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important_topics

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16 views3 pages

important_topics

Uploaded by

Ali Ahmad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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IMPORTANT Topics

1. Priority Inversion

 Problem: A high-priority task is waiting for a lower-priority task to release a resource, but a
medium-priority task preempts the lower-priority task, leading to a deadlock or significant
delays.

 Solution: Priority inheritance protocol, where the lower-priority task temporarily inherits the
higher priority to prevent preemption.

2. Deadlock

 Problem: A set of processes are blocked because each process is waiting for a resource
that another process holds.

 Conditions: Mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait.

 Solutions:

o Prevention: Break at least one of the necessary conditions.

o Avoidance: Use algorithms like Banker's Algorithm.

o Detection and Recovery: Detect cycles in resource allocation and preempt


resources.

3. Starvation (or Aging)

 Problem: A low-priority process waits indefinitely because higher-priority processes


continue to preempt it.

 Solution: Aging, where the priority of waiting processes increases over time.

4. Producer-Consumer Problem (Bounded Bu er Problem)

 Problem: The producer and consumer processes share a bounded bu er, leading to
synchronization issues.

 Solution: Use semaphores or mutex locks to synchronize access to the bu er.

5. Reader-Writer Problem

 Problem: Multiple readers and writers access a shared resource, potentially leading to
inconsistent states.

 Solutions:
o First Reader-Writers Problem: Ensure readers don’t starve writers.

o Second Reader-Writers Problem: Ensure writers don’t starve readers.

o Implement using semaphores or reader-writer locks.

7. Critical Section Problem

 Problem: Multiple processes accessing a shared resource can lead to race conditions.

 Solution: Use synchronization primitives like locks, semaphores, or monitors to ensure


mutual exclusion.

8. Page Fault and Thrashing

 Problem: When the required page is not in memory (page fault) or excessive page faults
occur due to insu icient memory allocation (thrashing).

 Solution:

o Use e icient page replacement algorithms (e.g., LRU, FIFO).

o Allocate su icient memory or adjust the degree of multiprogramming.

9. Memory Fragmentation

 Problem: Free memory is split into small blocks, leading to ine icient memory usage.

 Solutions:

o External Fragmentation: Use compaction or paging.

o Internal Fragmentation: Use smaller allocation units.

10. File Allocation Problems

 Problem: Issues like fragmentation or file allocation table (FAT) corruption.

 Solution: Use e icient allocation methods like contiguous allocation, linked allocation, or
indexed allocation.

11. Banker's Algorithm Problem

 Problem: Simulate deadlock avoidance by determining safe and unsafe states.

 Solution: Implement the Banker's Algorithm to check resource allocation safety.


12. Process Synchronization Problems

 Problem: Processes need to coordinate and share resources without conflicts.

 Solution: Use synchronization mechanisms like semaphores, monitors, and condition


variables.

13. Load Balancing

 Problem: Uneven distribution of tasks across processors in a multi-processor system.

 Solution: Implement dynamic or static load balancing algorithms.

14. CPU Scheduling Problems

 Problem: Ensuring fairness, e iciency, and responsiveness in CPU allocation.

 Solution: Use scheduling algorithms like FCFS, SJF, SRTF, RR, and Priority Scheduling.

15. I/O Bottleneck

 Problem: Slow I/O devices limit overall system performance.

 Solution: Implement bu ering, caching, or asynchronous I/O operations.

16. Thrashing in Virtual Memory

 Problem: Excessive paging due to insu icient frames for processes.

 Solution: Increase physical memory, use working set model, or reduce degree of
multiprogramming.

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