted in revolutionary
continued British and ideals.
Spanish presence in North ● Interactions between the two demonstrated how the Founding Fathers’ views were shaped
America, as U.S. settlers by their revolutionary experiences.
migrated beyond the
Appalachians and sought
free navigation of the Washington's Presidency …
● Election of Congress: Members of the first Congress under the Constitution were elected
Mississippi River.
in 1788.
● First Session: The first session began in March 1789 in New York City, the nation’s
temporary capital.
● Presidential Assumption: People assumed George Washington would be the unanimous
choice for president.
● Outcome: George Washington was indeed elected as president by the Electoral College.

● Washington took the oath as the first U.S. president on April 30, 1789.
The meaning of the Constitution and its checks and balances would be shaped by the daily
decisions of:

● Congress (legislative branch)

● President (executive branch)
● Supreme Court (judicial branch)

Washington’s first task was to organize the executive branch, appointing four key officials:

● Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State

● Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury
● Henry Knox as Secretary of War
● Edmund Randolph as Attorney General

Cabinet Meetings: These four men formed a cabinet of advisers, with whom Washington met
regularly to discuss major policy issues.
Federal Court System: The Constitution only mentions the Supreme Court, but Congress has the
power to create other federal courts.
Judiciary Act of 1789:

● Established a Supreme Court with one chief justice and five associate justices.
● Empowered the Supreme Court to rule on the constitutionality of state court decisions.
● Created a system of 13 district courts and three circuit courts of appeals.

Department Appointments: The Constitution authorizes the president to appoint chiefs of

departments, subject to Senate approval.

Hamilton's Financial Program…

● One of the pressing problems faced by Congress under the Articles was the government’s
financial issues.

Hamilton’s Plan: Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, proposed a plan to stabilize U.S.
finances, which included three main actions:

1. Pay off the national debt at face value and have the federal government assume state war
debts.
 2. Protect developing industries and generate revenue by imposing high tariffs on imported
goods.
3. Create a national bank for depositing government funds and printing banknotes to provide
a stable currency.

Support for Hamilton: Support mainly came from northern merchants who would benefit from high
tariffs and a stabilized currency.

Opposition:

● Anti-Federalists opposed the plan, fearing loss of state power to the central government.
● Thomas Jefferson led southern Anti-Federalists who believed the plan favored the wealthy
at the expense of indebted farmers.

Compromise: After political negotiation, Congress adopted a modified version of Hamilton’s plan,
with lower tariffs than initially proposed.

Debt Agreement: Jefferson and supporters agreed to pay off the national debt and assume state
war debts in exchange for locating the nation’s capital in the south along the Potomac River (later
Washington, D.C.).

National Bank Controversy:

● Jefferson argued Congress lacked the power to create a bank.

● Hamilton argued the “necessary and proper” clause allowed Congress to take necessary
actions to execute its powers.

Bank's Establishment: Washington supported Hamilton, leading to the establishment of the Bank
of the United States, which was privately owned but chartered by the federal government.

Bank Functions: The federal government could print currency and use federal deposits to
stimulate business.

Foreign Affairs Under Washington…

● Washington’s First Term: Served as president from 1789 to 1793.
● French Revolution: Coincided with the outbreak of the French Revolution, leading to wars
between the French Republic and European monarchies.
War between France and ● Washington’s eight years in office, along with John Adams’ four years, were dominated by
Britain resulting from the the question of U.S. support.
French Revolution
presented challenges to French Revolution…
the United States over ● American Sentiment: Many Americans supported the French aspiration for a republic but
were horrified by reports of mob violence and mass executions.
issues of free trade and
● Alliance Complication: The U.S.–French alliance was still in effect, but it was with the
foreign policy and French monarchy, not the revolutionary government.
fostered politica I ● Jefferson’s Support: Thomas Jefferson and his supporters sympathized with the
disagreement. revolution, arguing the U.S. should support France due to British seizures of American
merchant ships bound for French ports.
● Proclamation of Neutrality (1793): Washington believed the U.S. was too weak to engage in
a European war and issued a proclamation of neutrality, resisting public pressure.
● Cabinet Resignation: Jefferson resigned from the cabinet in disagreement with
Washington’s neutrality policy.
● Citizen Genêt: Edmond Genêt, the French minister to the U.S., violated diplomatic norms
by appealing directly to the American public for support.
● Response to Genêt: Washington requested Genêt's removal, and even Jefferson supported
this action due to Genêt's outrageous conduct.
● Genêt’s Outcome: Genêt was recalled by France but chose to remain in the U.S., where he
later married and became a citizen.
 ANALYSIS:
Explain differing views on the French Revolution divided many Americans.

