Gr 9 Maths: Content Area 3 & 4

Geometry & Measurement (2D)

QUESTIONS
Mostly past ANA exam content
• Geometry of Straight Lines
• Triangles: Basic facts All questions have been
s graded to facilitate
• Congruent Δ concept development.
s
• Similar Δ GOOD LUCK!

• Quadrilaterals
• Polygons
Compiled by
Anne Eadie & Gretel Lampe
THE ANSWER SERIES

Theorem of Pythagoras tel: (021) 671 0837

fax: (021) 671 2546
faxtoemail: 088 021 671 2546
Area and Perimeter of 2D shapes www.theanswer.co.za
Questions: Geometry of Straight lines

2. Calculate the size 5. In the figure, Bˆ 3 = 35º and BE || CF.

GEOMETRY OF STRAIGHT LINES of the largest angle.
Determine the size of Bˆ and BCF.
1
ˆ
x – 6°
( Solutions on page A1) Show all your steps x – 9° x + 15°
with reasons. (4)
B 3 C
Refer to page Q13 for details A 1 2

on parallel lines & angles.

3. Complete the following:
E F
3.1 Angles which add up to 90º are called
1. Calculate the sizes of the angles marked a to d.
Give reasons for your answers. . . . . . . . angles. (1) Statement Reason

Bˆ 1 =
1.1 3.2 Angles around a point add up to . . . . . . . (1)
43° ˆ =
BCF
A a B
(3)

C D 6. A T
b 4. Complete each of the following statements:
(3)
4.1 D̂ and F̂ are complementary angles if

1.2 ____________________________________ . (1)

58° 4.2 The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 2

1 3 1
c B
equal to _____________________________ . (1) 2 C D
12°

(2) 4.3 The sum of the exterior angles of any polygon In the figure above, AB || TC, Cˆ 1 = 65º and Cˆ 2 = 43º.
is equal to ___________________________ . (1)
Calculate the size of  , Bˆ 1 and Bˆ 2 .
1.3 P Q
4.4 A trapezium is a quadrilateral with one pair Statement Reason
d
of ___________________ sides. (1)

4.5 The diagonals of a rectangle are _________

112° in length. (1)
S R T (3)
(4)

Copyright © The Answer Q1

 Questions: Geometry of Straight lines

7. Give reasons for each of your statements in the 10. Find the size of angles a to g (in that order),
questions below. giving reasons. STRAIGHT LINE GEOMETRY
g
In the figure PQ || RS, Qˆ 1 , Qˆ 2 and Qˆ 3 Important Vocabulary
are equal to 2 x, 3 x and 4 x respectively.
60° 35° An acute angle is one that lies between 0º and 90º.
R̂ = y and Ŝ = z.
a An obtuse angle is one that lies between 90º and 180º.
T
b
e A reflex angle is one that lies between 180º and 360º.
c d f
1
Q
(7) A right angle = 90º
P
2 3
A straight angle = 180º
11. In the sketch, AB is a straight line. A revolution = 360º
Determine the value of x + y. When the sum of 2 angles = 90º, we say the angles are
complementary.
y z When the sum of 2 angles = 180º, we say the angles are
R S
supplementary.

7.1 Calculate the value of x. (3)

x+y
7.2 Calculate the value of y. (3) x y When 2 lines intersect, 2
1
A B
(4) 4 angles are formed : 3
7.3 Calculate the value of z. (3) 4
ˆ 2,
1, ˆ 3,
ˆ 4ˆ
12. Calculate, with reasons, the value of x.
8. Calculate, with reasons, the value of x. Adjacent angles have a common vertex and a common
A arm, e.g. 1̂ and 2, ˆ 3ˆ and 4ˆ or 1ˆ and 4.
ˆ 2ˆ and 3, ˆ
A B 120°
3x – 10° Vertically opposite angles lie opposite each other,
e.g. 1̂ and 3ˆ or 2ˆ and 4.
ˆ
x + 30° 110° B
C D
(4)
x (4) The FACTS
C
9. State, giving reasons, P R When 2 lines intersect:
whether PQ || RS. Hint: Draw a third line, through B,  adjacent angles are supplementary
parallel to the given parallel lines.
U V 104°
 vertically opposite angles are equal.
T W
76°
For further practice in this topic –
See the end of the questions
see The Answer Series
Gr 9 Mathematics 2 in 1 on p. 1.32 for more on straight lines.
Q S (4)

