Optimal_allocation_of_BESS_to_maximize_efficiency_
Optimal_allocation_of_BESS_to_maximize_efficiency_
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ABSTRACT The parallel inverter-based scaled-up slack bus includes multiple battery energy storage
systems (BESSs) to support the slack operation without short of real power. The multiple BESSs require a
well-designed state of the charge (SOC) balancing algorithm for maximally effective usage. Until now,
however, the SOC balancing algorithms only focus on strong SOC balancing without careful consideration
of BESS efficiency during its charging and discharging. This paper proposes a soft SOC balancing algorithm
based on the Levenberg-Marquardt (L-M) algorithm considering BESS's charging and discharging efficiency.
The charges or discharges of the BESSs are primarily determined by their efficiencies that indirectly reflect
the SOCs. As a result, the proposed method provides some margins to improve efficiency rather than tightly
focusing on only the SOCs balancing between multiple BESSs. The optimizations and balancing are
conducted by MATLAB software. Their related converter interactions are simulated using a power system
computer-aided design/electromagnetic transient including DC (PSCAD/EMTDCTM), to measure data for
optimization.
generally installed as modules to build up to the required size. method has also been proposed [14]. Here, the multiple ESSs
Nevertheless, the SOC balancing between the modules differs are operated by a high-level management system based on a
from the most efficient operation of the entire BESS system. consensus algorithm rather than local device control. A
Decentralized SOC balancing control has been proposed for
B. LITERATURE REVIEW autonomous DC microgrid applications [15]. That eliminated
The synchronized GPS-time-based control for multiple slack communication delay is causing performance deterioration by
buses has been proposed [5] to improve the voltage stability adding a high pass filter algorithm.
of the inverter-driven power system. An essential prerequisite There have also been several optimization methods for
here is the sizes of the inverter and backbone energy source. BESS siting and sizing [16]-[17]. However, those methods
The inverter and its energy source cannot keep their role as a focus on the problems in the distribution system rather than
slack generator when they face huge events exceeding their the multiple BESSs to emulate a slack bus.
sizes. Unfortunately, the practical inverter has a much smaller
power rating than the conventional generator. To overcome C. CONTRIBUTION AND PAPER ORGANIZATION
the limit, the control and operation of multiple inverter groups Although there are other types of energy storage, the BESS is
are proposed for a slack operation [6]. Similarly, the backbone the preferred energy storage to be used with the inverter in
energy source must be composed of plural energy sources current. This paper proposes an optimal SOC balancing of
unless a unit source is large enough to cover the maximum parallel BESS to maximize the efficiency of the inverter-based
output. Therefore, the multiple sources require a balancing scaled-up slack bus. For the SOC balancing, both efficiencies
control between their SOCs if they have limited energy, such of the inverters and BESSs are included in the objective
as BESSs. There is an I-SOC droop-based balancing method function of the optimization instead of the simple yet
for modular multilevel supercapacitor ESS [7]. The current straightforward comparison of relative SOC levels. Although
reference for each module is determined based on the droop the main control target is maximum efficiency, not the SOCs
curve depending on the SOC. From a macro point of view, it balancing, the SOC levels of the multiple BESSs maintain
is merely an improvement from direct on-and-off control close to each other based on the efficiency versus SOC
based on the order of SOCs. A method includes voltage characteristics derived from electrical battery model
control in its SOC control loop [8]. The voltage affects the estimations in [18]-[23].
droop ratio that determines each cell’s current concerning the It has been challenging to accurately balance the energy
SOC of the individual battery cell. It is an improved form of using conventional power-sharing methods such as droop and
[7] in the viewpoint of automatic selection of droop ratio. VMS in [24]-[27]. The proposed method allows the multiple
There is a unique SOC balancing method for modular ESS [9]. inverter-based scaled-up slack generator [28] to operate its
Here the ESS is composed of several serial-connected backbone power source efficiently so that the group of small-
modules. The current references for each module are size inverters can stably operate a relatively large inertia-free
determined considering SOC and the required output current stand-alone (IFSA) microgrid [29].
