Instructional Materials in

DRUG
EDUCATION AND VICE CONTROL

JOSEPH IAN E ALCALA, RCrim, MSCJ

PRE-FINAL MODULE

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 MOST ESSENTIAL
LEARNING OUTCOMES:LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

a. Identify and explain the government’s initiatives or strategies in dealing with the drug problem in
a law enforcement effort,
b. Feel the presence of drug laws and contrast the distinct features of the old and the new drug
law
c. Participate in seminar workshop in a drug law enforcement

CHRISTIAN PERSPECTIVE

A career in criminal justice is not for the faint of heart. These professionals are tasked with
many missions within our communities—enforce the law, maintain order, keep the peace, investigate
criminal activities, help keep citizens safe and more. They often see people at their very worst, and yet,
they are still tasked with staying professional, objective and compassionate. The ideal criminal justice
professional infuses honour and integrity into every pursuit, both on and off the job—qualities that
people of Christian faith understand and value.

In fact, there is often quite a bit of overlap between Christian principles and workplace
guidelines for criminal justice professionals, so it is more than possible to hold true to Christian ideals
while wearing the badge.

INTRODUCTION

The educational institutions in the Philippines today have been mandated by law to include in
their academic curriculum a program on drug education. This is to comply with the educational
approach in dealing wit the globally acclaimed drug problem.

Let us try to look at, in general perspective, the real problem we are dealing with. Today’s
global market for illicit drugs is the product of a complex evolutionary process that begun in the early
years of the century. Although historians and anthropologists rightly point out that mind altering drugs
have been traded and consumed since antiquity, it was not until 20 th century that this activity gained
distinctly illicit character. In response to growing public alarm over high levels of drug use and addiction
in American Europe and Asia, the great powers took their step to control what they had previously
sanctioned. Through a series of international convention buttressed by domestic laws, the production,
sale and consumption of a wide range of drugs for anything other than medical and scientific purposes
were progressively prohibited around the world (Stares, 1996). The focus with in the recent years on
the relationship between substance use, including alcohol and other drugs, criminal behavior deserves
a special and more extensive attention (Reid, 1997). The drug and vice problem is a current social
problem that has evoked concerted action on the part of the government and almost all sectors of our
society for its quick solution.

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RE
LEARNING INPUTS

THE LAW ENFORCEMENT APPROACH

GOVERNMENT LAWS AND STRATEGIES
When R.A 6425, also known as the Dangerous Drug Act of 1972 was promulgated in March 30,
1972, estimated 20, 000 Filipino drug users were recorded. The execution of LIM SENG in 1972 dried
up the supply of heroin in the streets and from then on, this drug never recovered its marketability. On
November 9, 1972, Presidential Decree No. 44 procedurally amended section 4 of R.A 6425. By the
year 1980, the number of drug users increased to 250, 000 in the country. The government stared
feeling the alarming increase if drug use.
In 1982, Batasang Pambansa Bilang 179 effected another procedural amendment to R.A 6425.
The law itemized prohibited drugs and its derivatives. Narcotics preparations such as opiates, opium
poppy straw, leaves or wrapping, whether prepared for use or not were classified as dangerous drugs.

In 1986, drug users commonly practice poly-drug abuse, majority of them belong to the 15-24
age group. For period of 2 year, the number of drug population increased to 450, 00. Arrest and
seizure were double due to an intensified supply reduction effort by the drug law enforcement agencies
in the Philippines.
Importantly, the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 or Republic Act No. 9165 was
enacted to add more teeth on the government response to the ongoing problem on drug abuse in the
country.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9165: Important Features

R.A 9165 – COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUG ACT OF 2002 (Approved on June 7, 2002-
Effective July 4, 2002)
What is Dangerous Drug under the law?
Includes those listed in the schedules annexed to the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic
Drugs, as amended by the 1972 Protocol, and the schedules annexed to the 1971 Single Convention
of Psychotropic Substances (Art 1, Sec. 3).
Ex. MMDA- Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy), Tetrahydrocannabinol (MJ);
Mescaline (Peyote)
What are Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals?
Ex. Acetic anhydride, N- Acetyl Anthranilic, Ephedrine, Ergometrine, Lysergic Acid
Acetone, Ethyl Ether, Hydrochloric Acid, Sulfuric Acid, etc.