The differing views on the French Revolution that divided many Americans stemmed from a mix of
admiration for the revolutionary aspirations and horror at the violence accompanying those changes.

The Jay Treaty (1794)with Great Britain…

● Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to Britain to address two main issues:

-Britain's occupation of posts on the U.S. western frontier.

-Britain's practice of searching and seizing American ships and impressing American sailors into
the British navy.

● After a year of negotiations, Jay returned with a treaty:

-Britain agreed to evacuate its western posts.

-The treaty did not address the issue of impressment.

● The Jay Treaty was narrowly ratified by the Senate and was unpopular among American
supporters of France.
● Despite its unpopularity, the treaty upheld Washington's policy of neutrality, keeping the United
States at peace.

The Pinckney Treaty (1795) with Spain…

● The Jay Treaty unexpectedly influenced Spain's policy toward its American territories.
● Spain viewed the treaty as a sign of potential U.S. alignment with Britain, prompting them
to consolidate their holdings in North America.
● Thomas Pinckney, the U.S. minister to Spain, negotiated the Pinckney Treaty (1795) with
the following provisions:

-Spain opened the lower Mississippi River and New Orleans to American trade.

-Americans were granted the right of deposit, allowing them to transfer cargoes in New
Orleans without paying duties.

-Spain accepted the U.S. claim that Florida's northern boundary should be at the 31st
parallel, rather than further north as previously insisted.

ANALYSIS:
How did the U.S. gain access to the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans (Spanish territory up
until 1800)?
The U.S. gained access to the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans through the Pinckney Treaty
(1795) with Spain.
An ambiguous
relationship between the Domestic Concerns under Washington…
federal government and Washington faced various domestic challenges while stabilizing the nation's credit and organizing
American Indian tribes the new government.
contributed to problems
regarding treaties and Settlers moved westward into the Ohio Valley, leading to encroachments on American Indian
American Indian legal lands.
claims relating to the To resist this encroachment, several tribes formed the Northwest (or Western) Confederacy,
seizure of their lands. including the Shawnee, Delaware, and Iroquois, united under Miami war chief Little Turtle.

The Confederacy initially achieved a series of victories over settler militias.

The British supported American Indians by supplying arms and encouraging attacks on settlers,
which angered Americans.

In 1794, the U.S. army, led by General Anthony Wayne, defeated the Confederacy at the Battle of
Politica1 leaders in the Fallen Timbers in northwestern Ohio.
1790s took a variety of In 1795, the Treaty of Greenville was signed, in which the defeated tribes surrendered their claims
positions on issues such to the Ohio Territory and agreed to open it for settlement.
as the relationship
between the national
government and the ANALYSIS:
states, economic policy, How did the U.S.government deal with American Indians as the nation expanded westward?
foreign policy, and the
balance between liberty Military Engagements: The government often resorted to military action to suppress resistance from American
Indian tribes, as seen in battles like the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794.
and order. This led to the
formation of political Treaties: The government negotiated treaties, such as the Treaty of Greenville (1795), which forced tribes to
parties- most cede their lands in exchange for promises of peace and some recognition of their rights.
significantly the
Federalists, led by Encouragement of Settlement: The government encouraged westward settlement by American citizens, often
Alexander Hamilton, and disregarding or undermining existing treaties with Native tribes.
the Democratic-
Republican Party, led by
Thomas Jefferson and
James Madison. Explain the similarities and differences between Shays Rebellion (p.120) and Whiskey Rebellion
(p.139)?
Similarities: Popular Protest: Both were grassroots uprisings driven by dissatisfaction with
government policies and economic hardship. Shays' Rebellion was fueled by economic distress
among farmers in Massachusetts, while the Whiskey Rebellion arose from farmers' opposition to a
federal excise tax on whiskey.
Differences: The government response varied in intensity; Shays' Rebellion highlighted
weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation and led to calls for a stronger federal government.
The Whiskey Rebellion, however, was quickly suppressed by a show of federal force, reinforcing
the authority of the new government under the Constitution.
 The First Political Parties ...

