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Atom, Periodic Table, and Periodic Trends

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24 views46 pages

Atom, Periodic Table, and Periodic Trends

Uploaded by

julianamarie.delara
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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University of Nueva Caceres

Senior High School


S/Y 2024-2025

PERIODIC
TABLE OF ELEMENTS
PLENARY SESSION
VIDEO
What is an atom?
ATOM

the basic building block of


all matter
combine with other atoms
to form molecules but
cannot be divided into
smaller parts by ordinary
chemical processes.
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
ELECTRONS
hold an elementary charge
of magnitude -1
negatively charged
charge: -1.602 × 10^-19
coulomb
mass: 9.10938356 × 10^-31
kilograms
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
PROTON
positively charged particles
present in the nucleus
charge: + 1.602 × 10^-19
coulombs
mass: 1.6726219 × 10-27
kilograms
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
NEUTRON
one of the primary
constituents of atomic
nuclei
neutral/no electric charge
charge: 0
mass: 1.008 atomic mass
per unit (amu) or
1.674*10^-27 kg
How do we know the
number of subatomic
particles?
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
How do we know the
total number of
electrons?
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
distribution of electrons from
an atom or molecule (or other
physical structure) into atomic
or molecular orbitals
organization of electrons at
different energy levels around
an atomic nucleus
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
SHELLS

maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in a


shell is based on the principal quantum number (n)
formula: 2n^2 where n = shell number
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
SUBSHELLS

subshells into which electrons are distributed are based on the azimuthal
quantum number (denoted by ‘l’)
I is dependent on the value of the n
when n has a value of 4, four different subshells are possible
when n=4, the subshells correspond to l=0, l=1, l=2, and l=3 and are named
the s, p, d, and f subshells, respectively
maximum no. of electrons can be solved through: 2*(2l + 1)
s=2
p=6
d=10
f=14
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
SUBSHELLS
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
SUBSHELLS

Would there be 1p, 2d, and 3f orbitals?


ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
AUFBAU PRINCIPLE

German word ‘Aufbeen’ which means


‘build up’
electrons will occupy the orbitals having
lower energies before occupying higher
energy orbitals
energy of an orbital is calculated by: I + n
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
PAULI’S EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE

a maximum of two electrons, each


having opposite spins, can fit in an
orbital
no two electrons in the same atom
can have identical values for all four of
their quantum numbers
explain a wide variety of physical
phenomena, such as the electron shell
structure of atoms and the way atoms
share electrons
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
HUND’S RULE

the order in which


electrons are filled in all
the orbitals belonging to a
subshell
every orbital in a given
subshell is singly occupied
by electrons before a
second electron is filled in
an orbital
EXAMPLE
HYDROGEN

1
1s
EXAMPLE
OXYGEN

2 2
1s 2s 2p 4
PRACTICE

1. F
2. C
3. Cl
PRACTICE

1. F 2 2
1s 2s 2p 5

2 2 2
2. C 1s 2s 2p
2 2 6 2 5
3. Cl 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
How do we organize
the elements?
PERIODIC TABLE
OF ELEMENTS
•way of organizing all the known elements in the
universe
•it is used to predict the chemical behavior of an
element
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
each element has a specific symbol with
one or two letters [Carbon as C]
Jons Jakob Berkelius used and imitated
letters to symbolize elements

Periodic Law

“The physical and chemical properties of elements are the


periodic function of their atomic number”
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
ROW = PERIOD
COLUMN = GROUP
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

MAJOR CLASSIFICATION
Metals
Metalloids
Nonmetals
Are there any patterns
in your periodic table?
PERIODIC TRENDS
specific patterns that are present in the
periodic table that illustrate different aspects
of a certain element
PERIODIC
TRENDS
Atomic size or radii
Ionic size or radii
Ionization energy
Electron affinity
Electronegativity
Metallic & nonmetallic character
PERIODIC TRENDS
ATOMIC SIZE OR RADII

also known as covalent radii


distance between nuclei of atoms
½ the distance between nuclei of two atoms
from right to left across a period, it increases
due to decreasing nuclear charge
from top to bottom down a group, it
increases due to increasing number of
electron shells
PERIODIC TRENDS
ATOMIC SIZE OR RADII

greater effective
nuclear charge
means outermost
electrons become
more attracted to
nucleus, hence the
atom is smaller
PERIODIC TRENDS
ATOMIC SIZE OR RADII

as you move to another period,


another electron shell is added to
the elements which increases the
electron shielding of the atom,
hence a bigger atomic size
ATOMIC SIZE OR RADII
PERIODIC TRENDS
IONIC SIZE OR RADII

half the distance between atomic ions in a


crystal lattice
ions are treated as hard spheres to find the
ionic size
from right to left across a period, it increases
due to decreasing nuclear charge
from top to bottom down a group, it
increases due to increasing number of
electron shells
IONIC SIZE OR RADII
PERIODIC TRENDS
IONIZATION ENERGY

energy required to remove an


electron from a neutral atom in its
gaseous phase
Formation of positive ions
from left to right across a period, it
increases
from top to bottom down a group, it
decreases
PERIODIC TRENDS
ELECTRON AFFINITY

ability of an atom to accept or gain an electron


change in energy of a neutral atom (in the gaseous
phase) when an electron is added to the atom to
form a negative ion
Formation of negative ions
from left to right within a period, it increases due to
the decrease in atomic radius
from top to bottom down the group, it decreases
due to the increase in atomic radius
PERIODIC TRENDS
ELECTRONEGATIVITY (Χ)

ability of an atom to attract an electron to itself and hold the electrons tightly
tendency of an atom to draw electrons to itself in a chemical bond
qualitative property of an atom because of electron distribution in atoms
Linus Pauling devised a scale, the Pauling Scale, to know or describe the
electronegativity of elements (1992)
determines what type bond will an element have
PERIODIC TRENDS
ELECTRONEGATIVITY (Χ)

from left to right across a period, it increases because the valence electrons in
the right side of the periodic table is more than half-full
thus, attraction force between the electrons and nuclei increases
from top to bottom down a group it decreases because of increasing atomic
size or radii
Thus, there’s an increased distance between the valence electrons and
nucleus making the attraction weak
PERIODIC TRENDS
EXCEMPTIONS

There are also exemptions such as the lanthanides and


actinides series. Since they have complicated chemical
behaviors, they do not follow the trend.
PERIODIC TRENDS
METALLIC AND NONMETALLIC CHARACTER

Metallic: how readily an atom can lose electrons


Nonmetallic: how readily an atom can gain electrons
from left to right across a period, metallic characteristics decrease due to the
decrease in atomic size
from top to bottom down a group, metallic characteristics increase due to the
increase in atomic size or radii that allows the outer electrons to ionize more
readily
REFERENCES
01 ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

02 SUBATOMIC PARTICLES

03 SUBATOMIC PARTICLES

04 PERIODIC TRENDS

05 PERIODIC TRENDS

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