of the ESS. A study has been conducted on SOC balancing This paper is organized as follows. First, the problem
between multiple ESS with different capacities [10]. Its formulation is described in Section II. Then, Section III
primary purpose is mitigating SOC unbalances caused by describes the efficiency corresponding to SOC, power ratio,
applying the conventional SOC balancing method. There is a and elapsed time. After that, the SOC balancing is given in
study of consensus-based stochastic cell balancing control Section IV with maximum efficiency based on Levenberg-
[11]. This has given a model-free accurate SOC estimation Marquardt (L-M) algorithm. After that, computational
that could only be achieved using model-based control. A. B. analysis and case studies are shown in Sections V-VII. Finally,
Ahmad et al. proposed an ESS topology and its related SOC the conclusion is given in Section VIII.
balancing method for grid-scale three-phase BESS [12]. Here,
the BESS has been applied as a single-arm to eliminate the II. PROBLEM FORMULATION
need to balance between arms. The SOC balancing between The scaled-up slack generator is one of the core techniques to
multiple modules has been conducted based on the insertion implement the IFSA microgrid with large load consumption.
or bypass of each BESS. P. Wang et al. proposed a three-port Although it can solve the instantaneous power mismatch
converter-based hybrid energy storage system, including a between generation and load, mitigating a huge energy
battery and supercapacitor and its balancing control [13]. The imbalance with a small BESS is still challenging. In other
battery is balanced by voltage control based on SOC-related words, the generation-load balancing is up to the cooperation
droop and supercapacitor voltage. The supercapacitor operates of multiple BESSs, including SOC balancing. So far, although
based on its physical topology without the direct application only SOC balancing has been used as the objective function of
of active control. Still, it is indirectly affected by the battery the conventional BESS operation, it has been considered
SOC balancing control via applying its voltage to the battery separately from other objectives, such as achieving maximum
balancing control. In addition to the previously described efficiency. Maintaining the same SOC levels between multiple
device-level SOC balancing, a microgrid-level SOC sharing BESSs requires lots of charging and discharging operations.
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BESS with high/low SOC must discharge/charge even if the where Vt,crg and Vt,dsc are charging and discharging terminal
estimated deviation is insignificant. In the worst case, several voltages of the battery. In rough, the efficiency reduces
BESSs can discharge during the other BESSs' charging. according to the power increase or SOC decrease. To
maximize the efficiency of the multiple BESS system, it is
III. EFFICIENCY CORRESPONDING TO SOC, POWER advantageous to share power between all BESS to minimize
RATIO, AND ELAPSED TIME the power of individual BESS. Also, the battery shows high
There have been numerous studies to estimate the SOC and efficiency if the elapsed time is short from its last
SOH (state of the health) [30]-[31], which are the essential charge/discharge. This is because the charges across the
parameters to implement the equivalent electrical model of the equivalent capacitors discharge through the parallel resistors
battery shown in Figure 1. The data for electrical motive force during the elapsed time.
(Voc), the series resistance (Rseries), and resistive/capacitive In practice, the BESS includes not only a battery but also a
components (Rsec/Csec, Rmin/Cmin, and Rhour/Chour) of time converter whose efficiency vary respect to the power ratio.
constants vary according to SOC levels. The time constants Due to the most efficient power range being up to the design,
are determined by the efficiency curve is assumed as the polynomial of (3) by
τ = RC (1) considering general converter designs.
FIGURE 1. The electrical battery model has three time constants: second,
minute, and hour.