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NOTE:

Under RA 6425 (Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972(), Dangerous Drug refers to the Prohibited
drugs, and Volatile substances.
Prohibited Drugs- ex. Opium and its derivatives, Cocaine and its derivatives, Hallucinogen
drugs like MJ, LSD, and Mescaline
Regulated Drugs- ex. Barbiturates, Amphetamines, Tranquilizers
Volatile Substances- ex. Rugby, paints, thinner, glue, gasoline

Unlawful Acts Penalty

Importation of Dangerous drugs and/or Controlled Life Imprisonment to Death and a fine ranging
Precursors and Essential Chemicals (sec. 4) from 500, 000 to P10 Million
Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Life Imprisonment to Death and a fine ranging
Distribution and transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or from 500, 000 to P10 Million
Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals (sec 5.)
Maintenance of a Den, Dive or Resort where dangerous Life Imprisonment to Death and a fine ranging
drugs are used or sold in any form (sec 6) from 500, 000 to P10 Million
Being an employee or visitor of a den, dive or resort (sec. Imprisonment ranging from 12 yrs and 1 day
7) to 20 yrs and a fine ranging from P100,000 to
P500, 000
Manufacture of dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Life Imprisonment to Death and a fine ranging
Precursors and Essential Chemicals (sec. 8) from 500, 000 to P10 Million
Illegal Chemical Diversion of Controlled Precursor and Imprisonment ranging from 12 yrs and 1 day
Essential Chemicals (sec. 9) to 20 yrs and a fine ranging from P100,000 to
P500, 000
Manufacture or Delivery of Equipment, Instrument, Imprisonment ranging from 12 yrs and 1 day
Apparatus and other Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs to 20 yrs and a fine ranging from P100,000 to
and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals P500, 000
(sec. 10)
Possession of Dangerous Drugs (sec. 11) Life Imprisonment to Death and a fine ranging
from 500, 000 to P10 Million
Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and other Imprisonment ranging from 6 mos and 1 day
Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs (sec.12) to 4 yrs and a fine ranging from P10,000 to
P50, 000
Possession of Dangerous Drugs during Parties, Social The maximum penalties provided for Sec. 11.
Gatherings or Meetings (sec. 13), and Possession of
Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and other Paraphernalia
for Dangerous Drugs during parties, Social Gatherings or
Meetings (sec. 14)
Use of Dangerous Drugs (sec. 15) Minimum 6 mos rehabilitation (1st offense),
Imprisonment ranging from 6 yrs and 1 day to
12 yrs and a fine ranging from P50, 000 to
P200, 000 (2nd offense)

NOTE:

Section 15 shall not be applicable where the person tested is also found to have in his/her
possession such quantity of any dangerous drug provided in sec. 11, in which case the penalty
provided in sec. 11 shall apply.

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 Cultivation of Plants classified as dangerous drugs or are Life Imprisonment to Death and a fine ranging
sources thereof (sec. 16) from 500, 000 to P10 Million pesos
Failure to comply with the maintenance and keeping of the Imprisonment ranging from 1 yr and 1 day to
original records of transaction on any dangerous drugs 6 yrs and a fine ranging from P10, 000 to
and/or controlled precursors and Essential Chemicals on P50, 000 Plus revocation of license to
the part of practitioners, manufacturers, wholesalers, practice profession.
importers, distributors, dealers, or retailers (sec. 17)
Unnecessary Prescription of Dangerous Drugs (sec. 18) Imprisonment ranging from 12 yrs and 1 day
to 20 yrs and a fine ranging from P100, 000
to P500, 000 Plus revocation of license to
practice profession.
Unlawful Prescription of Dangerous Drugs (sec. 19) Life Imprisonment to Death and a fine ranging
from 500, 000 to P10 Million pesos

The Unlawful Acts Punishable by Death Penalty

(Prior to the abolition of Death Penalty)

1. Importation or bringing into the Philippines of dangerous drugs using diplomatic passport or
facilities or any means involving his/her official status to facilitate unlawful entry of the same
(sec 4, Art II).