● Washington was elected unanimously by the Electoral College in 1789, reflecting the belief that
political parties were unnecessary.
● The Constitution did not mention political parties, and the framers assumed they would not form.
● Early debates between Federalists and Anti-Federalists in 1787 and 1788 indicated the emergence of a
two-party system.
● This development became a core feature of American politics despite the initial expectations of the
framers.

On·g·ms…
● Legislators formed temporary factions to vote on specific policies, dissolving once the
issue was resolved.
● The dispute between Federalists and Anti-Federalists over the Constitution's ratification
resembled earlier factional disputes.
● This conflict was notable for being organized across state lines, foreshadowing the
emergence of national parties.
● In the 1790s, known as the Federalist era, political parties began to form around key
figures: Hamilton and Jefferson.
● The Federalist Party supported Hamilton and his financial program, while the
Democratic-Republican Party backed Jefferson and opposed Hamilton's policies.
● The French Revolution intensified divisions, with many Americans, led by Jefferson,
openly challenging President Washington's neutrality policy.

Differences Between the Parties ...

ANALYSIS:
What was the primary cause of the FirstTwo Party System?
The primary cause of the First Two Party System in the United States was the fundamental
ideological divide between supporters of a strong central government and those advocating for
states' rights and limited federal power.

During the presidential

administrations of George Washington's Farewell Address …
Washington and John
In late 1796, retiring President Washington, assisted by Alexander Hamilton, wrote his Farewell
Adams, political Address for publication in newspapers.
leaders created institutions
and precedents that put the Washington's speech had significant influence due to his prestige and authority.
principles ofthe Constitution
into practice. He warned against several policies and practices he deemed unwise:

- Avoid involvement in European affairs.

- Refrain from making “permanent alliances” in foreign policy.
George Washington's - Do not form political parties.
Farewell Address - Avoid falling into sectionalism.
encouraged national unity,
as he cautioned against Future presidents largely heeded Washington’s warnings against foreign entanglements for the
political factions and next century.
warned about the danger of However, by the time of his speech, political parties were already emerging as a key part of the
permanent foreign political system, and sectional differences were intensifying.
alliances.
Washington's decision to leave office after two terms set a precedent for future presidents,
including Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, and Jackson, who voluntarily retired after two terms.

This two-term tradition continued until Franklin Roosevelt's election to a third term in 1940,
 leading to the ratification of the 22nd Amendment in 1951, which established a two-term limit for
presidents.

ANALYSIS:
What was the purpose of President George Washington's Farewell Address?
The purpose of President George Washington's Farewell Address was to provide guidance and
warnings to the nation as he prepared to leave office.

John Adams' Presidency …

-While Washington was writing his Farewell Address, political parties were actively working to
gain majorities in Congress and secure electors for the presidential election.

-John Adams was the Federalists’ candidate for president, while Thomas Jefferson was the choice
of the Democratic-Republicans.

-Adams won the election by a narrow margin of three electoral votes.

-Jefferson became vice president, as the original Constitution awarded that position to the
candidate receiving the second highest number of electoral votes.