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The correlation between efficiency and power is reduced μ make the L-M algorithm similar to the Gauss-Newton and
because of the inverter. In other words, it is not easy to the gradient descent methods, respectively. Then, the
intuitively select the optimal operating points without huge associated parameters required in the L-M algorithm are
computational effort to compare efficiencies resulting from determined by (5).
the conditions of multiple BESSs. It becomes more difficult
β = [ PBESS 1 , PBESS i , PBESS n ] (5)
considering the curves of Figure 3 vary according to the SOH.
where PBESS i and n are the power of BESSi and the number of
BESS, respectively. The Jacobian matrix, J, is composed of
J i = ε i Ai (6)
where
∂ηBESS
Ai = (7)
∂PBESS i
To determine εi, a temporary update is performed by
( A T A + µ I )δ = A T [ y − f (β)] (8)
Then, temporary deviations of powers are calculated by
( noi +1)
∆PBESS
tmp
i = PBESS i − PBESS i
( noi )
(9)
where noi is the number of iterations. After that, εi is
determined by
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FIGURE 6. Discharging efficiency of BESS VS SOC (t: elapsed time from FIGURE 7. Charging efficiency of BESS VS SOC (t: elapsed time from the
the last charge). last discharge).
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FIGURE 8. Optimization trajectories (solid-line) concerning various sums FIGURE 9. Efficiency improvements during optimization in Figure 8.
of BESS powers (dots display optimal points).
release more power than BESS 2 for high efficiency. However, B. OPTIMIZATION OF THREE BESS POWERS
both BESSs should discharge if the required power is Three BESSs are connected to the scaled-up slack bus. The
sufficiently large. This is because the extremely high SOCs are assumed as 0.7, 0.6, and 0.4, respectively, for BESS
discharging of one BESS results in low total efficiency. 1, 2, and 3. As previously described, the BESS shows higher
Initial outputs of the BESSs are allocated to make the BESS efficiency when its SOC is higher. Therefore, the released
2, which has smaller SOC, not operate when the total output is power from the BESSs should decrease by order of BESS 1,
smaller or equal to 0.8pu. In case of the total output is between 2, and 3 for high efficiency.
0.8pu and 1.6pu, the value subtracts BESS 1 from the total The optimal combinations of powers are shown in Figure
output allocated to BESS 2. Identical outputs are allocated to 10 when the total power is 1pu. The initial combinations of
both BESSs when the total output is larger than 1.6pu. The BESSs outputs are selected randomly. The 1pu total power
optimal combinations of powers are shown in Figure 8 region is illustrated by the yellow plane in the left-upper three-
according to total power between 0 to 2 pu. The optimization dimensional graph. The solid line and dots are optimization
trajectories are shown in solid-line, and the optimal points are trajectories and optimal points, respectively. The right-upper
shown in dots. The trajectories are parallel to a virtual diagonal graph shows the floor projection according to the direction of
line, which starts from (zero PESS1, one PESS2) and ends at (one the PBESS3 axis. Similarly, the left-lower and right-lower
PESS1, zero PESS2). Those mean the entire dis-charges are graphs show the floor projections according to the directions
constant through every trajectory. The BESS 2 does not of the PBESS1 and PBESS2 axes, respectively. In most cases,
discharge when the total power is smaller than 0.86pu. The 0.5122pu, 0.4878pu, and 0 are determined for the BESS 1, 2,
BESS 1 and 2 discharge 0.5326pu and 0.3274pu, respectively, and 3, respectively, as the optimal combination. In several
when the entire power is 0.86pu. The changes in the BESSs cases, 0.5332pu, 0, and 0.4668pu are determined for BESS 1,
are related to the efficiency curves in Figure 6. Meanwhile, the 2, and 3, respectively. This means that BESS 1 always
BESS 2 discharges smaller than the BESS 1 as long as the total discharges, and BESS 2 has much more opportunity to release
power is smaller than about 1.9pu. This is because the SOC of its power than BESS 3. Considering their SOCs, BESS with
the BESS 1 is larger than that of BESS 2. The difference high SOC tends to discharge more, so it converges to a
between discharging results in SOC balance. Figure 8 shows balanced SOC.
