Mathematics III for EEE Students

(Subject code: BMATE301)

Module 1: Ordinary Differential Equations of Higher Order
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Syllabus:

1.1 Higher order homogeneous linear differential equations

Introduction:

❖ A differential equation in which the dependent variable and its derivatives occur only
in first degree is called linear differential equation (LDE).
❖ Fourth order linear differential equation (LDE) with constant coefficients is of the
𝑑4 𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
form 𝑎0 𝑑𝑥 4 + 𝑎1 𝑑𝑥 3 +𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 2 +𝑎3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎4 𝑦 = 𝜙(𝑥) (𝑜𝑟)

(𝑎0 𝐷4 + 𝑎1 𝐷3 +𝑎2 𝐷2 +𝑎3 𝐷 + 𝑎4 )𝑦 = 𝜙(𝑥)

❖ If 𝜙(𝑥) = 0 then it is homogeneous. If 𝜙(𝑥) ≠ 0 then it is non - homogeneous.
❖ CF – Complementary function, PI – Particular Integral.

ODE General solution

Homogeneous diff. equation 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹
Non homogeneous diff. equation 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 1

Working rule:

❖ Write the given differential equation of the form 𝑓(𝐷)𝑦 = 0.

❖ Solve the auxiliary equation 𝑓(𝑚) = 0.
❖ Write the complementary function (𝐶𝐹) using the table given below.
❖ Write the general solution as 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹

Roots of Auxiliary equation Complementary function

1, 2, 3, 4 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑐4 𝑒 4𝑥
2, 2, 3, 3 (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥 + (𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥)𝑒 3𝑥
2, 2, 2, 2 (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑥 2 + 𝑐4 𝑥 3 )𝑒 2𝑥
2 + 3𝑖, 2 − 3𝑖, 1, 1 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑐1 cos 3𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 3𝑥) + (𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥
2 + 3𝑖, 2 − 3𝑖, 2 + 3𝑖, 2 − 3𝑖 𝑒 2𝑥 [(𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥) cos 3𝑥 + (𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥) sin 3𝑥)]

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
1. Solve: 𝒅𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 − 3𝑚 + 2 = 0
Roots are 𝑚 = 2, 1
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑥
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑥

𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
2. Solve: 𝒅𝒕𝟐 + 𝟔 𝒅𝒕 + 𝟗𝒙 = 𝟎

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 6𝑚 + 9 = 0
Roots are 𝑚 = −3, −3
𝐶𝐹 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 −3𝑡
General solution is 𝑥 = 𝐶𝐹
𝑥 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 −3𝑡

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 2

 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
3. Solve: 𝒅𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟏𝟑𝒚 = 𝟎

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 − 6𝑚 + 13 = 0
Roots are 𝑚 = 3 + 2𝑖, 3 − 2𝑖
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑒 3𝑥 (𝑐1 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 2𝑥)
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹
𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 (𝑐1 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 2𝑥)

𝒅𝟑 𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
4. Solve: 𝟑
+ +𝟒 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎.
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚3 + 𝑚2 + 4𝑚 + 4 = 0
Roots are 𝑚 = −1, 2𝑖, −2𝑖
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 2𝑥
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 2𝑥

5. 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞: (𝑫𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟑 𝒚 = 𝟎

Auxiliary equation is (𝑚2 + 1)3 = 0

Roots are 𝑚 = 𝑖, 𝑖, 𝑖, −𝑖, −𝑖, −𝑖
𝐶𝐹 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑥 2 ) cos 𝑥 + (𝑐4 + 𝑐5 𝑥 + 𝑐6 𝑥 2 ) sin 𝑥
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹
𝑦 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑥 2 ) cos 𝑥 + (𝑐4 + 𝑐5 𝑥 + 𝑐6 𝑥 2 ) sin 𝑥

𝒅𝟑 𝒚
6. Solve: 𝒅𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚 = 𝟎

Auxiliary equation is (𝑚3 + 1) = 0

1 √3
Roots are 𝑚 = −1, ±𝑖
2 2
𝑥
√3 √3
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 2 {𝑐2 cos ( 2 ) + 𝑐3 sin ( 2 )}

General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹
𝑥 √3 √3
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 2 {𝑐2 cos ( ) + 𝑐3 sin ( )}
2 2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 3

 𝒅𝟒 𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚
7. Solve: 𝒅𝒙𝟒 − 𝟒 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚4 − 4𝑚2 + 4 = 0

𝑚2 = 2, −2. Roots are 𝑚 = √2, √2, −√2, −√2
𝐶𝐹 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 √2𝑥 + (𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥)𝑒 −√2𝑥
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹
𝑦 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 √2𝑥 + (𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥)𝑒 −√2𝑥

𝒅𝟒 𝒚 𝒅𝟑 𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
8. Solve: 𝟒 𝒅𝒙𝟒 − 𝟖 𝒅𝒙𝟑 − 𝟕 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟎 (Jan 2020), (May 22)

Auxiliary equation is 4𝑚4 − 8𝑚3 − 7𝑚2 + 11𝑚 + 6 = 0

1 3
Roots are 𝑚 = −1, 2 , − 2 , 2
𝑥 3𝑥
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 −2 + 𝑐4 𝑒 2
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹
𝑥 3𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 −2 + 𝑐4 𝑒 2
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
9. Solve the initial value problem 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟎 given that 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟎, =
𝒅𝒙

𝟏𝟓 when 𝒙 = 𝟎.

Step 1: Find general solution

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 5𝑚 + 6 = 0
Roots are 𝑚 = −2, − 3
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥 ------------------ (1)
Step 2: Find particular solution
Put 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = 0 in (1)
0 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 .
𝑐2 = −𝑐1
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑐1 (𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −3𝑥 ) -------- (2)
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐1 (−2𝑒 −2𝑥 + 3𝑒 −3𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Put 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑑𝑥 = 15

15 = 𝑐1 (−2 + 3), 𝒄𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓. Therefore, 𝑦 = 15(𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −3𝑥 )

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 4

 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
10. Solve the initial value problem 𝒅𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟎 given that 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟏,
𝒅𝒚
(𝟎) = 𝟐.
𝒅𝒙

Step 1: Find general solution

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 5 = 0
Roots are 𝑚 = 2 + 𝑖, 2 − 𝑖
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑐1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑥)
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑐1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑥) ------- (1)
Step 2: Find particular solution
Put 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = 1 in (1).
We get 1 = 1(𝑐1 ) ⇒ 𝟏 = 𝒄𝟏 .
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑥) -------------(2)
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 2𝑥 (− sin 𝑥 + 𝑐2 cos 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑐2 sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

Put 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = 2.
2 = 1(0 + 𝑐2 + 2 + 0), 2 = 𝑐2 + 2, 𝒄𝟐 = 𝟎
Therefore, particular solution is
𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 𝑥

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 5

 Additional explanation
𝒅𝒚
Example 1: Solve − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚 − 2 = 0
Root is 𝑚 = 2.
Complementary function 𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐𝑒 2𝑥
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑒 2𝑥
Note: Solution using LDE formula
𝑑𝑦
This is of the form + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄
𝑑𝑥

Integrating factor (IF) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ −2𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −2𝑥

General solution is 𝑦. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦. 𝑒 −2𝑥 = ∫ 0 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑒 2𝑥
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Example 2: Solve − 𝟓 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟐

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 − 5𝑚 + 6 = 0
Roots are 𝑚 = 2 , 3
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥
Note: Solution using LDE formula
𝑑
(𝐷2 − 5𝐷 + 6)𝑦 = 0 , 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑥

(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 − 3)𝑦 = 0
(𝐷 − 2)𝑧 = 0 [𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = (𝐷 − 3)𝑦]
𝑧 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 [∵ 𝐵𝑦 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 1]
(𝐷 − 3)𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥
General solution is 𝑦. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦. 𝑒 −3𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐′𝑒 2𝑥 . 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐2
𝑦. 𝑒 −3𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐′𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐2
𝑦. 𝑒 −3𝑥 = −𝑐′𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2
𝑦 = −𝑐′𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥 . General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹1 + 𝐶𝐹2 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 6

 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Example 3: Solve − 𝟒 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟐

Auxiliary equation is (𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 4) = 0,

Roots of the auxiliary equation are 𝑚 = 2, 2
𝐶𝐹 = (𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 )𝑒 2𝑥
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹
Therefore, 𝑦 = (𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 )𝑒 2𝑥

Note: Solution using LDE formula

𝑑
(𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 0 , 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑥

(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 − 2)𝑦 = 0
(𝐷 − 2)𝑧 = 0 [Put 𝑧 = (𝐷 − 2)𝑦]
𝑧 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 [By Example 1]
(𝐷 − 2)𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥
General solution is 𝑦. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦. 𝑒 −2𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 . 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐2
𝑦. 𝑒 −3𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2
𝑦 = (𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 )𝑒 3𝑥
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Example 4: Solve − 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟓 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟐

Auxiliary equation is (𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 5) = 0,

Roots of the auxiliary equation are 𝑚 = 1 + 2𝑖, 1 − 2𝑖
Complementary function is 𝐶𝐹 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐1 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 2𝑥)
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐1 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 2𝑥)

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 7

Note: Solution using LDE formula
𝑑
Given differential equation is (𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 5)𝑦 = 0 , 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑥

(𝐷 − 𝑝)(𝐷 − 𝑞)𝑦 = 0
Where, 𝑝 = 1 + 2𝑖 and 𝑞 = 1 − 2𝑖
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑞𝑥 [∵By Example 2]
Complementary function is 𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑞𝑥 [∵By Example 2]
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 (1+2𝑖)𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 (1−2𝑖)𝑥
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐1 (cos 2𝑥 + 𝑖 sin 2𝑥) + 𝑐2 (cos 2𝑥 − 𝑖 sin 2𝑥))
= 𝑒 𝑥 ((𝑐1 + 𝑐2 ) cos 2𝑥 + 𝑖(𝑐1 − 𝑐2 ) sin 2𝑥)
= 𝑒 𝑥 (𝐶1 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 2𝑥 )
Complementary function is 𝐶𝐹 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐1 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 2𝑥)
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐1 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 2𝑥)

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 8

 1.2 Solution of non-homogeneous ODE’s of the form 𝒇(𝑫)𝒚 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙
using inverse differential operators
1
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 𝑎, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑎) ≠ 0
𝑓(𝐷)
1 1 1
𝑃𝐼 = 𝑥 𝑓′(𝐷) 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 𝑎, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) ≠ 0 Note: 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝐷
2 1
{𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 𝑎, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓"(𝑎) ≠ 0
𝑓"(𝐷)

Problems:
1. Solve: (𝑫𝟐 + 𝟒𝑫 + 𝟑)𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒙 (Jan 2020)
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 4𝑚 + 3 = 0
Roots are 𝑚 = −3, −1
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥
1
𝑃𝐼 = 𝐷2+4𝐷+3 𝑒 −𝑥 , Put 𝐷 = −1, 𝑓(−1) = 0.
1
= 𝑥 2𝐷+4 𝑒 −𝑥 , Put 𝐷 = −1, 𝑓 ′ (−1) = 2
𝑥
= 2 𝑒 −𝑥