ANALYSIS:
How did the Alien and Sedition Acts contribute to the political conflict over how to interpretthe
Constitution?
The Acts, particularly the Sedition Act, raised questions about the limits of federal power and the
rights of states. Federalists argued for a strong central government, while
Democratic-Republicans contended that the Acts overstepped constitutional bounds, infringing
on states' rights and individual liberties.

Multiple Choice Practice, pp

143-144
1. B
2. B
3. C
Short Answer Questions, page 144
Record your answers for a-b-c. Write in complete sentences and ensure each answer has at least one specific
piece of historical evidence. Use the lingo of each prompt to set up your answer, and include an explanation
of how or why.

a. One historical event or development in the period 1789 to 1800 that is an example of the American foreign policy of
avoiding war was Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality in 1793. This proclamation declared the U.S. would remain
neutral in the conflict between Britain and France, reflecting Washington's belief that avoiding entanglement in foreign
wars was essential for national stability. By asserting neutrality, he aimed to protect American interests and set a
precedent for future foreign relations.

b. One positive result in the period 1789 to 1800 of the American foreign policy
of avoiding war was the preservation of national unity and stability.
Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality in 1793 allowed the U.S. to focus on
internal growth and strengthen its economy without the distractions of military
conflicts, fostering a sense of identity and purpose among citizens.

c. One group in the U.S. in the period 1789 to 1800 that challenged the United
States government’s foreign policy was the Democratic-Republicans, led by
Thomas Jefferson. They opposed Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality and
advocated for support of revolutionary France, believing the U.S. should honor
its alliance with France. This opposition underscored the growing political
divide over foreign policy in the nation.

C.

Topic 3.11, Developing an American Identity, pp145-148

As you read the chapter,jot down yournotes in the right-hand column.Consider youmotes to be elaborations on the Main Ideas presented
in the left column. When you finish each section,analyze & process what you read by answering the analysis questions.

Leaming Objective: Explain the continuities and changes in American culture from 1754 to 1800.

MAIN IDEAS: NOTES:

New forms of Introduction...

national culture -Establishing a unique American identity took at least a generation or more to become recognized.
developed in the
United States -Admiration for the "founding fathers" who declared independence, fought the war, and created a new government
became central to American identity.
alongside continued
regional variations. -George Washington's actions, particularly his Farewell Address and the two-term presidential tradition, continue to
hold relevance today.

-Ongoing debates about the founding fathers' words and ideas reflect their lasting importance in understanding the
U.S.

-Americans retained much of their ancestors' culture and traditions while forging their identity.
 Social Change...
-The War for Independence revolutionized not only the politics of the 13 states but also American society.
Ideas about national
identity increasingly -Some societal changes occurred immediately before the war ended, while others evolved gradually.
found expression in
works of art, -Revolutionary ideas began to influence the attitudes of common people.
literature, and -These changes contributed to a growing awareness of how the United States differed from Great Britain
architecture. and the rest of Europe.

ANALYSIS: How did American society differ from British society?

In terms of political structure, the U.S. emphasized democratic ideals and republicanism, with a focus on
popular sovereignty, whereas Britain had a monarchy and a parliamentary system that limited broader
citizen participation.

How did the issue of slavery impact regionalism?

The issue of slavery spiked economic issues, like the Southern economy. It was heavily reliant on
agriculture and slave labor, particularly in the production of cash crops like cotton and tobacco. In
contrast, the Northern economy was more industrialized and focused on wage labor, creating distinct
economic interests that fueled regional tensions.
 Political Change …
New forms of
national culture -The development of political parties reflected and contributed to American identity.

-The initial distinction between the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties originated from
the Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist debate over the Constitution's ratification.

-These distinctions evolved based on regional differences and varying views on the roles and
powers of the federal government.

-The evolution of political parties continues to influence American identity today.

-The Great Seal of the United States features symbols representing key aspects of the nation:

● Stars symbolize the 13 original states.

