ARGUMENTS USED IN MANIFESTOES

Argumentative writing
It is a kind of writing where the students establish a position in each topic
and then use evidence to persuade the audience to see things from their
point of view.

STRUCTURES IN WRITING ARGUMENTATIVE

 A clear, concise, and defined thesis statement that occurs in the first
paragraph of the essay.
 Clear and logical transitions between the introduction, body, and
conclusion.
 Body paragraphs that include evidential support.
 Evidential support (whether factual, logical, statistical, or
anecdotal).
 Conclusion that does not simply restate the thesis but readdresses it Defending a Stand on an Issue by Presenting Reasonable Arguments
considering the evidence provided.
Logical Appeals
A Manifesto is a document publicly declaring the position or program of its This is the use of facts to support and defend a position. This means
issuer. A manifesto advances a set of ideas, opinions, or views, but it can reasoning with your audience, providing them with facts and statistics, or
also lay out a plan of action. While it can address any topic, it most often making historical and literal analogies. It persuades the audience by
concerns art, literature, or politics. targeting their thinking.

Emotional Appeals
This is the use of the audience’s feelings for the subject of the paper such as
anger, pity, and aversion to persuade. It may also refer to values that the
reader may identify with such as the importance of family ties, hospitality
and the Bayanihan spirit.
Ethical Appeals 2. Argumentation relies on logic and evidence to build a case for specific
This is the use of convincing an audience through the credibility of the claim. Argumentation de-emphasizes appeals to emotion
persuader, be it a notable or experienced figure in the field or even a popular
celebrity.

KINDS OF REPORTS
Reports are essential to keep an updated account of an event, situation, and
organization. These are documents that wish to inform, analyze, or
POSITION PAPER recommend.

Report writing is making a detailed statement about the company, an event,

Position paper is a typical kind of scholarly or academic paper. It is
a situation, and/or an occurrence which is based on an observation,
composed of after finding out about and examining a specific issue. It is
investigations, and inquiries.
written by an author to make an argument which must be based on proofs or
evidences

Parts of a Position Paper TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS REPORTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. BODY 1. FORMAL REPORT. It is the collection and interpretation of data and
3. CONCLUSION information. It is complex and used at an official level. It is often a written
account of a major project.

1. Make sure that your position paper has a clear topic and issue that has TYPES OF FORMAL REPORTS:
adequate findings and support. ➢ Informational reports - present results so readers can understand a
2. Make sure that the issue you are writing about is real and has two particular problem or situation.
distinctive sides that you can take. ➢ Analytical report -This type goes a step beyond presenting results. It
3. Make sure you can provide evidence and support to side and claims.
presents results, analyze those results, and draws conclusions based on those
results.
Types of writing used for convincing: ➢ Recommendation report.
1. Persuasion appeals to readers’ emotions to make them believe something It advocates a particular course of action. This usually presents the results
or take a specific action. It also uses logic and evidence. and conclusions that support the recommendations.
2. INFORMAL REPORT SURVEYS, EXPERIMENTS, OR OBSERVATIONS
Informal report functions to inform, analyze, and recommend. It usually
Survey is defined as the act of examining a process or questioning
takes the form o a memo, letter or a very short international document like a
a selected sample of individuals to obtain data about a service, product, or
monthly financial report, monthly activities report, research and
process
development report, etc.