The general solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼

𝑥
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 2 𝑒 −𝑥
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
2. Solve: 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)
1
(𝐷2 + 3𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = (𝑒 2𝑥+3 − 𝑒 −2𝑥−3 )
2
1 1
(𝐷2 + 3𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥+3 − 𝑒 −2𝑥−3
2 2

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 3𝑚 + 2 = 0
Roots are 𝑚 = −1, −2
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥
1 1
𝑃𝐼1 = − 2 𝐷2+3𝐷+2 𝑒 2𝑥+3 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 2, 𝑓(2) = 12
1 1 1
= − 2 (12) 𝑒 2𝑥+3 = − 24 𝑒 2𝑥+3
1 1
𝑃𝐼2 = − 2 𝐷2+3𝐷+2 𝑒 −2𝑥−3 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = −2, 𝑓(−2) = 0
𝑥 1
= − 2 (2𝐷+3) 𝑒 −2𝑥−3 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = −2, 𝑓(−2) = −1
𝑥
= 2 𝑒 −2𝑥−3

General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼1 + 𝑃𝐼2

1 𝑥
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 24 𝑒 2𝑥+3 + 2 𝑒 −2𝑥−3

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 9

 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
3. Solve: 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 = −𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙

(𝐷2 + 4𝐷 + 5)𝑦 = −𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 [∵ 2 cosh 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ]

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 4𝑚 + 5 = 0
Roots are 𝑚 = −2 + 𝑖, −2 − 𝑖
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 (𝑐1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑥 )
1
𝑃𝐼1 = − 𝐷2+4𝐷+5 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 1, 𝑓(1) = 10
1
= − 10 𝑒 𝑥
1
𝑃𝐼2 = − 𝐷2+4𝐷+5 𝑒 −𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = −1, 𝑓(−1) = 2
1
= − 2 𝑒 −𝑥

General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼1 + 𝑃𝐼2

1 1
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 (𝑐1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑥 ) − 10 𝑒 𝑥 − 2 𝑒 −𝑥

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
4. Solve: 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 = −𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙. Find 𝒚 when 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏 at 𝒙 = 𝟎.

1 1
The general solution is 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 (𝑐1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑥 ) − 10 𝑒 𝑥 − 2 𝑒 −𝑥 [∵ 𝑏𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏. 2]

By data, 𝑦 = 0 at 𝑥 = 0.
1 1 𝟑
0 = 1(𝑐1 + 0) − 10 − 2 ⟹ 𝒄𝟏 = 𝟓
3 1 1
Then 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 (5 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑥) − 10 𝑒 𝑥 − 2 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3 3 1 1
= −2𝑒 −2𝑥 (5 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑥) + 𝑒 −2𝑥 (− 5 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐2 cos 𝑥) − 10 𝑒 𝑥 + 2 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
By data, 𝑑𝑥 = 1 at 𝑥 = 0.
6 1 1 4 𝟗
1 = − 5 + 𝑐2 − 10 + 2 = 𝑐2 − 5 , 𝒄𝟐 = 𝟓

Therefore, particular solution is

3 9 1 1
𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 (5 cos 𝑥 + 5 sin 𝑥 ) − 10 𝑒 𝑥 − 2 𝑒 −𝑥

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 10

 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
5. Solve: 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 = (𝟏 − 𝒆𝒙 )𝟐

(𝐷2 + 𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 1 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 𝑚 + 1 = 0
1 √3 1 √3
Roots are 𝑚 = − 2 + 𝑖, − 2 − 𝑖
2 2
𝑥
√3 √3
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑒 −2 (𝑐1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑥 )
2 2

1
𝑃𝐼1 = 𝑒 0𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 0, 𝑓(0) = 1
𝐷2 + 𝐷 + 1
=1
1
𝑃𝐼2 = −2 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 1 , 𝑓(1) = 3
𝐷2 +𝐷+1
2𝑒 𝑥
=− 3

1
𝑃𝐼3 = 𝑒 2𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 2, 𝑓(2) = 7
𝐷2 +𝐷+1
𝑒 2𝑥
= 7

Therefore, General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼1 + 𝑃𝐼2 + 𝑃𝐼3

𝑥 √3 √3 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 −2 (𝑐1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑥)+1− +
2 2 3 7

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 11

 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
6. Solve: 𝒅𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟗𝒚 = 𝟔𝒆𝟑𝒙 + 𝟕𝒆−𝟐𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 − 6𝑚 + 9 = 0
Roots of this auxiliary equation are 3, 3
𝐶𝐹 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 3𝑥
1
𝑃𝐼1 = 6 𝐷2−6𝐷+9 𝑒 3𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 3, 𝑓(3) = 0
1
= 6𝑥 2𝐷−6 𝑒 3𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 3, 𝑓′(3) = 0
1
= 6𝑥 2 × 2 𝑒 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
1
𝑃𝐼2 = 7 𝐷2−6𝐷+9 𝑒 −2𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = −2, 𝑓(−2) = 25
7
= 25 𝑒 −2𝑥
1
𝑃𝐼3 = − log 2 × 𝐷2−6𝐷+9 𝑒 0𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 0, 𝑓(0) = 9
1
= − 9 log 2
1 𝑥
𝑃𝐼4 = 𝐷2−6𝐷+9 𝑒 𝑥 log 2 (∵ 2𝑥 = 𝑒 log 2 = 𝑒 𝑥 log 2 ), 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = log 2

1
= 2𝑥
(log 2)2 − 6(log 2) + 9
Therefore, general solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼1 + 𝑃𝐼2 + 𝑃𝐼3 + 𝑃𝐼4
7 −2𝑥 1 1
𝑦 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 − log 2 + 2
2𝑥
25 9 (log 2) − 6(log 2) + 9

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 12

7. Solve: (𝑫𝟑 − 𝟓𝑫𝟐 + 𝟕𝑫 − 𝟑)𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐𝒙

(𝐷3 − 5𝐷2 + 7𝐷 − 3)𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚3 − 5𝑚2 + 7𝑚 − 3 = 0
Roots of this auxiliary equation are 3, 1, 1
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 3𝑥 + (𝑐2 + 𝑐3 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥
1
𝑃𝐼 = 𝐷3−5𝐷2+7𝐷−3 𝑒 2𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 2, 𝑓(2) = −45
1
= − 45 𝑒 2𝑥

Therefore, General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼

1 2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 3𝑥 + (𝑐2 + 𝑐3 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒
45
𝒅𝟑 𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
8. Solve: 𝒅𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟐 𝒆𝟑𝒙 + 𝟑

(𝐷3 − 6𝐷2 + 11𝐷 − 6)𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚3 − 6𝑚2 + 11𝑚 − 6 = 0
Roots of this auxiliary equation are 1, 2, 3
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 3𝑥
1
𝑃𝐼1 = 2 𝐷3−6𝐷2+11𝐷−6 𝑒 3𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 3, 𝑓(3) = 0
1
= 2𝑥 3𝐷2−12𝐷+11 𝑒 3𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 3, 𝑓(3) = 2

= 𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥
1
𝑃𝐼2 = 3 𝐷3−6𝐷2+11𝐷−6 𝑒 0𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 0, 𝑓(0) = −6
1
= −2

Therefore, General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼1 + 𝑃𝐼2

1
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −
2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 13

 𝒅𝟑 𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
9. Solve: 𝒅𝒙𝟑 + 𝒅𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟑 𝒆𝒙

(𝐷3 + 𝐷2 − 4𝐷 − 4)𝑦 = 3𝑒 𝑥
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚3 + 𝑚2 − 4𝑚 − 4 = 0
Roots of this auxiliary equation are −1, 2, 2
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + (𝑐2 𝑥 + 𝑐3 )𝑒 2𝑥
1
𝑃𝐼 = 3 𝐷3+𝐷2−4𝐷−4 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 1, 𝑓(1) = −6
3
= − 6 𝑒 3𝑥
1
= − 2 𝑒 3𝑥

Therefore, General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼

1
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + (𝑐2 𝑥 + 𝑐3 )𝑒 2𝑥 − 2 𝑒 3𝑥

10. Find PI of (𝑫 + 𝟐)(𝑫 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙

(𝐷 + 2)(𝐷 − 1)2 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥

1 1 1
𝑃𝐼 = (𝐷+2)(𝐷−1)2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + (𝐷+2)(𝐷−1)2 𝑒 𝑥 − (𝐷+2)(𝐷−1)2 𝑒 −𝑥

1 1 1
= 2
𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2
𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
(𝐷 + 2)(−2 − 1) (1 + 2)(𝐷 − 1) (−1 + 2)(−1 − 1)2
𝑥 1 1 1 1
= × 𝑒 −2𝑥 + × 2
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
9 𝐷+2 3 (𝐷 − 1) 4
𝑥 −2𝑥 𝑥 1 1
= 𝑒 + × 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
9 6 𝐷−1 4
𝑥 −2𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥 1 −𝑥
= 𝑒 + 𝑒 − 𝑒
9 6 4

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 14

 1.3 Non-Homogeneous LDE of the form 𝒇(𝑫)𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒂𝒙 𝒐𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒂𝒙

1
sin 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −𝑎2 , 𝑖𝑓 𝜙(−𝑎2 ) ≠ 0
𝜙(𝐷 2 )
1
𝑃𝐼 = 𝑥 sin 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −𝑎2 , 𝑖𝑓 𝜙(−𝑎2 ) = 0, 𝜙′(−𝑎2 ) ≠ 0
𝜙′(𝐷2 )
1
𝑥2 sin 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −𝑎2 , 𝑖𝑓 𝜙 ′ (−𝑎2 ) = 0 , 𝜙"(−𝑎2 ) ≠ 0
{ 𝜙"(𝐷2 )
Note:
1 1 1 1
sin 𝑎𝑥 = − sin 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑎𝑥 = − cos 𝑎𝑥
𝐷2 𝑎2 𝐷2 𝑎2

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
1. Solve: 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

By data, (𝐷2 + 𝐷)𝑦 = cos 𝑥

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 𝑚 = 0
Roots are 0, −1
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 0𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥
1
𝑃𝐼 = 𝐷2+𝐷 cos 𝑥 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −1, 𝜙(𝐷2 ) = 𝐷 − 1.
1
= 𝐷−1 cos 𝑥
𝐷+1
= (𝐷−1)(𝐷+1) cos 𝑥
𝐷+1
= 𝐷2−1 cos 𝑥 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −1, 𝜙(𝐷2 ) = −1 − 1.
1+𝐷
= cos 𝑥
−2
1
= 2 (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)

Therefore, general solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼

1
𝑦 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 + (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)
2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 15

2. Solve (𝑫𝟑 + 𝟏)𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)

Auxiliary equation is (𝑚3 + 1) = 0

1 √3
Roots are 𝑚 = −1, ±𝑖
2 2
𝑥
√3 √3
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 2 [𝑐2 cos ( 2 𝑥) + 𝑐3 sin ( 2 𝑥)]
1
𝑃𝐼 = 𝐷3+1 cos(2𝑥 − 1) , 𝐷2 = −4, 𝜙(𝐷2 ) = −4𝐷 + 1
1
= −4𝐷+1 cos(2𝑥 − 1)
1+4𝐷
= (1−4𝐷)(1+4𝐷) cos(2𝑥 − 1)