Q2 Copyright © The Answer

Questions: Triangles

4. In ΔEDF, DF is produced to C. 7. Using the figure below, calculate the size of the
TRIANGLES: BASIC FACTS The size of Ê is . . . ?
angles a, b and c (in this order).
( Solutions on page A3) E AD = BD = BC; A
ˆ = 72º
ADB a
Reasons must be provided for all Geometry statements.
1. In the figure below, ΔANT is an equilateral triangle.
Calculate the size of Tˆ and Tˆ .
1 2 3x 4x 5x B
b
72°
D
A D F C

A 40º B 60º
C 140º D 20º (1) [10] c
C
(6)
2 1
5. B
P T N
(4)

2. ˆ = 70º;
In the figure below, CS || HN, EAW 8. Determine the values of x, a, b and c in the figures
AE = AW and CAE ˆ = x. below.
C
A
Determine the value of x. 8.1

A 44°
C S In ΔABC, AB = AC and Ĉ = x.
x
70° Determine the size of  in terms of x. (3)

A
1 2 1 2 6. x 106° (2)
H E W N (3)

50° 110°
3. In ΔPRT alongside, P B C D
M is the midpoint of PR 8.2 a
and MR = MT. ˆ = 110º.
In the figure above, B̂ = 50º and ACD
M 1
If P̂ = 25º, calculate 2
The size of  is . . . . . .
with reasons: A 50º B 60º c
1
2
3.1 The size of Tˆ R T (1) C 110º D 160º 28°
1 b 44°
(6)
ˆ
3.2 The size of M (1)
2

Copyright © The Answer Q3

 Questions: Triangles

9. Calculate the values of x and y if

Bˆ 2 = x, Dˆ 2 = y, Dˆ 1 = 44º, Cˆ 1 = 75º and AD || BC. TRIANGLES: Study the following very carefully
CLASSIFICATION OF TRIANGLES . . . INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR ANGLES . . .
A B
1 Triangles are classified according to their sides or 1 1̂ , 2̂ and 3̂
x 2
their angles (or both). are interior y
2 3 x
y angles of the
2
44° 75° • Sides triangle x̂ is an exterior ø
1 2 1
ŷ is not an exterior ø
D C E (3) equilateral Δ isosceles Δ scalene Δ
An exterior angle is formed between one side of
a triangle and the produced (extension) of another.

10. A B 3 sides equal 2 sides equal no sides equal 4 BASIC FACTS

• FACT 1
C 95° A
1 • Angles The sum of the
Aˆ + Bˆ + Cˆ = 180°
acute-angled Δ right-angled Δ obtuse-angled Δ interior angles
of a triangle = 180° B C
30°
E D
• FACT 2 :
The exterior angle 2 1̂ = 2ˆ + 3ˆ
3 acute angles 1 right angle (90°) 1 obtuse angle of a triangle equals
ˆ = 95º
In the above figure AB || ED, ACD the sum of the 3 1

and D̂ = 30º. interior opposite angles.

• Sides and Angles
• FACT 3 A
Determine the size of Ê and  . (3) If AB = AC,
In an isosceles triangle, then 1̂ = 2̂
the base angles
1 2 Converse:
are equal. B C
This is an This is an This is a If 1̂ = 2̂,
isosceles, isosceles, scalene, The converse states: then
For further practice in this topic – right-angled acute-angled obtuse-angled
If 2 angles of a triangle are equal, AB = AC
see The Answer Series triangle triangle triangle.
Gr 9 Mathematics 2 in 1 on p. 1.24 then the sides opposite them are equal.