2. Upon any person who organizes, manages or acts as “financiers” of any of the activities
involving dangerous drugs (sec 4, 5, 6, 8 Art II).

3. Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and transportation of

Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals with in 100 meters
from the school (sec 5, Art II)

4. Drugs pushers who use minors or mentally incapacitated individuals as runners, couriers and
messengers or in any other capacity directly connected to the dangerous drug trade (sec 5, Art
II).

5. If the victim of the offense is a minor or mentally incapacitated individual, or should a

dangerous drug and/or controlled precursors and essential chemical involved in the offense be
the proximate cause of death of the victim (sec 5, Art II).

6. When dangerous drug is administered, delivered or sold to a minor who is allowed to use the
same in such a place (sec 6, Art II).

7. Upon any person who uses a minor or mentally incapacitated individual to deliver equipment,
instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia for dangerous drugs (sec. 10, Art II).

8. Possession of dangerous Drugs during Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings (sec. 13), and
Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and other Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs
during Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings (sec. 14)

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What is the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB)?

The DDB is the policy-making body and strategy-making body in the planning and formulation
of policies and programs on drug prevention and control. (Under the Office of the President) (sec. 77,
Art IX)

Composition: 17 members (3 as permanent, 12 as ex-officio, 2 regular members) (sec. 78, Art

IX)

3 permanent members: to be appointed by the President, one to be the Chairman. 12 ex officio

members: Secretary of DOJ, DOH, DND, DOF, DOLE, DILG, DSWD, DFA, and DepEd, Chairman of
CHED, NYC, and the Dir.Gen of PDEA.

2 regular members: President of the IBP, and the Pres/Chaiman of an NGO involved in a
dangerous drug campaign to be appointed by the President.

The NBI Director the Chief of the PNP – permanent consultant of the Board.

What are the Powers and Duties of the DDB? (sec. 81, Art IX)

1. Formulation of Drug Prevention and Control Strategy,

2. Promulgation of Rules and Regulation to carry out the purposes of this Act,
3. Conduct policy studies and researches,
4. Develop educational programs and info drive,
5. Conduct continuing seminars and consultations,
6. Design special training,
7. Coordination with agencies for community service programs,
8. Maintain international networking.

What is the PDEA?

PDEA means Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency

It is the implementing arm of the DDB and responsible for the efficient and effective law enforcement of
all the provisions on any dangerous drugs and/ or precursors and essential chemicals.

Head: Director General – appointed by the President Assisted By: 2 Deputies Director General (one for
Admin, another for Opns) – appointed by the President (sec. 82, Art IX).

PDEA Operating Units:

It absorbed the NDLE-PCC (created under E.O. 61), NARCOM of the PNP, Narcotics Division of the
NBI, and the Customs Narcotics Interdiction Unit (sec. 86, Art IX)

What are the Powers and Functions of the PDEA? (sec. 84, Art IX)

1. Cause the effective and efficient implementation of the national drug control strategy,
2. Enforcement of the provisions of Art II of this Act,
3. Undertake investigation, make arrest and apprehension of violators and seizure and confiscation of
dangerous drugs,
4. Establish forensic laboratories,
5. Filing of appropriate drug cases,
6. Conduct eradication programs,

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7. Maintain a national drug intelligence system,
8. Close coordination with local and international drug agencies.

Other Features of R.A 9165

1. In the revised law, importation of any illegal drug, regardless of quantity and purity or any part
therefrom even for floral, decorative and culinary purposes is punishable with life imprisonment to
death and a fine ranging from P500, 000 to P10 million.

2. The trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution, and transportation of dangerous

drugs is also punishable by life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from P500, 000 to P10
million.

3. Any person who shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another or distribute,
dispatch in transit or transport any dangerous drugs regardless of quantity and purity shall be punished
with life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from P500, 000 to P10 million.

 But if the sale, administration, delivery, distribution or transportation of any of these illegal drugs
transpires with in 100 meters from any school, the maximum penalty shall be imposed.
 Pushers who use minors or mentally incapacitated individuals as runners, couriers, and
messengers or in dangerous drug transactions shall also be meted with the maximum penalty.
 A penalty of 12 yrs to 20 yrs imprisonment shall be imposed on financiers, coddlers, and
managers of the illegal activity.