1+4𝐷
= 1−16𝐷2 cos(2𝑥 − 1) , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −4, 𝜙(𝐷2 ) = 1 + 64
1+4𝐷
= 65
cos(2𝑥 − 1)

1
= 65 [cos(2𝑥 − 1) − 8 sin(2𝑥 − 1)]

Therefore, general solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼

𝑥 √3 √3 1
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 2 {𝑐2 cos ( 𝑥) + 𝑐3 sin ( 𝑥)} + (cos(2𝑥 − 1) − 8 sin(2𝑥 − 1))
2 2 65

𝒅𝟑 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
3. Solve 𝒅𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙

By data, (𝐷3 + 4𝐷)𝑦 = cos 2𝑥

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 𝑚 = 0
Roots are 0, −1
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥
1
𝑃𝐼 = cos 2𝑥, 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −4, 𝜙(𝐷2 ) = 0
𝐷 3 +4𝐷
1
= 𝑥 3𝐷2+4 cos 2𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −4, 𝜙 ′ (𝐷2 ) = −12 + 4
1
= 𝑥 −8 cos 2𝑥
𝑥
= − 8 cos 2𝑥

Therefore, general solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼

𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 − 8 cos 2𝑥

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 16

 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
4. Solve: 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

By data, (𝐷2 + 4𝐷 + 3)𝑦 = sin 𝑥

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 4𝑚 + 3 = 0
Roots are −1, −3
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥
1
𝑃𝐼 = 𝐷2+4𝐷+3 sin 𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −1, 𝜙(𝐷2 ) = 4𝐷 + 2
(2−4𝐷)
= (2+4𝐷)(2−4𝐷) sin 𝑥
2−4𝐷
= sin 𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −1, 𝜙(𝐷2 ) = 25
4−16𝐷 2
2−4𝐷
= sin 𝑥
20
1
= 20 (2 sin 𝑥 − 4 cos 𝑥)

General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼
1
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 20 (2 sin 𝑥 − 4 cos 𝑥)
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
5. Solve: 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙

(𝐷2 + 3𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 2(1 + cos 2𝑥)

(𝐷2 + 3𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 2 + 2 cos 2𝑥
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 3𝑚 + 2 = 0
Roots are −2, −1
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥
1
𝑃𝐼1 = 𝐷2+3𝐷+2 (2𝑒 0𝑥 ), 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 0, 𝑓(𝐷) = 2

=1
2
𝑃𝐼2 = 𝐷2+3𝐷+2 cos 2𝑥
2
= 3𝐷−2 cos 2𝑥
2 (3𝐷+2)
= (3𝐷−2)(3𝐷+2) cos 2𝑥
6𝐷+4
= 9𝐷2−4 cos 2𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −1, 𝜙(𝐷2 ) = 40
1
= − 40 (−12 sin 2𝑥 + 4 cos 2𝑥)
3 1
= 10 sin 2𝑥 − 10 cos 2𝑥

General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼1 + 𝑃𝐼2

3 1
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 1 + 10 sin 2𝑥 − 10 cos 2𝑥

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 17

 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
6. Solve: 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙, Find 𝒚 when 𝒚 = 𝟏, 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎 at 𝒙 = 𝟎.

(𝐷2 + 4𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 3 sin 𝑥 + 4 cos 𝑥

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 4𝑚 + 4 = 0
Roots are −2, −2
𝐶𝐹 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 −2𝑥
1
𝑃𝐼1 = 𝐷2+4𝐷+4 3 sin 𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −1, 𝜙(𝐷2 ) = 4𝐷 + 3
(3−4𝐷)
= (3+4𝐷)(3−4𝐷) 3 sin 𝑥
9−12𝐷
= 9−16𝐷2 sin 𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −1, 𝜙(𝐷2 ) = 25
9−12𝐷
= sin 𝑥
25
1
= 25 (9 sin 𝑥 − 12 cos 𝑥)
1
𝑃𝐼2 = 𝐷2+4𝐷+4 4 cos 𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −1, 𝜙(𝐷2 ) = 4𝐷 + 3
4
= cos 𝑥
3+4𝐷
4(3−4𝐷)
= (3+4𝐷)(3−4𝐷) cos 𝑥
12−16𝐷
= cos 𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −1, 𝜙(𝐷2 ) = 25
9−16𝐷 2
12−16𝐷
= cos 𝑥
25
1
= 25 (12 cos 𝑥 + 16 sin 𝑥)

General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼1 + 𝑃𝐼2

1
𝑦 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 −2𝑥 + 25 (9 sin 𝑥 − 12 cos 𝑥 + 12 cos 𝑥 + 16 sin 𝑥)

𝑦 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 −2𝑥 + sin 𝑥

Find: Particular solution
If 𝑦 = 1 at 𝑥 = 0, we get 𝑐1 = 1.
Therefore, 𝑦 = (1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 −2𝑥 + sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 2(1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 −2𝑥 + cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Since 𝑑𝑥 = 0 at 𝑥 = 0,

0 = 𝑐2 − 2 + 1 and hence 𝑐2 = 1.
Therefore, particular solution is 𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥)𝑒 −2𝑥 + sin 𝑥

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 18

7. Solve: (𝑫𝟐 − 𝟒𝑫 + 𝟒)𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 4 = 0
Roots are 2, 2
𝐶𝐹 = (𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 )𝑒 2𝑥
1
𝑃𝐼1 = 𝐷2−4𝐷+4 𝑒 2𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 2, 𝑓(𝐷) = 0
1
= 𝑥 2𝐷−4 𝑒 2𝑥 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 2, 𝑓′(𝐷) = 0
𝑥2
= 𝑒 2𝑥
2
1
𝑃𝐼2 = 𝐷2−4𝐷+4 sin 𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −1
1
= 3−4𝐷 sin 𝑥,
3∓4𝐷
= (3−4𝐷)(3+4𝐷) sin 𝑥
3+4𝐷
= 9−16𝐷2 sin 𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −1, 𝜙(𝐷2 ) = 25
1
= 25 (3 sin 𝑥 + 4 cos 𝑥)

General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼1 + 𝑃𝐼2

𝑥2 1
𝑦 = (𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 )𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 + 25 (3 sin 𝑥 + 4 cos 𝑥)
2

8. Find PI of (𝑫𝟑 + 𝟒𝑫)𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙

1
𝑃𝐼 = 𝐷3+4𝐷 sin 2𝑥, 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −4, 𝜙(𝐷2 ) = 0
1
= 𝑥 3𝐷2+4 sin 2𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −4, 𝜙 ′ (𝐷2 ) = −12 + 4
1
= 𝑥 −8 sin 2𝑥
𝑥
= − 8 sin 2𝑥

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 19

 9. Solve: (𝑫𝟑 − 𝟔𝑫𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝑫 − 𝟔)𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚3 − 6𝑚2 + 11𝑚 − 6 = 0

Roots are 1, 2, 3.
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 3𝑥
1
𝑃𝐼1 = 𝐷3−6𝐷2+11𝐷−6 𝑒 𝑥(log 2) , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = log 2
𝑒 𝑥 log 2
= (𝑥 log 2)3−6(𝑥 log 2)2+11(𝑥 log 2)−6
1
𝑃𝐼2 = 𝐷3−6𝐷2+11𝐷−6 cos 2𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −4
1
= cos 2𝑥
−4𝐷 + 24 + 11𝐷 − 6
1
= cos 2𝑥
18 + 7𝐷
18 − 7𝐷
= cos 2𝑥
(18 + 7𝐷)(18 − 7𝐷)
18 − 7𝐷
= 2
cos 2𝑥 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −4
324 − 49𝐷
1
= (18 − 7𝐷) cos 2𝑥
520
18 14
= cos 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑥
520 520
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼1 + 𝑃𝐼2

𝑥 2𝑥 3𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 log 2
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 + 𝑐2 𝑒 + 𝑐3 𝑒 +
(𝑥 log 2)3 − 6(𝑥 log 2)2 + 11(𝑥 log 2) − 6
14 18
+ sin 2𝑥 + cos 2𝑥
520 520

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 20

10. Solve: (𝑫𝟑 − 𝟏)𝒚 = 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙

(𝐷3 − 1)𝑦 = 3 cos 2𝑥

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚3 − 1 = 0
−1+𝑖√3 −1−𝑖√3
Roots are 1, ,
2 2
𝑥
− √3 √3
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 2 (𝑐2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐3 sin 𝑥)
2 2
1
𝑃𝐼 = 𝐷3−1 (3 cos 2𝑥), 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −4, 𝜙(𝐷2 ) = −4𝐷 − 1
1
= −4𝐷−1 (3 cos 2𝑥)
−1+4𝐷
= (−1−4𝐷)(−1+4𝐷) (3 cos 2𝑥)
−1+4𝐷
= (3 cos 2𝑥), 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −4, 𝜙(𝐷2 ) = 17
1−4𝐷 2
3
=− (cos 2𝑥 + 8 sin 2𝑥)
17

General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼
𝑥 √3 √3 3
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −2 (𝑐2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐3 sin 𝑥) − (cos 2𝑥 + 8 sin 2𝑥)
2 2 17

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 21

 1.4 Non-Homogeneous LDE of the form 𝒇(𝑫)𝒚 = 𝒙𝒎

❖ (1 − 𝐷)−1 = 1 + 𝐷 + 𝐷2 + 𝐷3 + ⋯
❖ (1 + 𝐷)−1 = 1 − 𝐷 + 𝐷2 − 𝐷3 + ⋯
❖ If we ignore 𝐷2 and higher terms, (1 − 𝐷)−1 = 1 + 𝐷
❖ If we ignore 𝐷3 and higher terms, (1 − 𝐷)−1 = 1 + 𝐷 + 𝐷2
1 1 1 1 −1
❖ [𝑓(𝐷)]−1 = 𝑓(𝐷) = 𝑘+𝑔(𝐷) = 𝑘(1+ℎ(𝐷)) = 𝑘 (1 + ℎ(𝐷))

❖ Particular integral: 𝑷𝑰 = [𝒇(𝑫)]−𝟏 𝒙𝒎

Problems:
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
1. Solve: 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 𝑚 = 0
Roots are 𝑚 = 0, −1
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥
1
𝑃𝐼 = 𝐷2+𝐷 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4)
1
= (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4)
𝐷(𝐷+1)
1
= 𝐷 (1 + 𝐷)−1 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4)
1
= 𝐷 (1 − 𝐷 + 𝐷2 )(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4), Ignore higher terms
1
= 𝐷 [1(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4) − 𝐷(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4) + 𝐷2 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4)]
1
= 𝐷 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4 − 2𝑥 − 2 + 2)
1
= 𝐷 (𝑥 2 + 4)

= ∫(𝑥 2 + 4) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3
= + 4𝑥
3

The general solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼

𝑥3
𝑦 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 + + 4𝑥
3

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 22

 𝒅𝟑 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
2. Solve: 𝒅𝒙𝟑 − 𝟕 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟏 − 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚3 − 7𝑚 + 6 = 0
Roots are 1, 2, -3
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 −3𝑥