• FACT 4
60°
The angles of an equilateral triangle
all equal 60°.
60° 60°

Q4 Copyright © The Answer

Questions: Congruent Triangles

3. Why is ΔABC ≡ ΔDCB? 6. In the figure below ΔKNQ and ΔMPQ have a common
CONGRUENT ΔS vertex Q.
A D
( Solutions on page A4) P is a point on KQ and N is a point on MQ.
KQ = MQ and PQ = QN.
B C K
See the notes on Congruency
and Similarity on page A5 A S, S, S B 90º, Hyp, S (RHS)

C S, ø , S D ø, ø, S

1. P A F E 1 P
2
4. In the figure below Dˆ 1 = Bˆ 2 = 90º and AD = BC.
1 2
B C M N Q
2 1
Q R B D
C
Prove with reasons that ΔKNQ ≡ ΔMPQ. (4)
Which triangle is congruent to ΔPQR? 2 1
A D
Statement Reason
Prove that ΔABD ≡ ΔCDB. 7. ΔABC, D and E are points on BC such that BD = EC
and AD = AE.
A
(2)
5. In the figure below, AB = AC and BD = CD.
2. State which triangle is congruent to ΔABC.
A
C P
1 2

1 2
A B Q R D

B D E C
S
B C
7.1 Why is BE = CD? (1)
5.1 Prove that ΔABD ≡ ΔACD. (4)
7.2 Which triangle is congruent to ΔABE? (1)
T V (2) ˆ
5.2 Prove that DA bisects BAC (2)

Copyright © The Answer Q5

 Questions: Congruent Triangles

8. In the given figure, P and T 9.2 Prove that ΔABC ≡ ΔDEF. 10. In the figure B
are points on a circle with P N T alongside 1

centre M.
2 1 Statement Reason
AB = AC 1 2
2 1 2
N is a point on a A D
and 2 1 E 1
M
chord PT such that BD = CD
1
MN ⊥ PT.
C
Prove that PN = NT.
10.1 Prove that ΔABD ≡ ΔACD. (4)
Statement Reason
10.2 Prove that ΔABE ≡ ΔACE. (4)
(5)
10.3 Prove that Eˆ 1 = Eˆ 2 = 90º. (3)

9.3 Why is Bˆ = Eˆ ? 10.4 Hence, state the relationship

between AE and BC. (1)
Statement Reason

Bˆ = Eˆ 11. In the figure below, PS || QR. Which ONE of the

following statements is true for this figure?
(1)
(8) P S

9. E 9.4 Use your answer in Question 9.3 to derive a

A C
further relationship between AB and ED.
T
1
Note: It has (already) been given that AB = ED.
Q R
1 Statement Reason
F D
A ΔPTS ≡ ΔPQT
B
B ΔPTS ≡ ΔRTQ
In the above diagram, AC = DF, AB = DE and BF = CE.
(2) C ΔPTS ||| ΔSRT
9.1 Prove that BC = EF.
D ΔPTS ||| ΔRTQ (1)
Statement Reason

For further practice in this topic –

see The Answer Series
Gr 9 Mathematics 2 in 1 on p. 1.28
(2)

Q6 Copyright © The Answer

Questions: Similar Triangles

3. In ΔPQR and ΔSTR in the P 5. B

SIMILAR Δ S figure alongside, PQ || ST, 10 E

2
PR = 10 cm, ST = 3 cm and R 1
( Solutions on page A6) SR = 6 cm.
Q T
F
A
6 3 1 2
3.1 Prove that D
S
See the notes on Congruency ΔPQR ||| ΔSTR (4) C

and Similarity on page A5 3.2 Calculate the length of PQ. (3) In the figure,

B̂ = Ĉ , AD = 9 cm, AE = 7 cm and CE = 21 cm.