4. The law also penalizes anybody found in possession of any item or paraphernalia used to
administer, produce, cultivate, propagate, harvest, compound, convert, process, pack, store, contain or
conceal illegal drugs with an imprisonment of 12 yrs to 20 yrs and a fine of P100, 000 to P500, 000.

5. Owners of resorts, dives, establishments, and other places where illegal drugs are administered is
deemed liable under this new law, the same shall be confiscated and escheated in favor of the
government.

6. Any person who shall be convicted of violation of this new law, regardless of the quantity of the
drugs and the penalty imposed by the court shall not be allowed to avail the privilege provisions of the
Probation Law (P.D. 968).

(sec.58, Art VIII) Filing of charges against a drug dependent for confinement and rehabilitation under
voluntary submission program can be made:

1. second commitment to the center

2. upon recommendation of the DDB
3. may be charge for violation of sec. 15
4. if convicted – confinement and rehabilitation

Parents, spouse or guardian who refuses to cooperate with the Board or any concerned agency in the
treatment and rehabilitation of a drug dependent may be cited for Contempt of Court (sec. 73, Art VIII).

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Anti-Drug Drives and Operational Concepts The Operational Plans (OPLANS) against the Drug
Problem are:

1. Oplan Thunderbolt I –operation to create impact to the underworld

2. Oplan Thunderbolt II –operations to neutralize suspected illegal drug laboratories
3. Oplan Thunderbolt III – Operations for the neutralization of big-time drug pushers’ drug dealers and
drug lords.
4. Oplan Iceberg – Special operations team in selected drug prone areas in order to get rid of illegal
drug activities in the area.
5. Oplan Hunter – operations against suspected military and police personnel who are engage in illegal
drug activities.
6. Oplan Mercurion – Operations against drug stores, which are violating existing regulations on the
scale of regulated drugs in coordination with the DDB, DOH and BFAD.
7. Oplan Tornado – Operations in drug notorious and high profile places.
8. Oplan Greengold – nation wide MJ eradication operations in coordination with the local governments
and NGO’s.
9. Oplan Sagip-Yagit – A civic program initiated by NGO’s and local government offices to help
eradicate drug syndicates involving street children as drug conduit.
10. Oplan Banat – the newest operational plan against drug abuse focused in the barangay level in
cooperation with barangay officials.
11. Oplan Athena – operation conducted to neutralize the 14k, the Bamboo gang and other local
organized crimes groups involved in illegal drug trafficking.
12. Oplan Cyclops – operations against Chinese triad members involved in the illegal drug operations
particularly Methamphetamine Hydrocloride. In the conduct of anti-drug operations, the following must
be strictly considered:

In the conduct of anti-drug operations, the following must be strictly considered:

1. Respect for Human Rights (Sec. 11, Art. 2, Phil. Constitution)

2. Respect for right of the people to due process and equal protection (Sec. 1, Art. 3, Phil. Constitution)
3. Respect of Right of the people against unreasonable search and seizure. (Sec. 2, Art. 3, Phil.
Constitution).
4. Respect for right of the people to privacy of communication (Sec. 3, Art. 3, Phil. Constitution).
5. Respect for constitutional rights of the accused undergoing custodial investigation (RA 7438), (Sec.
12, Art. 3, Phil. Constitution)
6. Respect for the statutory rights of the accused undergoing custodial investigation under RA 7438.

The Principles of Drug Operations are:

1. Knowledge on circumstances on when to use necessary force (Art. 11, Chapter 3, RPC).
2. Knowledge on the statutory provisions on arrest (Rule 113, Rules on Criminal Procedures).
3. Knowledge on the administrative guidelines on arrest, search and seizure.
4. The Miranda Doctrine (384 U.S. 346)
5. Warrantless Search and Search incidental to lawful arrest (Rule 126, Rules on Criminal Procedure).

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National Campaign Strategies

1. Demand Reduction Strategy

a. Preventive education and information campaigns to prevent further demand of society particularly
the youth.
b. Treatment and rehabilitation of drug dependents.