1
𝑃𝐼 = 𝐷3−7𝐷+6 (1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )
1 1
=6 𝐷3 −7𝐷
(1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )
1+
6

−1
1 𝐷 3 −7𝐷
= 6 (1 + ) (1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )
6
2
1 𝐷 3 −7𝐷 𝐷 3 −7𝐷
= 6 (1 − ( )+( ) ) (1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ), Ignore higher terms
6 6

1 7𝐷 49𝐷 2
= 6 (1 + + ) (1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )
6 36

1 7 49
= 6 (1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 6 (−1 + 2𝑥) + 36 (2))
1
= 6×18 (18 − 18𝑥 + 18𝑥 2 − 21 + 42𝑥 + 49)
1
= (18𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 + 46)
108
1
= 54 (9𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 23)

General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼
9𝑥 2 +12𝑥+23
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 54

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 23

 𝒅𝟑 𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
3. Solve: 𝒅𝒙𝟑 + 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔

(𝐷3 + 𝐷2 + 4𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 6
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚3 + 𝑚2 + 4𝑚 + 4 = 0
Roots are 𝑚 = −1, ±2𝑖
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐3 sin 2𝑥

1
𝑃𝐼 = 𝐷3+𝐷2+4𝐷+4 (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 6)
1 1
= 4 × 𝐷3+𝐷2 +4𝐷 (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 6)
+1
4

−1
1 𝐷 3 +𝐷 2 +4𝐷
= 4 × (1 + ) (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 6), Ignore higher degree terms.
4
−1
1 𝐷 2 +4𝐷
= 4 × (1 + ) (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 6),
4
2
1 𝐷 2 +4𝐷 𝐷 2 +4𝐷
= 4 × [1 − ( )+( ) ] × (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 6), Ignore higher degree terms.
4 4

1 𝐷 2 +4𝐷
= 4 × [1 − ( ) + 𝐷2 ] × (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 6)
4
1 𝐷2
= × [1 − − 𝐷 + 𝐷2 ] × (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 6)
4 4
1 3𝐷 2
= 4 × [1 − 𝐷 + ] × (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 6)
4
1
= 16 × [4 − 4𝐷 + 3𝐷2 ] × (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 6)
1
= 16 × (4𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 − 24 − 4(2𝑥 − 4) + 3(2))
1
= 16 × (4𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 − 2)
1
= 8 (2𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 1)

General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼
1
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐3 sin 2𝑥 + 8 (2𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 1)

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 24

4. Solve: (𝑫 − 𝟐)𝟐 𝒚 = 𝟖(𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 )

(𝐷 − 2)2 𝑦 = 8𝑒 2𝑥 + 8 sin 2𝑥 + 8𝑥 2
Auxiliary equation is (𝑚 − 2)2 = 0
Roots are 2, 2
𝐶𝐹 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥
1
𝑃𝐼1 = 8 (𝐷2−4𝐷+4) 𝑒 2𝑥 , 𝑓(2) = 0
1
= 8𝑥 (2𝐷−4) 𝑒 2𝑥 , 𝑓 ′ (2) = 0
1
= 8𝑥 2 (2) 𝑒 2𝑥 = 4𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥

1
𝑃𝐼2 = 8 (𝐷2−4𝐷+4) sin 2𝑥 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −4, 𝜙(𝐷2 ) = −4𝐷

1
= 8 (−4𝐷) sin 2𝑥

= −2 ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

cos 2𝑥
= −2 (− ) = cos 2𝑥
2

1
𝑃𝐼3 = 8 ( ) 𝑥2
𝐷 2 −4𝐷+4
8 1
=4 𝐷2 −4𝐷
𝑥2
( +1)
4

−1
𝐷 2 −4𝐷
= 2 (1 + ) 𝑥2
4
2
𝐷 2 −4𝐷 𝐷 2 −4𝐷
= 2 [1 − ( )+( ) ] 𝑥2
4 4
2
𝐷 2 −4𝐷 𝐷 2 −4𝐷
= 2 [1 − ( )+( ) ] 𝑥2
4 4

𝐷 2 −4𝐷
= 2 [1 − ( ) + 𝐷2 ] 𝑥 2
4
𝐷2
= 2 [1 − + 𝐷 + 𝐷2 ] 𝑥 2
4
3𝐷 2
= 2 [1 + 𝐷 + ] 𝑥2
4
3
= 2 [𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2]

= 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼1 + 𝑃𝐼2 + 𝑃𝐼3
𝑦 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 25

5. Solve: (𝑫𝟐 − 𝟒𝑫 + 𝟒)𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

(𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 + sin 𝑥

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚3 − 4𝑚 + 4 = 0
Roots are 2, 2
𝐶𝐹 = (𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 )𝑒 2𝑥

1
𝑃𝐼1 = 𝐷2−4𝐷+4 𝑒 2𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 2, 𝑓(𝐷) = 0
1
=𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 2, 𝑓 ′ (𝐷) = 0
2𝐷−4
𝑥2
= 𝑒 2𝑥
2

1
𝑃𝐼2 = 𝐷2−4𝐷+4 sin 𝑥, 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −1
1
= 3−4𝐷 sin 𝑥
3+4𝐷
= (3−4𝐷)(3+4𝐷) sin 𝑥
3+4𝐷
= 9−16𝐷2 sin 𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −1
1
= 25 (3 sin 𝑥 + 4 cos 𝑥)

General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼1 + 𝑃𝐼2

𝑥2 1
𝑦 = (𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 )𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 + 25 (3 sin 𝑥 + 4 cos 𝑥)
2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 26

6. Solve: (𝑫𝟐 + 𝟒)𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 4 = 0
Roots are −2𝑖, 2𝑖
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 2𝑥

1
𝑃𝐼1 = (𝐷2+4) 𝑥 2
1 1
=4 𝐷2
𝑥2
( +1)
4

−1
1 𝐷2
= 4 (1 + ) 𝑥2
4
1 𝐷2
= 4 [1 − ] 𝑥 2 , Ignore higher terms.
4
1 1
= 4 [𝑥 2 − 2]
1
= 8 [2𝑥 2 − 1]

1
𝑃𝐼2 = (𝐷2+4) cos 2𝑥 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −4, 𝜙(𝐷2 ) = 0

1
= 𝑥 (2𝐷) cos 2𝑥
𝑥
= 2 ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑥
= 2( ) = 4 sin 2𝑥
2

General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼1 + 𝑃𝐼2

1 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐1 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 2𝑥 + 8 (2𝑥 2 − 1) + 4 sin 2𝑥

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 27

 𝒅𝟑 𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
7. Solve: 𝒅𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚3 + 2𝑚2 + 𝑚 = 0

Roots are 0, −1, −1 .
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 + (𝑐2 𝑥 + 𝑐3 )𝑒 −𝑥

1
𝑃𝐼 = 𝐷3+2𝐷2+𝐷 𝑥 3
1 1
= 𝐷 𝐷2+2𝐷+1 𝑥 3
1
= 6 [1 + (𝐷2 + 2𝐷)]−1 𝑥 3
1
= 6 [1 − (𝐷2 + 2𝐷) + (𝐷2 + 2𝐷)2 − (𝐷2 + 2𝐷)3 ]𝑥 3 , Ignore higher terms
1
= 6 (1 − 𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 4𝐷3 + 4𝐷2 − 2𝐷3 )𝑥 3
1
= 6 (1 − 2𝐷 + 3𝐷2 + 2𝐷3 )𝑥 3
1
= 6 (𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 18𝑥 + 12)

General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼1 + 𝑃𝐼2

1
𝑦 = 𝑐1 + (𝑐2 𝑥 + 𝑐3 )𝑒 −𝑥 + 6 (𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 18𝑥 + 12)

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 28

 𝒅𝟑 𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
8. Solve: 𝒅𝒙𝟑 + 𝒅𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟑𝒆−𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔

𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒆−𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝒄𝟑 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝒆−𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝟐

(𝐷3 + 𝐷2 − 4𝐷 − 4)𝑦 = 3𝑒 −𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 6
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚3 + 𝑚2 + 4𝑚 + 4 = 0
Roots are 𝑚 = −1, 2, −2
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 −2𝑥

1
𝑃𝐼1 = 3 𝐷3+𝐷2−4𝐷−4 𝑒 −𝑥 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = −1, 𝑓(𝐷) = 0
1
= 3𝑥 3𝐷2+2𝐷−4 𝑒 −𝑥 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = −1, 𝑓 ′ (𝐷) = 3 − 6

= −𝑥𝑒 −𝑥

1
𝑃𝐼2 = −4 𝐷3+𝐷2−4𝐷−4 𝑥
4 1
= − 4 (𝐷3 +𝐷2−4𝐷) 𝑥
−1
4

−1
𝐷 3 +𝐷 2 −4𝐷
= (1 − ) 𝑥
4

= (1 + 𝐷)−1 𝑥, ignore higher terms.

= (1 − 𝐷) 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1.

1
𝑃𝐼3 = 6 𝐷3+𝐷2−4𝐷−4 𝑒 0𝑥 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 0
6 3
= −4 = −2

General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼1 + 𝑃𝐼2 + 𝑃𝐼3

3
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1 − 2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 29

9. Solve: (𝑫𝟑 + 𝟖)𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚3 + 8 = 0
Roots are −2, 1 + 𝑖√3, 1 − 𝑖√3
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 √3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 √3𝑥)

1
𝑃𝐼 = 𝐷3+8 (𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 + 1)
1 1
= 8 𝐷3 (𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 + 1)
+1
8

−1
1 𝐷3
= 8 (1 + ) (𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 + 1)
8
1 𝐷3
= 8 (1 − ) (𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 + 1), Ignore higher terms
8
1
= 8 (𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 + 1 − 3𝑥)
1
= 8 (𝑥 4 − 𝑥 + 1)

General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼
1
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 √3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 √3𝑥) + (𝑥 4 − 𝑥 + 1)
8

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 30

10. Solve: (𝑫𝟐 − 𝟑𝑫 + 𝟐)𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 − 3𝑚 + 2 = 0
Roots are 1, 2
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥

1
𝑃𝐼1 = 2 (𝐷2−3𝐷+2) 𝑥 2
2 1
=2 𝐷2 −3𝐷
𝑥2
( +1)
2

−1
1 𝐷 2 −3𝐷
= 4 (1 + ) 𝑥2
2
2
1 𝐷 2 −3𝐷 𝐷 2 −3𝐷
= 4 [1 − ( )+( ) ] 𝑥 2 , Ignore higher terms.
2 2

1 𝐷2 3𝐷 9
= 4 [4 − + + 4 𝐷2 ] 𝑥 2
2 2
1
= 16 [4 − 2𝐷2 + 6𝐷 + 9𝐷2 ]𝑥 2
1
= 16 [4 + 6𝐷 + 7𝐷2 ]𝑥 2
1
= 16 [4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 14]
1
= 8 (2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 7)

1
𝑃𝐼2 = (𝐷2−3𝐷+2) sin 2𝑥 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −4

1
= − (2+3𝐷) sin 2𝑥
2−3𝐷
= − ((2−3𝐷) (2+3𝐷)) sin 2𝑥
2−3𝐷
= (4−9𝐷2) sin 2𝑥 , 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐷2 = −4
1
= 40 (2 sin 2𝑥 − 6 cos 2𝑥)

General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼1 + 𝑃𝐼2

1 1
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 8 (2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 7) + 40 (2 sin 2𝑥 − 6 cos 2𝑥)

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 31

 1.4 Cauchy’s linear differential equations
Introduction:
❖ L.D.E with variable coefficient is called Cauchy’s Differential Equation.
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
❖ Third order Cauchy’s D.E is of the form 𝑎𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜙(𝑥).