that the optimization trajectories are relatively long when the The optimization is also applied to the other cases where
total power is smaller than 0.78pu. In other words, the power the total power is not 1pu. For clear comparison in the one- or
difference between BESSs is relatively large here. Also, the two-BESS operating range, the SOCs are allocated 0.7, 0.4,
efficiency improvements are remarkable in that region, as and 0.35. Initial outputs of the BESSs are allocated to make
shown in Figure 9. The effectiveness is pronounced well when the BESS 2 and 3, which have small SOC, not operate when
the total power is much smaller, which is the general status of the total output is smaller or equal to 0.8pu. In case of the total
the power grid, than the maximum capacity. The efficiency output is between 0.8pu and 1.6pu, the value subtracts BESS
improves by up to about 0.2% in this representative case. The 1 from the total output allocated to BESS 2. BESS 3 is still
improvement differs according to the values selected as the zero. In case of the total output is between 1.6pu and 2.4pu,
initial BESS outputs. the value subtracts BESS 1 and 2 from the total output
allocated to BESS 3. Identical outputs are allocated to all
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FIGURE 10. Optimization trajectories (solid-line) when the sum of BESS FIGURE 11. Efficiencies of two- and three-BESS-connection.
powers is 1pu (dots display optimal points).
FIGURE 12. Optimal discharging power of BESS 2 concerning its SOC FIGURE 13. Optimal discharging power of BESS 7 concerning its SOC
and total power of two BESSs. and total power of seven BESSs.
BESSs when the total output exceeds 2.4pu. As a result, the while its SOC is smaller than 0.7pu (i.e., the same as the SOC
three-BESS-connected case shows higher efficiency than the of BESS 1), as shown in Figure 12. This is the same as the
two-BESS-connected case when the total power is relatively result of Figure 8. By contrast, BESS 1 does not discharge
large, as shown in Figure 11. when the PBESSs is smaller than about 0.75pu and the SOC of
BESS 2, SOC2, is larger than 0.7pu. The slope of PBESS2
VI. POWER ALLOCATION CONCERNING SOC concerning PBESSs is smaller than 1 when the PBESSs is larger
The previous computational analyses showed the optimization than about 0.75pu. It means that BESS 1 and BESS 2
with several representative SOCs. This section analyzes the discharge together. The PBESS2 slightly increases according to
amount of discharging power allocation of the BESS the SOC2 increase near 0.75pu of PBESSs. In brief, the proposed
concerning the various SOCs and the various total power of algorithm makes the BESS more discharge when its SOC is
BESSs. relatively high, regardless of the absolute level of the SOC. As
a result, the SOC is balanced while the BESS maintains
A. OPTIMAL ALLOCATION BETWEEN TWO BESS maximum efficiency.
POWERS
Two BESSs are connected to the scaled-up slack bus. The B. OPTIMAL ALLOCATION BETWEEN SEVEN BESS
SOC of BESS 1 is assumed as 0.7 pu, and the SOC of BESS POWERS
2 varies from 0.3pu to 0.8pu, while the total power of the The previous analysis is applied to seven BESSs connected to
BESSs varies from 0 to 2pu. The BESS 2 does not discharge a scaled-up slack bus. The SOC of BESS 1 to 6 is assumed as
when the total power, PBESSs, is smaller than about 0.75pu 0.38pu, 0.45pu, 0.52pu, 0.59pu, 0.66pu, and 0.73pu,
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FIGURE 14. Optimal discharging powers of seven BESSs with SOCs in FIGURE 15. Optimal discharging powers of seven BESSs with random
order of [0.31pu, 0.32pu, 0.325pu, 0.33pu, 0.335pu, 0.34pu, and 0.35pu], SOCs (SOC1 < SOC2 < SOC3 < SOC4 < SOC5 < SOC6 < SOC7) and the
and the related total efficiency. related total efficiency.