● The olive branch signifies a desire for peace.
● The arrows indicate readiness for war.
● White stripes represent purity, red stripes symbolize courage, and the blue field signifies
vigilance.

developed in the
United States
alongside continued
regional variations.

Ideas about
national identity
ANALYSIS:
increasingly found How did the political changes in the Early Republic in the 1790s represent a continuity from the Critical
expression in Era (1780s)?
works of art, The Debate Over Federal Power: The contentious debates between Federalists and Anti-Federalists over
the ratification of the Constitution continued in the 1790s, reflecting ongoing tensions regarding the
literature, balance of power between the federal government and the states.
and
architecture.
Cultural Change…
-Much of the nation's culture reflected its British origins, but a distinctive American identity gradually
evolved.

-The expansion of newspapers in the late 1700s facilitated communication and political discussion,
contributing to this identity shift.

-Writer Charles Brockden Brown explored American identity through his novels.

-Charles Wilson Peale opened the first recognized art gallery in Philadelphia.

-In the 1790s, Pierre-Charles L’Enfant designed Washington, D.C., and Gilbert Stuart painted portraits of
national leaders.

-The American Academy of Fine Arts held its first exhibition, showcasing American artistic development.

-Subsequent developments, such as the first dictionary for American English and a book on American
geography, furthered the creation of a distinctive culture.
 ANALYSIS: What was the primary cause for American culture diverging from British culture?

Geographic and Social Diversity: The vast and varied geography of the U.S., along with the diverse
backgrounds of its population, fostered unique social and cultural practices that differed from Britain.

Multiple Choice Practice, pp 147-148

1. A
2. C

Short Answer Questions, page 148

Record your answers for a-b-c. Write in complete sentences and ensure each answer has at least one specific
piece of historical evidence. Use the lingo of each prompt to set up your answer, and include an explanation
of how or why.
a.One specific historical difference between the cultural life in the American colonies under British rule and life in the newly independent United
States was the emergence of a distinct American literature and arts scene. Under British rule, cultural production was largely influenced by British
traditions and norms. After independence, writers like Charles Brockden Brown and artists like Charles Wilson Peale began to develop uniquely
American themes and styles, reflecting the values and experiences of the new nation.

b.One specific historical similarity between the cultural life in the American colonies under British rule and life in the newly independent United
States was the continuation of religious diversity. In both periods, various religious groups, such as Puritans, Quakers, and Anglicans, played
significant roles in shaping cultural practices and community life. This diversity persisted after independence, contributing to the development of a
pluralistic society.

C. One legal change that impacted the cultural life of the colonies and the United States between 1754 and 1800 was the establishment of
the First Amendment in 1791, which guaranteed freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, and petition. This legal protection encouraged
the growth of newspapers, pamphlets, and public discourse, allowing for a flourishing of ideas and discussions that shaped American culture
and identity.

Topic 3.12, Movement in the Early Republic, pp 149-154

As you read the chapter,jot down yournotes in the right-hand column.Consideryournotes to be elaborations on the Main Ideas presented
in the left column. When you finish each section, analyze & process what you read by answering the analysis questions.

Leaming Objective: Explain how and why migration and immigration to and within North America caused
competition and conflict over time.

MAIN IDEAS: NOTES:

Various American Introduction…

-The founding of the Republic spurred a westward movement of people.

-the end of rebellion and war, along with the removal of British control, led to a re-ordering of
government and life.

-Hostile forces, including the British to the north and west and the Spanish to the south and west,
threatened the young nation.

-Native Americans, living both within and on the borders of the new nation, resented the
expansion of European settlers onto their lands.
Indian groups repeatedly
evaluated and adjusted
their alliances with
Europeans, other tribes, Migration and Settlement…
and the United States, -The founding of the Republic prompted a westward movement of people.

-The end of rebellion and war and the removal of British control re-ordered government and life.

-The young nation faced threats from British forces to the north and west.