Working rule:

❖ Reduce Cauchy’s D.E to L.D.E with constant coefficients using the substitutions:
𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷1 , 𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1) , 𝑥 3 𝐷3 = 𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)(𝐷1 − 2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑜 𝑜𝑛.
❖ Find the general solution using inverse operator method.
❖ Substitute 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 to get the general solution of the given Cauchy’s D.E.

Note:
1 𝑑𝑡
❖ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 ⇒ log 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
❖ 𝑥𝐷𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑡 . 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥. 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐷1 𝑦, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐷1 .
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 1 1 1
❖ 𝑥 2 𝐷2 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 (𝐷𝑦) = 𝑥 2 . 𝑑𝑥 [𝑥 𝐷1 𝑦] = 𝑥 2 . [(− 𝑥 2 ) 𝐷1 𝑦 + (𝑥 2 ) 𝐷12 𝑦]

= 𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)𝑦.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 32

 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
1. Solve: 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙

Step 1:
(𝑥 2 𝐷2 − 𝑥𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = log 𝑥
Put 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 log 𝑥 = 𝑡 then
𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)
[𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1) − 𝐷1 + 1]𝑦 = 𝑡
(𝐷1 2 − 𝐷1 − 𝐷1 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑡
(𝐷1 2 − 2𝐷1 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑡

Step 2:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 1 = 0
Roots of this equation are 1, 1.
𝐶𝐹 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑡)𝑒 𝑡
1
𝑃𝐼 = 𝐷2−2𝐷 𝑡
1 1 +1

= [1 + (𝐷12 − 2𝐷1 )]−1 𝑡

= [1 − (𝐷12 − 2𝐷1 )]𝑡
= [1 + 2𝐷1 ]𝑡
=𝑡+2

Step 3:
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼
𝑦 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑡)𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑡 + 2
𝑦 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 log 𝑥)𝑥 + log 𝑥 + 2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 33

 2. Solve: 𝒙𝟐 𝒚′′ − 𝟒𝒙𝒚′ + 𝟔𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙)

Step 1:
(𝑥 2 𝐷2 − 4𝑥𝐷 + 6)𝑦 = cos(2 log 𝑥)
Put 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 log 𝑥 = 𝑡 then
𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)
[𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1) − 4𝐷1 + 6]𝑦 = cos 2𝑡
(𝐷1 2 − 𝐷1 − 4𝐷1 + 6)𝑦 = cos 2𝑡
(𝐷1 2 − 5𝐷1 + 6)𝑦 = cos 2𝑡

Step 2:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 − 5𝑚 + 6 = 0
Roots of this equation are 3,2.
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 3𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑡
1
𝑃𝐼 = 𝐷 2 cos 2𝑡 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷12 = −4
1 −5𝐷1 +6

1
= −4−5𝐷 cos 2𝑡
1 +6

1
= 2−5𝐷 cos 2𝑡
1

2+5𝐷1
= (2−5𝐷 cos 2𝑡
1 )(2+5𝐷1 )

2+5𝐷
= 4−25𝐷12 cos 2𝑡 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷12 = −4
1

1
= 104 (2 cos 2𝑡 − 10 sin 2𝑡)

Step 3:
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼
1
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 3𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑡 + 104 (2 cos 2𝑡 − 10 sin 2𝑡)

Substitute 𝑡 = log 𝑥 and 𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑥

1
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑥 3 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 + 104[2 cos(2 log 𝑥) − 10 sin(2 log 𝑥)]

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 34

 𝒅𝟑 𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
3. Solve: 𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙

Step 1:
(𝑥 3 𝐷3 + 3𝑥 2 𝐷2 + 𝑥𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑥 + log 𝑥
Put 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 log 𝑥 = 𝑡 then 𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷1 ,
𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 3 𝐷3 = 𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)(𝐷2 − 2)
𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)(𝐷1 − 2)𝑦 + 3𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)𝑦 + 𝐷1 𝑦 + 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑡
𝐷1 (𝐷1 2 − 3𝐷1 + 2)𝑦 + 3𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)𝑦 + 𝐷1 𝑦 + 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑡
(𝐷1 3 − 3𝐷1 2 + 2𝐷1 + 3𝐷1 2 − 3𝐷1 + 𝐷1 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑡
(𝐷1 3 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑡

Step 2:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚3 + 1 = 0
1 𝑖√3
Roots are −1, − 2 ± 2
𝑡
− √3 √3
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑒 2 (𝑐2 cos 𝑡 + 𝑐3 sin 𝑡)
2 2
1
𝑃𝐼1 = 𝐷3+1 𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 1
1
= 2 𝑒𝑡
1
𝑃𝐼2 = 𝐷3+1 𝑡

= (1 + 𝐷3 )−1 𝑡, (Ignore higher degree terms)

=𝑡

Step 3:
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼
𝑡
√3 √3 1
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑒 −2 (𝑐2 cos 𝑡 + 𝑐3 sin 𝑡) + 2 𝑒𝑡 + 𝑡
2 2

Put 𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑥 and 𝑡 = log 𝑥

𝑐1 1 √3 √3 1
𝑦= + (𝑐2 cos log 𝑥 + 𝑐3 sin log 𝑥) + 2 𝑥 + log 𝑥
𝑥 √𝑥 2 2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 35

 𝒅𝟑 𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝟏
4. Solve: 𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎 (𝒙 + 𝒙)

Step 1:
1
(𝑥 3 𝐷3 + 2𝑥 2 𝐷2 + 2)𝑦 = 10 (𝑥 + )
𝑥

Put 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 log 𝑥 = 𝑡 then 𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷1 ,

𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 3 𝐷3 = 𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)(𝐷2 − 2)
𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)(𝐷1 − 2)𝑦 + 2𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)𝑦 + 2𝑦 = 10(𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 )
𝐷1 (𝐷1 2 − 3𝐷1 + 2)𝑦 + 2𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)𝑦 + 2𝑦 = 10(𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 )
(𝐷1 3 − 3𝐷1 2 + 2𝐷1 + 2𝐷1 2 − 2𝐷1 + 2)𝑦 = 10(𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 )
(𝐷1 3 − 𝐷1 2 + 2)𝑦 = 10(𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 )

Step 2:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚3 − 𝑚2 + 2 = 0
Roots are −1, 1 ± 𝑖
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡 (𝑐2 cos 𝑡 + 𝑐3 sin 𝑡)
10
𝑃𝐼1 = 𝐷 3 2 𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 1
1 −𝐷1 +2

= 5𝑒 𝑡
10
𝑃𝐼2 = 𝐷 3 −𝐷 2 +2 𝑒 −𝑡 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = −1, 𝑓(𝐷) = 0
1 1

10
= 𝑡 3𝐷2−2𝐷 𝑒 −𝑡 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = −1
1 1

10
= 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡
5

Step 3:
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡 (𝑐2 cos 𝑡 + 𝑐3 sin 𝑡) + 5𝑒 𝑡 + 2𝑡𝑒 −𝑡
Substitute 𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑥 and 𝑡 = log 𝑥
𝑐1 2(log 𝑥)
𝑦= + 𝑥(𝑐2 cos(log 𝑥) + 𝑐3 sin(log 𝑥)) + 5𝑥 +
𝑥 𝑥

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 36

 5. Solve: 𝒙𝟐 𝒚′′ − 𝟓𝒙𝒚′ + 𝟖𝒚 = 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 (Jan 2020)

Step 1:
(𝑥 2 𝐷2 − 5𝑥𝐷 + 8)𝑦 = 2 log 𝑥
Put 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 log 𝑥 = 𝑡 then
𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)
[𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1) − 5𝐷1 + 8]𝑦 = 2𝑡
(𝐷1 2 − 𝐷1 − 5𝐷1 + 8)𝑦 = 2𝑡
(𝐷1 2 − 6𝐷1 + 8)𝑦 = 2𝑡

Step 2:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 − 6𝑚 + 8 = 0
Roots of this equation are 2, 4.
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑒 4𝑡
1
𝑃𝐼 = 𝐷 2 2𝑡
1 −6𝐷1 +8

1 1
=8×𝐷 2 −6𝐷 2𝑡
1 1 +1
8

−1
1 𝐷1 2 −6𝐷1
= [1 + ( )] 2𝑡
8 8
1 𝐷1 2 −6𝐷1
= 8 [1 − ( )] 2𝑡
8
1 6
= 4 [1 + 8 𝐷1 ] 𝑡 , Ignore higher terms
1 3
= 8 (𝑡 + 4)
𝑡 3
= 8 + 32

Step 3:
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼
𝑡 3
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑒 4𝑡 + 8 + 32

Substitute 𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑥, 𝑡 = log 𝑥
log 𝑥 3
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑥 2 + 𝑐2 𝑥 4 + + 32
8

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 37

 6. Solve: (𝒙𝟐 𝑫𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙𝑫 + 𝟒)𝒚 = (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐

Step 1:
(𝑥 2 𝐷2 − 3𝑥𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥)2
Put 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 log 𝑥 = 𝑡 then
𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)
[𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1) − 3𝐷1 + 4]𝑦 = (1 + 𝑒 𝑡 )2
(𝐷1 2 − 𝐷1 − 3𝐷1 + 4)𝑦 = 1 + 2𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 2𝑡
(𝐷1 2 − 4𝐷1 + 4)𝑦 = 1 + 2𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 2𝑡

Step 2:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 4 = 0
Roots of this equation are 2, 2.
𝐶𝐹 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑡)𝑒 2𝑡
1
𝑃𝐼1 = 𝐷2−4𝐷 𝑒 0𝑡 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 0
1 1 +4

1
=4
1
𝑃𝐼2 = 𝐷2−4𝐷 2𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 1
1 1 +4

= 2𝑒 𝑡
1
𝑃𝐼3 = 𝐷2−4𝐷 𝑒 2𝑡 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷 = 2, 𝑓(2) = 0
1 1 +4

1
= 𝑡 2𝐷 𝑒 2𝑡 , put 𝐷 = 2, 𝑓′(2) = 0
1 −4

𝑡2
= 𝑒 2𝑡
2

Step 3:
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼
1 𝑡2
𝑦 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑡)𝑒 2𝑡 + 4 + 2𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 2𝑡
2

Substitute 𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑥 and 𝑡 = log 𝑥.