1. Examine ΔDEF and ΔKLM.
4. In ΔNML below, P and Q are points on the sides
D MN and LN respectively such that QP || LM. 5.1 Prove that ΔABD ||| ΔACE.
MN = 16 cm, QP = 3 cm and LM = 8 cm.
Statement Reason
K L M
14 cm x cm
7 cm 12 cm

E 20 cm F L 10 cm M
2 2
Q P
1 1
Complete the following calculations if ΔDEF ||| ΔKLM.
(6)
DE EF DF
= = (proportional sides of similar triangles) N
KL LM 5.2 Calculate the length of BD.
14 x 4.1 Complete the following (give reasons for
 = the statements): Statement Reason
7
Prove with reasons that ΔQPN ||| ΔLMN.
 x = ________ (3)
In ΔQPN and ΔLMN

1. N̂ ……………………………
2. Calculate the length of AB if ΔABC ||| ΔEDF:
2. Pˆ = ……………. ……………………………
A
1
(5)
E 3. Qˆ = ……………. ……………………………
1

6 cm 4 cm ∴ ΔQPN ||| Δ …. ………………………….. (4) For further practice in this topic –

see The Answer Series
B C D F
15 cm 10 cm Gr 9 Mathematics 2 in 1 on p. 1.28
(4) 4.2 Hence, calculate the length of PN. (3)

Copyright © The Answer Q7

 Questions: Quadrilaterals

3. In the figure below, ABCD is a square and ATB is an 5. A

1
D
equilateral triangle. 2
QUADRILATERALS
( Solutions on page A7) D 1 1
C
2
4
1 3 1
2
T B C
1. ABCD is a parallelogram. Calculate the size of B̂ . 2

A B
Look at parallelogram ABCD above and complete
x + 50°
the table.
1
2
A B
Statement Reason
2x – 20° 3.1 Name two isosceles triangles. (2)
C D (4)
3.2 Calculate the size of Dˆ 2 . (3) In ΔADB and ΔCBD

2. In the figure below, DEFG is a rhombus and Ê = 156°. 3.3 Calculate the size of Tˆ 4 . (2)
Dˆ 1 = ______ Alternate ø's and AD || BC

D E
1 156°
2 4. PRTW is a square. ΔPQR and ΔRTS are equilateral. Bˆ 1 = ______ Alternate ø's and AB || DC
ˆ
Calculate x (RQS)

Q BD = BD Common side
1
2
G F
x â ΔADB ≡ Δ______ ____________

Calculate the size of: R â AD = ______ and Corresponding sides of

P s
ˆ
2.1 EFG AB = ______ congruent Δ

2.2 Fˆ2 S (4)

2.3 Ĝ
W 6. A parallelogram with at least one angle equal to 90°
T (7)
Statement Reason is called a __________

2.1 ˆ =
EFG (2) A kite.

NB: Study 'Quadrilaterals' B rhombus.

2.2 Fˆ2 = (2)
on page Q12 very carefully. C trapezium.
2.3 Ĝ = (2)
D rectangle. (1)

Q8 Copyright © The Answer

Questions: Quadrilaterals

7. A B POLYGONS
2 NOTES
1
9. What is the size of each angle in a regular
T pentagon?
2
3
1 A 90°
1
2 B 120°
D P C C 100°
D 108° (1)
The bisectors of B̂ and Ĉ of parallelogram ABCD
intersect at T. Points B, T and D do not lie on
a straight line. P is a point on DC such that
ˆ = 90º.
TPD 10. What is the size of each angle in a regular hexagon?
A 90°
7.1 Prove that Tˆ 2 = 90º. (5)
B 120°

7.2 Which triangle is similar to ΔBCT? (2) C 100°

D 108° (1)
7.3 If BC = 2TC and TP = 4 cm, calculate the length
of BT. (3)

For further practice in this topic –

8. In the given quadrilateral AE = ED and BE = EC, see The Answer Series
therefore: Gr 9 Mathematics 2 in 1 on p. 1.26
A D

B C

A ΔAEB ||| ΔCED

B ΔAED ||| ΔBEC

C ΔAEB ≡ ΔDEC
D ΔAED ≡ ΔBEC (2)