-Spanish forces posed a threat to the south and west.

-Native Americans within and on the borders of the nation resented the encroachment of
European settlers on their lands.

seeking to limit
migration of white
settlers and maintain
control of tribal lands
and na turalresources. American Indians …

-By the end of the 18th century, Native Americans were losing conflicts with settlers.

-As a result, they increasingly found themselves living on reservations or forced to migrate west.

-The Indian Intercourse Act of 1790 was one of the first laws passed by the new nation.

-This act placed the federal government in control of all legal actions involving Native Americans.

-Only the federal government could purchase Native American land and regulate trade and travel
over their lands.

-These laws were largely ignored by traders and settlers migrating westward.

British alliances with

American Indians
contributed to tensions
between the United
States and Britain.

As increasing numbers
of migrants from North
America and other parts
of the world continued to
move westward, frontier
cultures thathad
emerged in the colonial Population Change …
period continued to -By the end of the 18th century, Native Americans were losing conflicts with settlers.

-Many were forced to live on reservations or migrate west.

-The Indian Intercourse Act of 1790 was one of the first laws passed by the new nation.

-This act centralized control over legal actions involving Native Americans in the federal
government.

-Only the federal government could purchase Native American land and regulate trade and travel
over their lands.
 -The laws established by the act were largely ignored by westward traders and settlers

grow, fueling social,

political, and ethnic
tensions.

Slavery …

-By the late 18th century, some individuals openly opposed slavery.

-Many of these opponents were Quakers, Mennonites, or motivated by their Christian faith.

-Enlightenment ideals about equality and liberty also influenced anti-slavery sentiments.

-Opponents believed there was no place for slavery in a democratic republic.

-Some slaveowners, including James Madison, disliked slavery and hoped it would gradually fade
away.

-They believed that increasing immigration would supply low-cost free labor to replace enslaved
workers.

ANALYSIS:
In what ways did interactions among Americans, American Indians, and African Americans maintain
continuity from the Colonial Era?

In terms of cultural exchange, there was ongoing cultural exchange between different groups, including
the sharing of agricultural practices, trade relationships, and the blending of traditions, which began in
the Colonial Era.
Multiple Choice Practice, pp 153-154
1. B
2. B
3. C

Short Answer Questions, page 154

Record your answers for a-b-c. Write in complete sentences and ensure each answer has at least one specific
piece of historical evidence. Use the lingo of each prompt to set up your answer, and include an explanation
of how or why.

a. ONE specific reason for Banneker’s letter to Jefferson Banneker was to highlight the
hypocrisy of advocating for liberty and equality while simultaneously supporting the
institution of slavery. He aimed to remind Jefferson of the principles expressed in the
Declaration of Independence, emphasizing that the denial of rights to enslaved people
contradicted the ideals of equality and justice that Jefferson championed.

b.ONE critic’s response to Banneker’s position might have argued that Banneker’s
appeal was misplaced, suggesting that Jefferson and other Founding Fathers viewed
slavery as a necessary economic institution at the time. They could contend that
while Jefferson expressed ideals of equality, the practical realities of the
economy and society in the 18th century made immediate abolition unfeasible.

C.ONEspecific way Thomas Jefferson might have responded to Banneker’s questions about
slavery is by acknowledging Banneker’s points but arguing that slavery was deeply
entrenched in American society and economy. He could have stated that while he personally
disliked the institution of slavery, he believed it would gradually diminish over time as
the nation developed and that immediate abolition could lead to societal chaos and
economic instability.

Topic 3.13, Continuity and Change in Period 3, pp 155-156

NOTES:

Enrichment: What Was This Revolution?

Skill Practice: Action Reaction, Causation - Revolution, Comparison - Federalists & Anti-Federalists,
Contextualization, Causation -First Two Parties, Making Inferences - Washington's Farewell Address
CCOT - American Indian Relations,
More Activities and Resources can be found at FFAPUSH.com