1 2 log 𝑥
𝑦 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 log 𝑥)𝑥 2 + 4 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥2
2
1
𝑦 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 log 𝑥)𝑥 2 + 4 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 log 𝑥

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 38

 7. Solve: (𝒙𝟐 𝑫𝟐 + 𝒙𝑫 + 𝟗)𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙)

Step 1:
(𝑥 2 𝐷2 + 𝑥𝐷 + 9)𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + sin(3 log 𝑥)
Put 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 log 𝑥 = 𝑡 then
𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)
[𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1) + 𝐷1 + 9]𝑦 = 3𝑒 2𝑡 + sin 3𝑡
(𝐷1 2 − 𝐷1 + 𝐷1 + 9)𝑦 = 3𝑒 2𝑡 + sin 3𝑡
(𝐷1 2 + 9)𝑦 = 3𝑒 2𝑡 + sin 3𝑡

Step 2:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 9 = 0
Roots of this equation are 3𝑖, −3𝑖.
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 cos 3𝑡 + 𝑐2 sin 3𝑡
1
𝑃𝐼1 = 𝐷 2 +9 3𝑒 2𝑡 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷1 = 2
1

3
= 13 𝑒 2𝑡
1
𝑃𝐼2 = 𝐷 2 +9 sin 3𝑡 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷12 = −9, 𝑓(−9) = 0
1

1
= 𝑡 2𝐷 sin 3𝑡
1

𝑡
= 2 ∫ sin 3𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
= − 6 cos 3𝑡

Step 3:
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼1 + 𝑃𝐼2
3 𝑡
𝑦 = 𝑐1 cos 3𝑡 + 𝑐2 sin 3𝑡 + 13 𝑒 2𝑡 − 6 cos 3𝑡

Substitute 𝑡 = log 𝑥 and 𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑥

3 log 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐1 cos(3 log 𝑥) + 𝑐2 sin(3 log 𝑥) + 13 𝑒 2(log 𝑥) − cos(3 log 𝑥)
6

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 39

 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
8. Solve: 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙)

Step 1:
1
(𝑥 2 𝐷2 + 𝑥𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = [1 + cos(2 log 𝑥)]
2

Put 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 log 𝑥 = 𝑡 then

𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)
1 1
[𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1) + 𝐷1 + 1]𝑦 = + cos(2 log 𝑥)
2 2
1 1
(𝐷1 2 − 𝐷1 + 𝐷1 + 1)𝑦 = 2 + 2 cos 𝑡
1 1
(𝐷1 2 + 1)𝑦 = 2 + 2 cos 𝑡

Step 2:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 1 = 0
Roots of this equation are 𝑖, −𝑖.
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑡 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑡
1 1
𝑃𝐼1 = 𝐷 2 +1 (2) 𝑒 0𝑡 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷1 = 0
1

1
=2
1 1
𝑃𝐼2 = 2 𝐷 2 +1 cos 2𝑡 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷12 = −4, 𝑓(−4) = −3
1

1
= −6 cos 2𝑡

Step 3:
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼1 + 𝑃𝐼2
1 1
𝑦 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑡 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑡 + 2 − 6 cos 2𝑡

Substitute 𝑡 = log 𝑥 and 𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑥

1 1
𝑦 = 𝑐1 cos(log 𝑥) + 𝑐2 sin(log 𝑥) + 2 − 6 cos(2 log 𝑥)

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 40

 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝟏
9. Solve: 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 = (𝟏−𝒙)𝟐

Step 1:
(𝑥 2 𝐷2 + 3𝑥𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑡
Put 1 − 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 log(1 − 𝑥) = 𝑡 then
𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)
[𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1) + 3𝐷1 + 1]𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑡
(𝐷1 2 − 𝐷1 + 3𝐷1 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑡
1 1
(𝐷1 2 + 2𝐷1 + 1)𝑦 = 2 + 2 cos 𝑡

Step 2:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 2𝑚 + 1 = 0
Roots of this equation are −1, −1
𝐶𝐹 = (𝑐1 𝑡 + 𝑐2 )𝑒 −𝑡
1
𝑃𝐼 = 𝐷 2 +2𝐷 +1 𝑒 −2𝑡 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷1 = −2
1 1

= 𝑒 −2𝑡

Step 3:
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼
𝑦 = (𝑐1 𝑡 + 𝑐2 )𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑒 −2𝑡
Substitute 𝑡 = log 𝑥 and 𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑥
1 1
𝑦 = 𝑥 [𝑐1 log 𝑥 + 𝑐2 ] + 𝑥 2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 41

 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
10. Solve: 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐𝟎𝒚 = (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐 (June 16)

Step 1:
(𝑥 2 𝐷2 + 2𝑥𝐷 − 20)𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥)2
Put 1 + 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 log(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑡 then
𝑥𝐷 = 𝐷1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)
[𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1) + 2𝐷1 − 20]𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑡
(𝐷1 2 − 𝐷1 + 2𝐷1 − 20)𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑡
(𝐷1 2 + 𝐷1 − 20)𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑡

Step 2:
Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 𝑚 − 20 = 0
Roots of this equation are −5, 4
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −5𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑒 4𝑡
1
𝑃𝐼 = 𝐷 2 𝑒 2𝑡 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷1 = 2
1 +𝐷1 −20

1
= − 14 𝑒 2𝑡

Step 3:
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼
1
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −5𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑒 4𝑡 − 14 𝑒 2𝑡

Substitute 𝑡 = log 𝑥 and 𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑥

𝑐
𝑦 = 𝑥15 + 𝑐2 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 42

 1.5 Legendre’s linear differential equations
Introduction:
Third order Legendre’s differential equation is of the form

𝑑3𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)3 3
+ 𝑎1 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 2
2
+ 𝑎2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑎3 𝑦 = 𝜙(𝑥).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Working rule:
❖ Reduce it to an L.D.E with constant coefficients using the substitutions:
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 𝑒 𝑡
𝑑𝑦
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑎𝐷1 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑3 𝑦
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)(𝐷1 − 2)𝑦 and so on.
𝑑𝑥 3

❖ Find CF and PI in terms of 𝑡.

❖ Substitute 𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 to get the general solution.

Note:

❖ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 𝑒 𝑡
log(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑡
1 𝑑𝑡
. 𝑎 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
❖ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑡 . 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑑𝑦
= (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏). 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 . 𝑑𝑡
𝑑
= 𝑎𝐷1 𝑦, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐷1 .

❖ Similarly,
𝑑2𝑦
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑3𝑦
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)(𝐷1 − 2)𝑦
𝑑𝑥 3

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 43

 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
1. Solve: (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + (𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐞 (𝟏 + 𝒙)

Step 1: Reduce it to an L.D.E with constant coefficients

Put 1 + 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡
(1 + 𝑥)𝐷𝑦 = 𝐷1 𝑦
(1 + 𝑥)2 𝐷2 𝑦 = 𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)𝑦
𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)𝑦 + 𝐷1 𝑦 + 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑡
[𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1) + 𝐷1 + 1]𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑡
[𝐷12 − 𝐷1 + 𝐷1 + 1]𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑡
[𝐷12 + 1]𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑡

Step 2: Find CF and PI in terms of 𝒕

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 1 = 0
Roots are ±𝑖
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑡 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑡
1
𝑃𝐼 = 𝐷2+1 2 sin 𝑡, 𝑓(𝐷12 ) = 𝑓(−1) = 0
1

1
= 2𝑡 2𝐷 sin 𝑡
1

= −𝑡 cos 𝑡

Step 3: General solution

𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼
𝑦 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑡 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑡 − 𝑡 cos 𝑡
Put 𝑡 = log(1 + 𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑐1 cos[log(1 + 𝑥)] + 𝑐2 sin[log(1 + 𝑥)] − [log(1 + 𝑥)] cos[log(1 + 𝑥)]

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 44

 𝒅𝟑 𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
2. Solve: (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟑 𝒅𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒(𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙 − 𝟏)

Step 1: Reduce it to an L.D.E with constant coefficients

Put 𝑥 − 1 = 𝑒 𝑡
𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 − 1) = 𝐷1 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
(𝑥 − 1)2 = 𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑3 𝑦
(𝑥 − 1)3 = 𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)(𝐷1 − 2)𝑦
𝑑𝑥 3

𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)(𝐷1 − 2)𝑦 + 2𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)𝑦 − 4𝐷1 𝑦 + 4𝑦 = 4𝑡

[𝐷1 (𝐷12 − 3𝐷1 + 2) + 2(𝐷12 − 𝐷1 ) − 4𝐷1 + 4]𝑦 = 4𝑡
[(𝐷13 − 3𝐷12 + 2𝐷1 ) + 2(𝐷12 − 𝐷1 ) − 4𝐷1 + 4]𝑦 = 4𝑡
(𝐷13 − 3𝐷12 + 2𝐷1 + 2𝐷12 − 2𝐷1 − 4𝐷1 + 4)𝑦 = 4𝑡
(𝐷13 − 𝐷12 − 4𝐷1 + 4)𝑦 = 4𝑡

Step 2: Find CF and PI in terms of 𝒕

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚3 − 𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 4 = 0
Roots are 1, 2, −2
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑐3 𝑒 −2𝑡
1
𝑃𝐼 = 𝐷3−𝐷2−4𝐷 4𝑡
1 1 1 +4

1
= −4𝐷 4𝑡, ignore 𝐷12 and higher terms
1 +4

1 1
= 4 1−𝐷 4𝑡
1

= (1 − 𝐷1 )−1 𝑡
= (1 + 𝐷1 )𝑡
=𝑡+1

Step 3: Find General solution

𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑐3 𝑒 −2𝑡 + 𝑡 + 1
Put 𝑡 = log(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = 𝑐1 (𝑥 − 1) + 𝑐2 (𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑐3 (𝑥 − 1)−2 + log(𝑥 − 1) + 1

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 45

 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
3. Solve: (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟖𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑

Step 1: Reduce it to an L.D.E with constant coefficients

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
Put 2𝑥 − 1 = 𝑒 𝑡 , (2𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝐷1 𝑦, (2𝑥 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥 2 = 4𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)𝑦
2
𝑒 𝑡 +1 𝑒 𝑡 +1
4𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)𝑦 + 2𝐷1 𝑦 − 2𝑦 = 8 ( ) − 2( )+3
2 2

4𝐷12 𝑦 − 4𝐷1 𝑦 + 2𝐷1 𝑦 − 2𝑦 = 2(𝑒 2𝑡 + 2𝑒 𝑡 + 1) − 𝑒 𝑡 − 1 + 3

4𝐷12 𝑦 − 2𝐷1 𝑦 − 2𝑦 = 2𝑒 2𝑡 + 3𝑒 𝑡 + 4
3
2𝐷12 𝑦 − 𝐷1 𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑡 + 2 𝑒 𝑡 + 2
3
(2𝐷12 − 𝐷1 − 1)𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑡 + 2 𝑒 𝑡 + 2

Step 2: Find CF and PI in terms of 𝒕

Auxiliary equation is 2𝑚2 − 𝑚 − 1 = 0
1
Roots are 1, − 2
𝑡
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2
1
𝑃𝐼1 = 2𝐷2−𝐷 𝑒 2𝑡 , 𝐷1 = 2, 𝑓(𝐷1 ) = 5
1 1 −1