2. Supply Reduction Strategy

a. Dangerous Drug Law enforcement

b. Judicial and Legislative measures

Rules on Narcotics Operations General Rules and Procedures:

1. Only specially trained and competent drug enforcement personnel shall conduct drug enforcement
and prevention operations.
2. All drug enforcement and prevention operations shall be covered by a Pre-Operations report.
3. All steps taken before, during, and after the conduct of the operation must be documented and
properly authenticated.
4. Operating units shall promptly submit written a report after the operation.
5. No apprehender or seized item shall be released without authorization from the duly designated
authority.
6. All pieces of evidence confiscated will be deposited with the proper Evidence Custodian for
safekeeping and proper handling.
7. Each participating element must be given clear and do-able task.

Coverage of the Rules

The rules covers the following anti-narcotics operations.

a. Buy-bust Operations
b. Search with warrant
c. MJ Eradication
d. Mobile Check point Operations
e. Airport/Seaport Interdiction
f. Controlled delivery
g. Undercover Operations
h. Narcotics Investigation

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Stages of Operations :

Phase I – Initial stage

 Planning and preparations which include surveillance, casing, reconnaissance and other preliminary
activities.
 Conduct the operation

Phase II – Action and post-action stage

 Tactical interrogation (follow-up operation)

 Post operation
 Custodial Investigation
 Prosecution
 Trial
 Resolution

Buy-Bust Operations

a. Concept: It is a form of entrapment employed by peace officers as an effective way of apprehending

a criminal in the act of the commission of the offense. Entrapment has received judicial sanction as
long as it is carried with due regard to constitutional and legal safeguards.

b. Planning and Preparation: The operation must be preceded by an intensive surveillance, casing, or
other intelligence operations and gathering, evaluation and timely dissemination. Intelligence must be
evidence-based and shall be supported by documents such as summaries of info, maps, sketches,
affidavits and sworn statements

Search For Drug Evidence with Warrant

a. Concept: A search warrant is an order in writing issued in the name of the People of the Philippines,
signed by a judge and directed to a peace officer, commanding him to search for personal property
described therein and bring it before the court. (Sec. 1, Rule 126, Revised Rules of Court)

b. Planning and Preparation:

1. Prior to the procurement of search warrant, intensive intelligence data gathering must be
undertaken, evidence-based and supported by credible documents.
2. Conduct of surveillance, casing, and other intelligence operations.
3. Identification, movement, activities and location of suspects should be established.
4. Search warrant shall be applied with competent court
5. Conduct of Operation
6. Submission of reports

Marijuana Eradication

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a. Concept: Marijuana eradication involves the location and destruction of marijuana plantations,
including the identification, arrest and prosecution of the planter, owner or cultivator, and the
escheating of the land where the plantations are located.

b. Planning and Preparation: The planning and operation shall be preceded by intelligence gathering
to verify the existence of marijuana plantation and the existence to be supported by documentary
evidence such as summary of information, maps, sketches, photographs and others. The intelligence
gathering must be appropriately documented by pre-operations orders and after-casing reports.

c. Conduct of Operation:

1. Briefing, rehearsals, and proper formations.

2. Exact location of the plantation must be established.
3. Identify owner of the land or the cultivators.
4. Coordination with other operating units in the area.
5. Barangay eradication team should be organized.
6. Strict compliance with SOPs under Rules of Opns.

Mobile Checkpoint Operations

a. Concept: No other forms of checkpoints other than mobile checkpoints are authorized for drug
enforcement and prevention operations. They shall be established only in conjunction with on-going
operations/situation or when there is a need to arrest a criminal.

b. Planning and Operation: Intensive intelligence gathering supported by credible documents, with
proper pre-operations orders and after surveillance or after casing reports.

c. Conduct of Operations shall be in consonance with the existing SOPs on checkpoint operations.

Airport and Seaport Interdiction

a. Concept: Airport and seaport interdiction involves the conduct of surveillance, interception and
interdiction of persons and evidence during travel by air or sea vessels.

b. Planning and Operation: Intensive intelligence gathering supported by credible documents, with
proper pre-operations orders and after surveillance or after casing reports.

c. Conduct of Operations
1. Coordination with airport and seaport authorities.
2. Operations shall be in consonance with the existing SOPs on airport and seaport checks/operations.