Copyright © The Answer Q9

 Questions: Theorem of Pythagoras

5. In rectangle ABCD, AB = 8 cm and diagonal AC = 10 cm.

PERIMETER AND AREA FORMULAE
THEOREM OF PYTHAGORAS Calculate the length of AD.
Triangle A The perimeter
( Solutions on page A9) A 2 cm A 8 cm B
of this triangle
B 6 cm c b
= (a + b + c) units.
A 10 cm
1. In ΔABC, AB ⊥ BC. C 12,8 cm
B a C
Determine the length of D 14 cm (2)
D C The area of
AC if AB = 5 cm and 5 cm
height height a triangle =
BC = 12 cm. (4) 6. In ΔABC: AB = 9 cm, BC = 12 cm and AC = 15 cm. height
base × height
Show that B̂ = 90°. base base base 2
B 12 cm C

2.1 A For further practice in this topic –

Rectangle
see The Answer Series
Gr 9 Mathematics 2 in 1 on p. 1.33 The perimeter of a rectangle
= ℓ + b + ℓ + b
b
17 cm = 2ℓ + 2b
8 cm x = 2(ℓ + b)
A Right-angled triangle ℓ

A right-angled triangle has A ℓ: length The area of a rectangle

b: breadth = ℓ % b = ℓb
B 6 cm C y D
one angle of 90º. Here, B̂ = 90°. hypotenuse
The side opposite the right angle (90°)
2.1 Calculate x. (3) is called the hypotenuse. Square
Here, AC is the hypotenuse. B C The perimeter of a square
2.2 Calculate y. (3) = 4 % s = 4s
s
Give reasons. The Theorem of Pythagoras
The area of a square
This theorem states: = s % s = s2
3. The area of T In a right-angled triangle . . .
2
ΔTUW = 30 cm the square of the hypotenuse equals See the Quadrilaterals on page Q12
and UW = 12 cm. the sum of the squares on the other two sides. for the areas of all other quadrilaterals.
i.e. In ΔABC, B̂ = 90°
Calculate:
2 2
So: AC = AB + BC
2 Circle
3.1 TU U 12 cm W (2) The circumference
circumference of a circle:
3.2 the perimeter of ΔTUW (3) The converse theorem states the reverse:
centre
If in any ΔABC, A = πd = π(2r) = 2 π r
2 2 2 radius (r) diameter
4. A ladder is standing against the wall. If the ladder AC = AB + BC , The area of a circle:
reaches a height of 12 m up the wall and has its foot then B̂ = 90°. B C = π r2
5 m away from it, calculate the length of the ladder. (3)

Q10 Copyright © The Answer

Questions: Measurement: 2D

4. In the figure below, AP = 5 m, 6. The length of a rectangle is doubled.

MEASUREMENT: 2D AS = SB = 2 m and PS ⊥ AB. Write down the value of k if the area of the
( Solutions on page A10) enlarged rectangle = k % the area of the
A
original rectangle. (1)
5m
C 2m
1. AB, the diameter of the
P T 7. The circumference of a circle is 52 cm. Calculate
given circle, is 12 cm. S
Use π = 3,14 to answer 2m the area of the circle correct to 2 decimal places. (4)
A B
the following questions, B
correct to two decimal places. 8. Two circles have the
4.1 Calculate the length of PS correct to same centre.
1.1 Calculate the area of the circle. (4) 2 decimal places. (3) The smaller circle has a
20