An experiment is a data collection method where you as a researcher change

BASIC STRUCTURE OF A REPORT
some variables and observe their effect on other variables. The variables
I. Title page. It should include the title, your name and the name of the that you manipulate are referred to as independent while the variables that
teacher/tutor to whom it is being submitted, date of submission, your change as a result of manipulation are dependent variables.
course/department. The logo of the organization should also be printed.
II. Abstract. A summary of the major points, conclusions, and
An observation is a data collection method, by which you gather knowledge
recommendations should be written to give a general overview of report.
III. Table of Contents. List of sections, sub-sections, tables, appendices, etc.
of the researched phenomenon through making observations of the
IV. Introduction. The first page of the report needs to have an introduction.
phenomena, as and when it occurs.
You will explain the problem and show the reader why the report is being
made.
V. Body (varies according to type of report). This is the main section of the
A. Process in gathering information through Survey Step
report. There needs to be several sections, with each having a subtitle. The
1. Determine your objectives.
various sections include Review of Literature, Materials and Methods and
Each survey starts with a purpose or topic,
Results. A discussion section can also be included at the end of the body to
which needs to be broken down into objectives. Our objectives
go over by findings and their significance.
should be clearly defined, as they inform our questions and data
VI. Conclusions. It should draw out the implications of your findings with
analysis.
deductions based on the facts described in your main idea. The significance
2. Define the population. (Population and sampling).
and relevance of study is discussed in this section.
The group of individuals who are trying to research by conducting a
VII. Recommendations. Suggestions and advice based on the conclusions.
survey is called the population. It will start of by generating a list of
VIII. References. This is a list giving the full details of all the sources to
all population members, which we call a sampling frame.
which you have made a reference within your text.
IX. Appendices. Supplementary materials e.g. other supporting data

A population is the entire group that you want to draw conclusions about.

A sample is the specific group that you will collect data from. The size of
the sample is always less than the total size of the population.
3. Create a data analysis plan. Dichotomous questions are ones that only offer two possible answers,
Before designing a survey, an analysis plan is needed. This will which are typically presented to survey takers in the following format –
ensure what you think about everything needs to be analyzed, and Yes or No, True or False, Agree or Disagree and Fair or Unfair.
how you can get statistical results that will let you make an analysis.
4. Ranking/s
4. Designing the survey.
It is the action of deciding where someone or something should be in a
By now you have determined the objectives, population, sampling
list that compares things of the same type
strategy, survey method, and analysis plan.
5. Rating scales - A rating scale is a measurement tool or a system used
to assess and evaluate the performance, behavior, skills, or other
relevant characteristics of individuals, products, services, or any other
▪ Demographics of respondents, including age, gender, income, and
subject of interest.
level of education, which can be used to describe the respondents and
compare groups of respondents.
▪ Quantifiable information that can be analyzed statistically. 5. Pre-testing. It ensures the quality of responses that you look for
problems, such as badly phrased questions and missing response
categories.

6. Conducting the survey Different ways in distributing survey.

• Send by email.
• Embed or advertise on a website or app, using a link.
• Posting on social media.

Several ways to improve response rates.

• Use an appealing invitation to (or advertisement of) the survey.
• Keep the survey short.
• Offer respondents something in exchange for filling out the survey, such
as a discount on a product (but note that this impacts the sampling error).
• Follow-up invitations to remind people to fill out your survey.
1. Open-ended question allows users to input their own answer and do
not provide predefined response options. 7. Data analysis.
2. Multiple-choice questions Most survey tools include basic statistics and simple data analysis
3. Dichotomous questions options. Researchers should also analyze the way respondents took
the survey.
 8. Step 8: Reporting results. The last step is to report survey results. condition (controls).
Depending on the purpose of the survey, it might do
things like the following: 3. A cohort study is a type of epidemiological study in which a group
• Write a report. of people with a common characteristic is followed over time to find
• Present the results in a meeting. how many reach a certain health outcome of interest (disease,
• Use the results as part of a larger research project condition, event, death, or a change in health status or behavior).

4. A cohort study is a type of epidemiological study in which a group

of people with a common characteristic is followed over time to find
Ways of Interviewing Respondents how many reach a certain health outcome of interest (disease,
condition, event, death, or a change in health status or behavior).
1. In-person Interviewing
2.Telephone Interviewing
3. Online Interviewing
4. Mailed Questionnaire
5. Focus Groups

Four types of observational methods

Cross-sectional method
Case-control method
Cohort method
Ecological method.

1. Cross-sectional studies are observational studies that analyze data

from a population at a single point in time. They are often used to
measure the prevalence of health outcomes, understand determinants
of health, and describe features of a population.

2. CASE CONTROL METHOD. A study that compares two groups of

people: those with the disease or condition under study (cases) and a
very similar group of people who do not have the disease or