Controlled Delivery

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a. Concept: This is the technique of allowing illicit or suspect consignment of narcotic drugs,
psychotropic substances or substances substituted for them to pass out of, through or into the territory
of one or more countries, with the knowledge and under the supervision of their competent authorities
with a view to identifying persons involved in the commission of drug related offenses. International
cooperation in facilitating the controlled delivery of illicit drugs is considered the most effective means
to neutralize transnational criminal syndicates.

b. Planning and Operation: Intensive intelligence gathering and evaluation to determine the
applicability of controlled delivery operations. It must be supported by credible documents, with proper
pre-operations orders and after surveillance or after casing reports. A committee or board shall be
constituted to study the project proposal for the suitable employment of a controlled delivery operation.

c. Conduct of Operations
1. Proper formation for accounting of personnel
2. Coordination with airport, seaport and other travel agency authorities.
3. Operations shall be in consonance with the existing SOPs on controlled delivery operations.

Undercover Operations

a. Concept: Undercover operation is an investigative technique in which the personnel involve

assumes different identities in order to obtain the necessary information. This technique may also be
considered as a method of surveillance.

b. Planning and Operation: Undercover operations shall be resorted to only under circumstances
where evidence can be hardly obtained in an open investigation or when an open investigation is
unsuccessful.

c. Conduct of Operations
1. Proper briefing and rehearsals.
2. Identification of effective cover and undercover.
3. Buy-bust or search with warrant operations.
4. Operations shall be in consonance with the existing SOPs on Undercover operations

Narcotic Investigation

a. Concept: Narcotic investigation is a necessary tool employed by drug enforcement agencies in

building up relevant and competent evidence, which are vital in the development of a drug case.
Several investigative techniques may be utilized for the successful attainment of the operation. This
include but not limited to use of informants, interviewing, interrogation, surveillance operations and
undercover operations.

b. Planning and Operation: The most effective way of investigative technique or combination of two
or more or all techniques under a given situation and setting that shall be determined by considering
the magnitude of drug law violations.

c. The conduct of investigation shall follow the basic steps in criminal investigation and detection.
The application of the following:

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1. Initial Investigation
2. Tactical Investigation (Follow-up)
3. Post Operations
4. Custodial Investigations
5. After Investigation and Inquest
6. Prosecution and filing of the case
7. Trial of the case

THE TREATMENT AND REHABILTITATION APPROACH

A. Assisting the Drug Abuse

1. Treatment - the medical service rendered to a client for the effective management of physical
and mental conditions related to drug abuse.

Aims of treatment

a. To prevent death from overdose.

b. To treat complications following drug dependency.
c. To make them comfortable during the withdrawal period.
d. To encourage confirmed drug dependent clients to undergo rehabilitation and other specialized
services.

Detoxification - it is a medically supervised elimination of drugs from the system of any addicted
person. Methods of Detoxification includes:

1. Cold Turkey
2. Substitution – the use of methodex, catapres, haemasin, dextropropoxyphene, tranquilizer, etc.
3. Reduction Method – using the same drug to which the patient is dependent. The process could be
gradual or rapid.
4. Acupuncture

2. Rehabilitation - the dynamic process directed towards the physical, emotional/psychological,

vocational, social and spiritual change to prepare a person for the fullest life compatible with his
capabilities and potentialities, and render him able to become a law abiding and productive
member of the community without abusing drugs.

Objectives: To restore an individual to a state where he is physically, psychologically and socially

capable of coping with the same problems as others of his age group and able to avail of the
opportunity to live a happy, useful and productive life without abusing drugs.

Modalities:
a. Multi-disciplinary Team Approach
b. Therapeutic Community Approach
c. Primal Scream Therapy
d. Spiritual Approach
e. Eclectic Approach
f. The 12 Steps of AA/NA
Methods of Rehabilitation

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1. Psychotherapeutic Methods

a. Individual Therapy – This involves a one to one relationship whose aim is to help the patient
reduce his drug abusing behavior and develop insight into his condition.
b. Group Therapy – This is a form of therapy where the individual is helped through group process.
Each member of the group receives immediate feedback from the other members regarding his verbal
and other forms of behavior. Group support and encouragement are given to the subject on the
premise that these are effective devices, which can produce positive results toward behavioral
modification.
c. Unstructured Group Therapy – The role of the therapist can be assumed by the entire group or
group members. In the therapeutic community, group therapy is commonly used, among others,
through (a) group encounter, (b) verbal haircut (tongue lashing reprimand), (c) group games, and (d)
family encounters