respectively. The SOC of BESS 7 varies from 0.3pu to 0.8pu, smaller than those when PBESSs is 2.87pu, such as 0.4539pu,
while the total power of the BESSs varies from 0 to 7pu. The 0.4629pu, 0.4723pu, 0.4818pu, and 0.4911pu, their relative
BESS 7 does not discharge when the total power, PBESSs, is size follows the relative levels of SOCs regardless of their
smaller than about 2.64pu while its SOC is smaller than absolute values. As a result, more points of discharging power
0.38pu (i.e., the same as the SOC of BESS 1), as shown in are above the reference diagonal solid line when the SOC is
Figure 13. The minimum PBESSs for the discharge of BESS 7 higher. In other words, the proposed method successfully
reduces according to the increase of SOC7. This means the balances the SOCs of BESSs even if the SOCs are mutually
BESS 7 tends to discharge more when the SOC7 is high. In very close. The total efficiency improves as a result of the
brief, the proposed algorithm makes the target BESS more optimal allocation. It is remarkable when PBESSs is relatively
discharged when its SOC is relatively high, regardless of the small (i.e., enough space exists for optimization), as shown in
absolute level of the SOC and the total number of BESSs. As the bottom right graph in Figure 14.
a result, the SOC is balanced while the BESS maintains
maximum efficiency. B. BALANCING IN CASE OF RANDOM SOCS
The proposed algorithm is applied to seven BESSs with
VII. BESS BALANCING IN CASES OF VARIOUS SOCS random SOCs for much closer investigation. Seven random
The proposed algorithm is verified by applying more cases, SOCs are sorted in rise from BESS 1 to 7 in each case. More
such as BESSs with similar SOCs or random SOCs. discharging power points are above the reference diagonal
solid line when the SOC is higher, as shown in Figure 15. Also,
A. BALANCING IN CASE OF SIMILAR SOCS the BESS with the lower SOC has more chance to release zero
To verify the performance in harsh conditions, seven BESSs power. In other words, the number of zero points decreases
with similar SOCs are considered. The SOC of BESS 1 to 7 is according to BESS 1 to 5, as shown in Figure 15. In conclusion,
assumed as 0.31pu, 0.32pu, 0.325pu, 0.33pu, 0.335pu, 0.34pu, the proposed method successfully balances the SOCs of
and 0.35pu, respectively. PBESS1 is zero when PBESSs is at most BESSs in arbitrary conditions of SOCs. The total efficiency
2.87pu. It is not zero when PBESSs is at least 2.94pu. Also, improves as a result of the optimal allocation. It is remarkable
PBESS2 is zero when PBESSs is at most 0.35pu. It is not zero when when PBESSs is relatively small, as shown in the bottom right
PBESSs is at least 0.42pu. The power increases according to the graph in Figure 15.
order of BESS 1 to 7 as 0pu, 0.06583pu, 0.06757pu,
0.06921pu, 0.07074pu, 0.07214pu, and 0.07451pu when the VIII. CONCLUSION
PBESSs is 0.42pu. Although the powers of BESS 3 to 5 are This paper proposed an optimal SOC balancing of BESS
smaller than those when PBESSs is 0.35pu, such as 0.06939pu based on the Levenberg-Marquardt (L-M) algorithm to
and 0.06968pu, their relative size follows the relative levels of maximize efficiency for the parallel inverter-based scaled-up
SOCs regardless of their absolute values. The power increases slack bus. The proposed method improves the BESS
according to the order of BESS 1 to 7 as 0.2836pu, 0.3707pu, efficiency and properly balances their SOCs. In relation, there
0.4007pu, 0.4286pu, 0.4549pu, 0.4795pu, and 0.522pu when have been many state estimation and modeling methods for
the PBESSs is 2.94pu. Although the powers of BESS 2 to 6 are
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content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3237773
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