1.2 Calculate the perimeter of the radius of 20 cm.

4.2 Calculate the length of PT if PT = 3 % AB. (1) The larger circle has a
semi–circle ACB. (3) 30
radius of 30 cm.
4.3 What kind of quadrilateral is APBT ? (2)
2. If the length of the side of a square is
Calculate:
0,12 cm then the area = 4.4 Calculate the area of the figure correct to
2 2 decimal places. (2) 8.1 the circumference of the smaller circle. (2)
A 0,24 cm
2 8.2 The area of the shaded section. (3)
B 0,144 cm
2
C 1,44 cm 5. A 12 cm D
2
D 0,0144 cm (2) 9. 9.1 Show that the
5 cm area of the
3. Peter runs around the field with the following R shaded ring
dimensions: is equal to
100 m 2 2
B 3 cm T C π(R – r ). (2)

r 9.2 Determine the

In parallelogram ABCD, AB = 5 cm, AD = 12 cm,
60 m area of the
BT = 3 cm and AT ⊥ BC.
shaded ring in
5.1 Calculate the length of AT. (3) terms of π if
R = 14 cm and
5.2 Determine the area of the parallelogram. (3) r = 8 cm. (2)
3.1 How many times must he run around the field
in order to run a distance of at least 4 km? 5.3 Calculate
Use π = 3,14. (4) 5.3.1 the perimeter of trapezium ADCT. (1) For further practice in this topic –
see The Answer Series
3.2 Calculate the area of this field, correct to 5.3.2 the area of trapezium ADCT. (3) Gr 9 Mathematics 2 in 1 on p. 1.26
two decimal places. (4)

Copyright © The Answer Q11

 QUADRILATERALS
Quadrilaterals play a prominent role
right through to Grade 12!

The arrows indicate

various ‘ROUTES’
Pathways of definitions and properties
from ‘any’
quadrilateral to the A Rectangle
square, the ‘ultimate A Parallelogram Definition of a rectangle
quadrilateral’.
A Trapezium Definition of a parallelogram
A parallelogram
with one right angle
A quadrilateral with 2 pairs
of opposite sides parallel Properties of a rectangle

The Sides
Properties of a parallelogram
• 2 pairs of opposite The Square
Definition of a trapezium sides parallel
The Sides
'Any' A quadrilateral with 1 pair • 2 pairs of opposite sides • 2 pairs of opposite
of opposite sides parallel parallel sides equal
Quadrilateral • 2 pairs of opposite sides The Angles
b
Properties of a trapezium equal
a • all 4 angles equal 90º
f The Sides The Angles Definition of a square
The Diagonals . . .
• 1 pair of opposite sides parallel • 2 pairs of opposite
c • bisect each other equally
e
d angles equal (the diagonals are equal to each other!) A rectangle with one pair
of adjacent sides equal
s
The Diagonals . . .
OR
Sum of the ø of • bisect each other A rhombus with one
any quadrilateral = 360° angle of 90º

Properties of a square

A square contains ALL the accumulated

See how the properties properties of sides, angles and diagonals!!!
A Kite Properties of a kite
accumulate as you
move from left to right.
A Rhombus Properties of a rhombus
The Sides
i.e. the first quad has • 2 pairs of adjacent The Sides
no special properties sides equal • all 4 sides
and each successive The Angles equal

QUADRILATERALS
quadrilateral has all • the following pair of angles The Angles
preceding properties. will be equal because of • 2 pairs of opposite angles
isosceles triangles as a result Definition of a rhombus
equal
of adjacent sides equal
A parallelogram with one pair The Diagonals . . .
The Diagonals . . . of adjacent sides equal
Definition of a kite • cut perpendicularly
• cut perpendicularly OR
A kite with 2 pairs of • bisect each other
A quadrilateral with 2 pairs • the LONG DIAGONAL bisects the
opposite sides parallel • bisect the opposite angles
of adjacent sides equal short diagonal and the opposite angles

Q12 Copyright © The Answer

Geometry of Straight lines

MORE STRAIGHT LINE GEOMETRY Angles that 'alternate'

are on opposite sides of the transversal.
Important Vocabulary
These are
When 2 lines are cut 1 2 4 3
pairs of
by another line (a transversal), 4 3
6 interior 'alternate' angles. 5
two families of angles are formed:
5 6 They are NOT necessarily equal.
ˆ 3,
ˆ 2,
1, ˆ 4ˆ and 5, ˆ 7,
ˆ 6, ˆ 8ˆ 8 7

the transversal 1 2
These are
pairs of
exterior 'alternate' angles. Not usually
4 3 1 2 7 8
These are These are used.
interior exterior
5 6 angles. angles. 8 7
These pairs of angles correspond.