The Family Therapy – This form of intervention is based on recognition that while the family as a
primary social unit, can be a source of problem leading to drug abuse, can also be a powerful factor in
improving the behavior of the drug dependent. Family therapy may include restructuring of the family,
environmental manipulation, strengthening family communication, and discovering other means of
family communication, and discovering potentials of family members to help facilitate the rehabilitation
of the drug dependent.

2. The Spiritual and Religious Means - development of moral and spiritual values of the user

3.The Follow-up and After – Care The process of rehabilitation does not end upon the release or
discharge of client from a center. After his discharge, he has to undergo follow-up and after-care
services for a period of not more than 18 months by the appropriate center personnel. The Department
of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) and the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) are
deputized agents of the board to handle this.

THE TRANSFER SUMMARY

A Transfer Summary of the case from the rehabilitation facility is necessary and should be forwarded
to the entity undertaking the follow-up and after-care services. The Social Worker of the receiving
entity assigned to the case shall maintain a close contact with the client, family, the accredited
physician attending to the case, and the police, for the purpose of assisting the client maintain his
progress towards adjusting to his new environment. He shall also see to it that a regular laboratory
examination of the client’s body fluids is made to ensure that the client remains drug free.

Duration of Rehabilitation - If the patient is found to be an opiate abuser, the treatment prescribed
shall be for a period of not less than six (6) months.

Criteria of Rehabilitation
a. The patient achieves a drug-free existence.
b. He becomes adjusted to his family and peers.
c. Socially integrated to the community.
d. The client is not involved in socially deviant behaviors.

THE EDUCATIONAL APPROACHES

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Drug Abuse Prevention Education

Drug abuse prevention education is concerned with bringing about changes in the people’s knowledge,
attitudes and practices towards drug abuse. It utilizes a variety of approaches and methods whereby
people go through teaching-learning process, and which may be planned, implemented and evaluated
through the barangay organized groups and other organizations and agencies in the community.

There are six known strategies in drug abuse prevention, which are the following:

1. Drug Education – learning situations during seminar-workshops, symposiums and lecture forums,
which take up values clarification, leadership training, coping skills and decision-making. It is a
movement, which utilizes humanistic techniques in both school-based and community-oriented drug
abuse prevention programs.

2. Drug Information – it is an activity, which focused on the dissemination of basic facts of the causes
and effects of drug abuse with the objective of creating awareness and vigilance of the people in the
community

3. Alternatives – this includes a number of ideas for stimulating meaningful involvements for the youth
that can compete successfully with the demands of drugs and alcohol. Primarily the emphasis should
be on service or constructive and productive pursuits and recreational activities that are usually
community-based such as:

a. Voluntary service works

b. Income producing activities
c. Sports, arts development: theater – choral/dance groups
d. Community fair/contest
e. Other recreational activities: development of physical, emotional interpersonal, mental-intellectual,
social, spiritual, and all aspects of behavioral development.

4. Interventions – this strategy is applied to experimenters and potential drug abusers. Activities like
peer or group counseling should be encouraged in every community. It is applied to the
individual/group, which needs specific assistance and support.

5. Small Group Approach – involves contact with a number of people assembled in isolated group or
in one of a series of related groups.

6. Community Approach – this involves working together about their common problems, identify
these and implement the kind of action patterns for the solution of the problems. This technique can be
carried out by:

a. Community assemblies and barangay fairs

b. Sport festivals or on test in the community
c. Church related activities

SOCIETAL ROLE IN DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION

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Different sectors of society play vital roles in preventing drug abuse. All should exert concerted efforts
to fight the spreading tentacles of this menace.

A. The Individual

The primary role of the individual is to improve his personality and develop traits and characteristics
that would help him build-up his self-concept, thereby making himself confident. He should develop
strong spiritual and moral values, sharpen his skills in making decisions, and strengthen his will power.
He should improve his physical qualities as well as his mental faculties.