1
= 5 𝑒 2𝑡
3 1
𝑃𝐼2 = 2 2𝐷2−𝐷 𝑒 𝑡 , 𝐷1 = 1, 𝑓(𝐷1 ) = 0
1 1 −1

3 1
= 2 𝑡 4𝐷−1 𝑒 𝑡 , 𝐷 = 1
3𝑡 1 𝑡
= × 3 𝑒𝑡 = 2 𝑒𝑡
2
1
𝑃𝐼3 = 2 2𝐷2−𝐷 𝑒 0𝑡 , 𝐷1 = 0, 𝑓(𝐷1 ) = −1
1 1 −1

= 2(−1) = −2

Step 3: Find General solution

𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼1 + 𝑃𝐼2 + 𝑃𝐼3
𝑡
1 𝑡𝑒 𝑡
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2 + 5 𝑒 2𝑡 + −2
2

Put 𝑡 = log(2𝑥 − 1) 𝑜𝑟 𝑒 𝑡 = 2𝑥 − 1
1
1 1
𝑦 = 𝑐1 (2𝑥 − 1) + 𝑐2 (2𝑥 − 1)−2 + 5 (2𝑥 − 1)2 + 2 (2𝑥 − 1) log(2𝑥 − 1) − 2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 46

 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
4. Solve: (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟐 − (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑) 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐𝒚 = 𝟔𝒙

Step 1: Reduce it to an L.D.E with constant coefficients

Put 2𝑥 + 3 = 𝑒 𝑡
𝑑𝑦
(2𝑥 + 3) = 2𝐷1 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
(2𝑥 + 3)2 = 4𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑒 𝑡 −3
4𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)𝑦 − 2𝐷1 𝑦 − 12𝑦 = 6 ( )
2

(4𝐷12 − 4𝐷1 − 2𝐷1 − 12)𝑦 = 3(𝑒 𝑡 − 3)

(4𝐷12 − 6𝐷1 − 12)𝑦 = 3𝑒 𝑡 − 9
3 9
(2𝐷12 − 3𝐷1 − 6)𝑦 = 2 𝑒 𝑡 − 2

Step 2: Find CF and PI in terms of 𝒕

Auxiliary equation is 2𝑚2 − 3𝑚 − 6 = 0
3±√57
Roots are 4
3+√57 3−√57
( )𝑡 ( )𝑡
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 4 + 𝑐2 𝑒 4

1 3
𝑃𝐼1 = 2𝐷2−3𝐷 ( 𝑒𝑡)
1 1 −6 2

3 1
= 2 2𝐷2−3𝐷 𝑒 𝑡 , 𝐷1 = 1, 𝑓(𝐷1 ) = −7
1 1 −6

3 𝑒𝑡 3
= 2 (− 7 ) = − 14 𝑒 𝑡
9 1
𝑃𝐼2 = − 2 𝑒 0𝑡 , 𝐷1 = −6
2𝐷12 −3𝐷1 −6
9 1 3
= − 2 (− 6) = 4

Step 3: Find General solution

𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼1 + 𝑃𝐼2
3+√57 3−√57
( )𝑡 ( )𝑡 3 3
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 4 + 𝑐2 𝑒 4 − 14 𝑒 𝑡 + 4

Put 𝑒 𝑡 = 2𝑥 + 3
3 3
𝑦 = 𝑐1 (2𝑥 + 3)𝑝 + 𝑐2 (2𝑥 + 3)𝑞 − 14 (2𝑥 + 3) + 4
3+√57 3−√57
Where, 𝑝 = , 𝑞=
4 4

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 47

 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
5. Solve: (𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟑𝟔𝒚 = 𝟖𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏

Step 1: Reduce it to an L.D.E with constant coefficients

Put 3𝑥 + 2 = 𝑒 𝑡
𝑑𝑦
(3𝑥 + 2) = 3𝐷1 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
(3𝑥 + 2)2 = 9𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
2
𝑒 𝑡 −2 𝑒 𝑡 −2
9𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)𝑦 + 3(3𝐷1 )𝑦 − 36𝑦 = 8 ( ) + 4( )+1
3 3
8 4 1
(9𝐷12 − 9𝐷1 + 9𝐷1 − 36)𝑦 = (𝑒 2𝑡 − 4𝑒 𝑡 + 4) + (3𝑒 𝑡 − 6) + (9)
9 9 9
1
(9𝐷12 − 36)𝑦 = 9 (8𝑒 2𝑡 − 32𝑒 𝑡 + 32 + 12𝑒 𝑡 − 24 + 9)
8 20 17
(9𝐷12 − 36)𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑡 − 𝑒𝑡 +
9 9 9
8 20 17
(𝐷12 − 4)𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑡 − 81 𝑒 𝑡 + 81
81

Step 2: Find CF and PI in terms of 𝒕

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 − 4 = 0
Roots are 2, −2
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑡
1 8
𝑃𝐼1 = 𝐷2−4 (81 𝑒 2𝑡 ) , 𝐷1 = 2, 𝑓(𝐷1 ) = 0
1

8 1
= 81 𝑡 2𝐷 𝑒 2𝑡
1

4𝑡 𝑒 2𝑡 2𝑡
= 81 ( ) = 81 𝑒 2𝑡
2
1 20
𝑃𝐼2 = 𝐷2−4 (− 81 𝑒 𝑡 ) , 𝐷1 = 1, 𝑓(𝐷1 ) = −3
1
1 20 20
= − 3 (− 81) 𝑒 𝑡 = 243 𝑒 𝑡

1 17
𝑃𝐼2 = 𝐷2−4 (81 𝑒 0𝑡 ) , 𝐷1 = 0, 𝑓(𝐷1 ) = −4
1
1 17 17
= − 4 (81) = − 324

Step 3: Find General solution

𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼1 + 𝑃𝐼2
2𝑡 17
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑡 + 81 𝑒 2𝑡 − 324

Put 𝑒 𝑡 = 3𝑥 + 2
2𝑡 17
𝑦 = 𝑐1 (3𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝑐2 (3𝑥 + 2)−2 + 81 (2𝑥 + 3)2 − 324

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 48

 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
6. Solve: (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓)𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟖𝒚 = 𝟔𝒙 (Jan 18)

Step 1: Reduce it to an L.D.E with constant coefficients

Put 2𝑥 + 5 = 𝑒 𝑡
𝑑𝑦
(2𝑥 + 5) = 2𝐷1 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
(2𝑥 + 5)2 = 4𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑒 𝑡 −5
4𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)𝑦 − 2𝐷1 𝑦 − 12𝑦 = 6 ( )
2

(4𝐷12 − 4𝐷1 − 2𝐷1 − 12)𝑦 = 3(𝑒 𝑡 − 5)

(4𝐷12 − 6𝐷1 − 12)𝑦 = 3𝑒 𝑡 − 15
3 15
(2𝐷12 − 3𝐷1 − 6)𝑦 = 2 𝑒 𝑡 − 2

Step 2: Find CF and PI in terms of 𝒕

Auxiliary equation is 2𝑚2 − 3𝑚 − 6 = 0
3±√57
Roots are 4
3+√57 3−√57
( )𝑡 ( )𝑡
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 4 + 𝑐2 𝑒 4

1 3
𝑃𝐼1 = 2𝐷2−3𝐷 ( 𝑒𝑡)
1 1 −6 2

3 1
= 2 2𝐷2−3𝐷 𝑒 𝑡 , 𝐷1 = 1, 𝑓(𝐷1 ) = −7
1 1 −6

3 𝑒𝑡 3
= 2 (− 7 ) = − 14 𝑒 𝑡
15 1
𝑃𝐼2 = − 𝑒 0𝑡 , 𝐷1 = 0, 𝑓(𝐷1 ) = −6
2 2𝐷12 −3𝐷1 −6
15 1 5
=− (− 6) = 4
2

Step 3: Find General solution

𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼1 + 𝑃𝐼2
3+√57 3−√57
( )𝑡 ( )𝑡 3 5
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 4 + 𝑐2 𝑒 4 − 14 𝑒 𝑡 + 4

Put 𝑒 𝑡 = 2𝑥 + 3
3 5
𝑦 = 𝑐1 (2𝑥 + 3)𝑝 + 𝑐2 (2𝑥 + 3)𝑞 − 14 (2𝑥 + 3) + 4
3+√57 3−√57
Where, 𝑝 = , 𝑞=
4 4

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 49

 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
7. Solve: (𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔(𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔𝒚 = 𝟖(𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙)𝟐

Step 1: Reduce it to an L.D.E with constant coefficients

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
Put 1 + 2𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , (1 + 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝐷1 𝑦, (1 + 2𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 2 = 4𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)𝑦
2
𝑒 𝑡 −1
4𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)𝑦 − 6(2𝐷1 𝑦) + 16𝑦 = 8 ( )
2

4𝐷12 𝑦 − 16𝐷1 𝑦 − 12𝐷1 𝑦 + 16𝑦 = 4(𝑒 2𝑡 − 2𝑒 𝑡 + 1)

(4𝐷12 − 16𝐷1 + 16)𝑦 = 4𝑒 2𝑡 − 8𝑒 𝑡 + 4
(𝐷12 − 4𝐷1 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑡 − 2𝑒 𝑡 + 1

Step 2: Find CF and PI in terms of 𝒕

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 4 = 0
Roots are 2, 2
𝐶𝐹 = (𝑐1 𝑡 + 𝑐2 )𝑒 2𝑡
1
𝑃𝐼1 = 𝐷2−4𝐷 𝑒 2𝑡 , 𝐷1 = 2, 𝑓(𝐷1 ) = 0
1 1 +4

1
= 𝑡 2𝐷 𝑒 2𝑡 , 𝐷1 = 2, 𝑓(𝐷1 ) = 0
1 −4

𝑡2
= 𝑒 2𝑡
2
1
𝑃𝐼2 = −2 𝐷2−4𝐷 𝑒 𝑡 , 𝐷1 = 1, 𝑓(𝐷1 ) = 1
1 1 +4

= −2𝑒 𝑡
1
𝑃𝐼3 = 2 𝐷2−4𝐷 𝑒 0𝑡 , 𝐷1 = 0, 𝑓(𝐷1 ) = 4
1 1 +4

1 1
= 2 (4) = 2

Step 3: Find General solution

𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼1 + 𝑃𝐼2 + 𝑃𝐼3
𝑡𝑒 𝑡 1
𝑦 = (𝑐1 𝑡 + 𝑐2 )𝑒 2𝑡 − 2𝑒 𝑡 + +2
2

Put 𝑡 = log(1 + 2𝑥) 𝑜𝑟 𝑒 𝑡 = 1 + 2𝑥

(1+2𝑥) log(1+2𝑥) 1
𝑦 = [𝑐1 log(1 + 2𝑥) + 𝑐2 ] (1 + 2𝑥)2 − 2(1 + 2𝑥) + +2
2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 50

 8. Solve: (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐 𝒚′′ + (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝒚′ + 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧[𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐 ]

