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Lecture week 6_Laplace

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Lecture week 6_Laplace

Uploaded by

Zherui Zhong
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Week 6

Laplace transform in signals and


systems
Laplace transform is most commonly
used for control systems. The Laplace transforms are also
transforms are used to study and important for process controls. It aids
analyze systems such as ventilation, in variable analysis which when
heating and air conditions, etc. These altered produce the required results.
systems are used in every single An example of this can be found in
modern day construction and experiments to do with heat.
building.

Apart from these two examples,


Laplace transforms are used in a lot
of engineering applications and is a
very useful method. It is useful in
both electronic and mechanical
engineering.
The control action for a dynamic control
system whether electrical, mechanical, An interesting analogy that may help in
thermal, hydraulic, etc. can be understanding Laplace is this. Imagine
represented by a differential equation. you come across an English poem which
The system differential equation is you do not understand. However, you
derived according to physical laws have a Spanish friend who is excellent at
governing is a system. In order to making sense of these poems. So you
facilitate the solution of a differential translate this poem to Spanish and send
equation describing a control system, the it to him, he then in turn explains this
equation is transformed into an algebraic poem in Spanish and sends it back to
form. This transformation is done with you. You understand the Spanish
the help of the Laplace transformation explanation and are then able to transfer
technique, that is the time domain the meaning of the poem back to English
differential equation is converted into a and thus understand the English poem.
frequency domain algebraic equation.
• Please watch introduction video 1
Fourier transform converts a 1-D signal
x(t) in time domain to a 1-D complex
spectrum X(jw) in frequency domain

Laplace transform X(s) converts the 1D


signal x(t) to a complex function defined
over a 2-D complex plane, called the s-
plane, spanned by the two variables
(for the horizontal real axis) and (for
the vertical imaginary axis).

Re[s]: The real part of s is a rate constant,


In particular, if this 2D function X(s)=X( +j )
is evaluated along the imaginary axis Re[s]= Im[s]: The imaginary part of s is a frequency, which defines how
=0, it becomes a 1D function X(j ), the the system oscillates during its transient response in the
Fourier transform of x(t). approach to the steady-state.
Analysis and characterization of LTI systems using the Laplace transform

• One of the important applications of the Laplace transform is in the analysis


and characterization of LTI systems.
• Its class for this systems stems directly from the convolution property.
• The Laplace transforms of input and output of an LTI system are related
through multiplication by the Laplace transform of the impulse response of
the system.
Y(s) = H(s)X(s)
Where X(s), Y(s) and H(s) are the Laplace transforms of the input, output and
impulse response of the system respectively.
LTI systems characterized by Linear Constant-Coefficient

The properties of the Laplace transform can be exploited to directly


obtain the system function for an LTI system characterized by a linear
constant-coefficient differential equation.

Causal LTI systems


If an LTI system is causal (with a right sided impulse response function h(t)=0 for t<0),
then the ROC of its transfer function H(s) is a right sided plane.

Stable LTI systems


An LTI system is stable if its impulse response h(t)is absolutely integrable
An LTI system is stable if and only if the ROC of its transfer function H(s) includes the jw-axis
Poles at s = -1, 2.
Zero at s = 1

(a)Causal and unstable


system
(b)Noncausal and stable
system
(c)Noncausal and unstable
system
Properties of
the Laplace
transform
Example 9.3
Example 9.5

The ROC is the set of values of s for which the Laplace transforms of all three terms in x(t) converge. The pole-zero
plot for this example is shown in Figure, together with the ROC. Also, since the degrees of the numerator and
denominator of X(s) are equal, X(s) has neither poles nor zeros at infinity. the ROC lies to the right of the rightmost
pole.
Example 9.23

Consider an LTI system for which the input x(t) and output y(t) satisfy
the linear constant-coefficient differential equation + 3y(t) = x(t).
Determine the corresponding impulse response in the causal case

sY(s) + 3Y(s) = X(s)


H(s) = Y(s) / X(s) Use linearity and differentiation
properties
=

h(t) =
Example 9.25

Suppose an input to an LTI a system is x(t) = and the output is


y(t) = [ ] . Determine the differential equation that
characterizes this system.
Y(s) = (1/s+1) – (1/s+2)
= (s+2-s-1)/ ((s+1)(s+2))
X(s) = Y(s) = = 1/ ((s+1)(s+2))

H(s) = = �

�
� +3 + 2y(t) = + 3x(t)
Exercise
Find the transfer function of the LTI system described by the differential
equation below,

d2 d d
2
yt 3 yt 2y t 2 xt 3x (t )
dt dt dt

Hence, the transfer function is,

2s 3
H (s)
s 2 3s 2
Poles and zeros
• Please watch video 2
Determine the possible ROCs and the stability and causality of the
system.
Example 9.14

Find the Laplace transform of x(t) = t

Use differentiation in s-domain

- ( ) = �
Example 9.15
Consider Laplace transform
�
X(s) = �

X(s) = partial fraction �

x(t) = [2t +3
Properties of
the Laplace
transform
• Please watch video 3
Laplace transform exercises
Find the Laplace transforms of the given functions.
Find the inverse transform of each of the
following.
Exercise 1
Exercise 2

Consider a causal LTI system S with input x(t), output y(t) and system
function H(s) = � . Then, consider a causal LTI system that has
the same input x(t) as S, but the system function is (s) = � .

Express the output of system S as a linear combination of differential


equation from system that characterizes the system.
Exercise 3

Consider a motor whose shaft position f(t) is to be maintained as a


constant angle e(t) is the error between the desired and true
position and also used to measure the error in the form of signal to
turn the shaft in the appropriate direction.

By using the differential equation property :


1) Relate the output of the system to the shaft position f(t).
2) By using differential equation, how is the error e(t) related to the
shaft position f(t) and output angle
Exercise 4
Consider two sensors that record the temperature and humidity of the
surrounding. The continuous signals obtained from the two input
sensors are (t) = (t) = The
input signals are fed to a controller. The controller’s output signal y(t)
which is related to the two input signals is y(t) = (t-2) (-t+3).
Use properties of Laplace transform to determine Y(s) of y(t).

*hint: Use time shifting and time-scaling


Exercise 5
Consider two inputs and s+2 that are connected
in series. For both inputs, x(t) = 0 for t>0. The output of the LTI system
is y(t) = .

a) Determine the system function H(s) and its region of convergence.


b) Determine the system function in time domain.

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