What a person can do to prevent drug abuse?

1. Maintain good physical and mental health.

2. Use drugs properly. Most drugs are beneficial when used under medical advice.
3. Understand himself. Accept and respect himself for what he is.
4. Develop potentials. Engage in wholesome, productive and satisfying activities.
5. Learn to relate effectively with others. Talk to others regarding problems.
6. Learn to cope with problems and other stresses without the use of drugs.
7. Seek professional help regarding problems that are hard to cope with.
8. Develop strong moral and spiritual values.

B. The Family

The Role of Parent

Parents are looked upon by their children as models. The parents should:

1. Create a warm and friendly atmosphere in the home.

2. Develop effective means of communication with their children.
3. Understand and accept the children for what they are and not for what they want them to be.
4. Listen to their children, respect for their opinions, and guide them in making decisions.
5. Praise their children for whatever positive achievement they have accomplished no matter how
trivial this may seem.
6. Take time to be with their children no matter how busy they are.
7. Strengthen moral and spiritual values

C. The School

Next to the home, the school is the child’s next impressive world. it is said that the school is an
extension of the home having the strategic position to control crime and delinquency. The teachers are
considered second parents having the responsibility to mold the child to become productive member of
the community by devoting energies to study the child behavior using all available scientific means and
devices in an attempt to provide each child the kind and amount of education they need. The school
take the responsibility of preventing the feeling of insecurity and rejection of the child

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D. The Church

 The church is also committed to fight against drug abuse.

 Religion is a positive force for humanitarian task of moral guidance of the youth.
 The church influences people’s behavior with the emphasis on morals and life’s highest
spiritual values, the worth and dignity of the individual, and respect for person’s lives and
properties, and generate the full power to oppose crime and delinquency.
 Just like the family and the school, the church is also responsible to cooperate with institutions
in the community in dealing with problems of children, delinquents and criminals as regards to
the treatment and correction of criminal behaviors

D. The Police

 The police are one of the most powerful occupation groups in the modern society.
 The prime mover of the criminal justice system and the number one institution in the community
with the broad goals of maintaining peace and order, the protection of life and property, and the
enforcement of the laws.
 The police are the authority having a better position to draw up special programs against drug
abuse and crime in general because it is the very reason why the police exist.
 That is to protect the society against lawless elements since they are the best equipped to
detect and identify criminals.
 The police are the agency most interested about crime and criminals and having the most
clearly defined legal power authority to take action against them.

E. The Government and the other Components of the CJS

 The government and the other components of the criminal justice system is the organized
authority that enforces the laws of the land and the most powerful in the control of people.
 Respect for the government is influenced by the respect of the people running the government.
 When the people see that public officers and employees are the first ones to violate the laws,
people will refuse to obey them, they set a bad example for others to follow and create an
atmosphere conducive to crime and disrespect for the law.

F. The Non-Government Organizations

The group of concerned individuals responsible for helping the government in the pursuit of community
development being partners of providing the common good and welfare of the people through public
service. When the government is inefficient and unable to provide the necessary goods and services to
the people, these non-government organizations are good helpers in providing the required services,
thus preventing drug abuse.

G. The Mass Media

The media is the best institution for information dissemination thereby giving the public the necessary
need to know, and do help shape everyday views about drug abuse, its control and prevention.

REFERENCES

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Coleman, J (1980). Abnormal Psychology asnd Modern Life, 6th ed.JMC Press Inc.
Dungo, J (1998). Notes on Drug Education and Vice Control, Philipine College of Criminology,
Manila
Sharma, B.R. (1997) Forensic Science in Criminal Investigation, Central Law Agency,
University Rd. Allahabad
Reid, S.T (1997) Crimes and Criminology Wisconsin; Brown and Bencmark
DDB, A Pamphlet prepared by M.C Avendano, DDB Secretary
Drug Laws, A leaflet prepared and distributed by DDB
Manual on Drug Operation, Memorandum from jewel Canson
Manual on Illegal Drugs, Narcotics Command, PNP
National Drug Law Enforcement and Prevention Coordinating Center
PNP Criminal Investigation Manual
R.A 6425, The dangerous Drug Act of 1972
The PDEA website

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