Step 1: Reduce it to an L.D.E with constant coefficients

Put 1 + 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡
(1 + 𝑥)𝐷𝑦 = 𝐷1 𝑦
(1 + 𝑥)2 𝐷2 𝑦 = 𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)𝑦
𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1)𝑦 + 𝐷1 𝑦 + 𝑦 = sin 2𝑡
[𝐷1 (𝐷1 − 1) + 𝐷1 + 1]𝑦 = sin 2𝑡
[𝐷12 − 𝐷1 + 𝐷1 + 1]𝑦 = sin 2𝑡
[𝐷12 + 1]𝑦 = sin 2𝑡

Step 2: Find CF and PI in terms of 𝒕

Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 1 = 0
Roots are ±𝑖
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑡 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑡
1
𝑃𝐼 = 𝐷2+1 sin 2𝑡, 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷12 = −4
1

1
= − 3 sin 2𝑡

Step 3: General solution

𝑦 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼
1
𝑦 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑡 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑡 − 3 sin 2𝑡

Put 𝑡 = log(1 + 𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑐1 cos[log(1 + 𝑥)] + 𝑐2 sin[log(1 + 𝑥)] − sin[2 log(1 + 𝑥)]
𝑦 = 𝑐1 cos[log(1 + 𝑥)] + 𝑐2 sin[log(1 + 𝑥)] − sin[log(1 + 𝑥)2 ]

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 51

 3.6 RL and RC circuits

Notation Terminology Unit

L Inductance Henry
C Capacitance Farad Introduction:
R Resistance Ohms
E Electro motive force (e.m.f.) Volts
I Current Amperes
Q Charge Coloumb

𝑑𝑄
(i) 𝐼 = 𝑑𝑡

(ii) Voltage drop across resistance 𝑅 = 𝑅𝐼

𝑑𝐼
(iii) Voltage drop across inductance 𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑑𝑡

𝑄
(iv) Voltage drop across capacitance 𝐶 = 𝐶

𝑑𝐼
By Kirchhoff’s law, 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑅𝐼 = 𝐸 in LR circuit.

𝑄
By Kirchhoff’s law, 𝑅𝐼 + = 𝐸 in RC circuit.
𝐶

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 52

1. A resistance of 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝛀, an inductance of 0.5 henry are connected in series with a
battery of 20 volts. Find the current in the circuit at 𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟓 secs. If 𝒊 = 𝟎 at 𝒕 = 𝟎.
By data, 𝐸 = 20, 𝑅 = 100, 𝐿 = 0.5
By Kirchhoff’s law,
𝑑𝑖
𝐿 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑅𝑖 = 𝐸

On substituting,
𝑑𝑖
0.5 𝑑𝑡 + 100𝑖 = 20
𝑑𝑖
+ 200𝑖 = 40
𝑑𝑡

By separating the variables,

𝑑𝑖
= 𝑑𝑡
40−200𝑖

On integrating,
−0.005 log(40 − 200𝑖) = 𝑡 + 𝑐
log(40 − 200𝑖) = −200𝑡 + 𝑐′
By taking anti log,
′
40 − 200𝑖 = 𝑘𝑒 −200𝑡 , 𝑘 = 𝑒 𝑐
By data, 𝑖 = 0 at 𝑡 = 0.
40 = 𝑘
Therefore, solution is
40 − 200𝑖 = 40𝑒 −200𝑡
Dividing by 40, 1 − 5𝑖 = 𝑒 −200𝑡
At 𝑡 = 0.5
1 − 5𝑖 = 𝑒 −100
1−𝑒 −100
𝑖= 5

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 53

2. Find the current at any time 𝒕 > 𝟎, in a circuit having in series a constant
electromotive force 𝟒𝟎𝑽, a resistor 𝟏𝟎𝛀, an inductor 𝟎. 𝟐𝑯 given that initial current
is zero.
By data, 𝐸 = 40, 𝑅 = 10, 𝐿 = 0.2
𝑑𝐼
By Kirchoff’s law, 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑅𝐼 = 𝐸
𝑑𝐼
On substituting, 0.2 𝑑𝑡 + 10𝐼 = 40
𝑑𝐼
Therefore, 𝑑𝑡 + 50𝐼 = 200
𝑑𝐼
200 − 50𝐼 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐼
= 𝑑𝑡
200−50𝐼
1 (−50)𝑑𝐼
− 50 ∫ 200−50𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
1
− 50 log(200 − 50𝐼) = 𝑡 + 𝑐

log(200 − 50𝐼) = −50𝑡 − 50𝑐

200 − 50𝐼 = 𝑘𝑒 −50𝑡
By data, 𝐼 = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0.
Therefore, 𝑘 = 200.
Solution is given by
200 − 50𝐼 = 200𝑒 −50𝑡
50𝐼 = 200(1 − 𝑒 −50𝑡 )
𝐼 = 4(1 − 𝑒 −50𝑡 )

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 54

3. A generator having e.m.f. 100 volts is connected in series with a 10 ohms resistor
and an inductor of 2 henries. If the switch is closed at a time 𝒕 = 𝟎, determine the
current at time 𝒕 > 𝟎.
By data, 𝐸 = 100, 𝑅 = 10, 𝐿 = 2
𝑑𝐼
By Kirchoff’s law, 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑅𝐼 = 𝐸
𝑑𝐼
On substituting, 2 𝑑𝑡 + 10𝐼 = 100
𝑑𝐼
Therefore, 𝑑𝑡 + 5𝐼 = 50

By separating the variables,

𝑑𝐼
= 𝑑𝑡
50−5𝐼

On integrating,
1
− 5 log(50 − 5𝐼) = 𝑡 + 𝑐

log(50 − 5𝐼) = −5𝑡 − 5𝑐

By taking anti log,

50 − 5𝐼 = 𝑒 −5𝑡 𝑒 −5𝑐
𝑒 −5𝑐
𝐼 = 10 − 𝑘𝑒 −5𝑡 , 𝑘 =
5

By data, at 𝑡 = 0, 𝐼 = 0.

0 = 10 − 𝑘, 𝑘 = 10

Therefore, 𝐼 = 10 − 10𝑒 −5𝑡

= 10(1 − 𝑒 −5𝑡 )

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 55

4. A decaying e.m.f. 𝑬 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒆−𝟓𝒕 is connected in series with a 𝟐𝟎 𝒐𝒉𝒎 resistor and
𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝒇𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒅 capacitor. Find the charge and current at any time assuming 𝑸 = 𝟎 at
𝒕 = 𝟎. Show that the charge reaches the maximum. Calculate it and find time when
it is reached.
By data, 𝐸 = 200 𝑒 −5𝑡 , 𝑅 = 20, 𝐶 = 0.01
𝑄
By Kirchoff’s law, 𝑅𝐼 + 𝐶 = 𝐸
𝑄
On substituting, 20𝐼 + 0.01 = 200𝑒 −5𝑡
𝑑𝑄
Therefore, + 5𝑄 = 10𝑒 −5𝑡
𝑑𝑡

Solution is given by

𝑄. 𝑒 5𝑡 = ∫ 10𝑒 −5𝑡 𝑒 5𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐

𝑄. 𝑒 5𝑡 = 10𝑡 + 𝑐

By data, at 𝑡 = 0, 𝑄 = 0.

0 = 0 + 𝑐, 𝑐 = 0

Therefore, 𝑄. 𝑒 5𝑡 = 10𝑡

𝑄 = 10𝑡 𝑒 −5𝑡
𝑑𝑄
= 10(𝑒 −5𝑡 − 5𝑡𝑒 −5𝑡 ) = 10(1 − 5𝑡)𝑒 −5𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑄
𝑄 is maximum when =0
𝑑𝑡

10(1 − 5𝑡)𝑒 −5𝑡 = 0

1
𝑡 = 5.

1 2
Maximum value of 𝑄 = 10 (5) 𝑒 −1 = 𝑒

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 56

5. When a Resistance R ohms is connected in series with an inductance L henries with
𝒅𝒊
an e.m.f. of E volts, the current 𝒊 amperes at time 𝒕 is given by 𝑳 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑹𝒊 = 𝑬. If 𝑬 =
𝟏𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 volts and 𝒊 = 𝟎 when 𝒕 = 𝟎, find 𝒊 as a function of 𝒕.

𝑑𝐼
L𝑑𝑡 + 𝑅𝐼 = 𝐸, Put 𝐸 = 10 sin 𝑡 , 𝑖 = 0, 𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝐼
𝐿 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑅𝐼 = 10 sin 𝑡
𝑑𝐼 𝑅
+ 𝐿 𝐼 = 10 sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑅 𝑅
𝐼. 𝑒 ∫ 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 10 sin 𝑡 . 𝑒 ∫ 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐
𝑅𝑡 𝑅𝑡
𝐼. 𝑒 𝐿 = ∫ 10 sin 𝑡 . 𝑒 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐
𝑅𝑡
𝑅𝑡
10𝑒 𝐿 𝑅
𝐼. 𝑒 𝐿 = 𝑅2
( 𝐿 sin 𝑡 − cos 𝑡) + 𝑐
+1
𝐿2

𝑅𝑡
10𝐿
𝐼 = 𝑅2+𝐿2 (𝑅 sin 𝑡 − 𝐿 cos 𝑡) + 𝑐𝑒 − 𝐿

By data, at 𝑡 = 0, 𝐼 = 0.
10𝐿
0 = 𝐿2+𝑅2 (−𝐿) + 𝑐

10𝐿2
Therefore, 𝑐 = 𝐿2+𝑅2
𝑅𝑡
10𝐿
𝐼 = 𝑅2+𝐿2 (𝑅 sin 𝑡 − 𝐿 cos 𝑡 + 𝐿𝑒 − 𝐿 )

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 57

6. When a switch is closed in a circuit containing a battery E, a resistance R and an
𝒅𝒊
inductance L, the current I builds up at a rate given by 𝑳 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑹𝒊 = 𝑬. Find 𝒊 as a
function of 𝒕. How long will it be , before the current has reached one-half its final
value if 𝑬 = 𝟔 volts, 𝑹 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ohms and 𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟏 henry?

To find I:
𝑑𝐼
𝐿 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑅𝐼 = 𝐸, Put 𝐸 = 6, 𝑅 = 100, 𝐿 = 0.1
𝑑𝐼
0.1 𝑑𝑡 + 100𝐼 = 6
𝑑𝐼
+ 1000𝐼 = 60
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐼
= 𝑑𝑡
60−1000𝐼

−0.001 log(60 − 1000𝐼) = 𝑡 + 𝑐

log(60 − 1000𝐼) = −1000𝑡 + 𝑐′
60 − 1000𝐼 = 𝑘𝑒 −1000𝑡
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑖 = 0. 𝑠𝑜, 𝑘 = 60
60 − 1000𝐼 = 60𝑒 −1000𝑡
1000𝐼 = 60 − 60𝑒 −1000𝑡
𝐼 = 0.06(1 − 𝑒 −1000𝑡 )

To find t when I reaches max. value of I/2 :

When t is max, I is max. So, Max. value of 𝐼 = 0.06
𝐼
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 2 = 0.03

0.03 = 0.06(1 − 𝑒 −1000𝑡 )

𝑒 1000𝑡 = 2
𝑡 = 0.0006931 𝑠𝑒𝑐

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 58