1 Note:
2 4
1 2 3 They are NOT
Each of
4 3 5 6 necessarily
these groups 7 8 equal.
5 are 'co-' angles 6
8
7

i.e. they are on the same side of the transversal The FACTS
When 2 PARALLEL lines are cut by a transversal, then
1 2
the corresponding angles are equal,
These are 4 3
4 3 the (interior) alternate angles are equal, and
pairs of
5 co-interior angles.
the co-interior angles are supplementary. 5 6
6
8 7
& conversely:
They are NOT necessarily supplementary.
If the corresponding angles are equal, or if
the (interior) alternate angles are equal, or if
1 These are 2 the co-interior angles are supplementary, then the lines are parallel.
pairs of
co-exterior angles. Not usually Recognise these
8 used. angles in
7
unfamiliar situations.

Copyright © The Answer Q13

Gr 9 Maths: Content Area 3 & 4
Geometry & Measurement (2D)
ANSWERS
• Geometry of Straight Lines
• Triangles: Basic facts
s
• Congruent Δ
s
• Similar Δ
• Quadrilaterals
• Polygons
Compiled by
Anne Eadie & Gretel Lampe
THE ANSWER SERIES

Theorem of Pythagoras tel: (021) 671 0837

fax: (021) 671 2546
faxtoemail: 088 021 671 2546
Area and Perimeter of 2D shapes www.theanswer.co.za
Solutions: Geometry of Straight lines
s 7. T
5. Bˆ 1 (= Bˆ 3 ) = 35º  . . . vertically opposite ø
GEOMETRY OF STRAIGHT LINES ˆ = Bˆ
BCF
s
. . . corresponding ø ; BE || CF 2x 1
1
P Q
= 35º  3x
2 3

s 4x
1.1 â = 43º  . . . vertically opposite ø
s
b̂ = â . . . corresponding ø ; AB || CD 35°
B 3 C
= 43º 
A 1 2
y z
s R S
1.2 ĉ = 180º – (12º + 58º) . . . adjacent ø on a straight
= 110º  line add up to 180º s
7.1 2x + 3x + 4x = 180º . . . ø on a straight line
E F
s â 9x = 180º
1.3 ˆ = 112º
PQR . . . alternate ø ; PQ || SRT
s â x = 20º 
â d̂ = 180º – 112º . . . co-interior ø supplementary;
PS || QR s
= 68º  7.2 y (= Qˆ 2 ) = 3x . . . alternate ø ; PQ || RS
6. A T
= 60º  . . . x = 20º in Question 7.1

s
7.3 z (= Qˆ 1 ) = 2x  . . . corresponding ø ; PQ || RS
s
= 40º 
2. x – 9º + x – 6º + x + 15º = 360º . . . ø about a point
add up to 360º 43°
â 3x = 360º 2 65°
1 3 1
â x = 120º  B
2 C D
s
â The largest angle = x + 15° = 135°  8. (3x – 10º) + (x + 30º) = 180º . . . co-interior ø ;
s
 = Cˆ 2 . . . alternate ø ; AB || TC â 4x + 20º = 180º
AB || CD

= 43º 
Subtract 20º : â 4x = 160º
s Divide by 4: â x = 40º 
Bˆ 1 = Cˆ 1 . . . corresponding ø ; AB || TC
3. complementary 3.2 360º 
= 65º 
s
Bˆ 2 = 180º – Bˆ 1 . . . ø on a straight line
ˆ = 180º – 76º s
= 115º  9. PUV . . . ø on a straight line
4.1 D̂ + F̂ = 90º  4.2 180º 
= 104º
4.2 360º  4.4 parallel  Be sure to study ˆ = PUV
â RVW ˆ
'Straight Line Geometry' (page Q2) s
4.5 equal  - vocabulary and facts - â PQ || RS  . . . corresponding ø equal
and 'More Straight Line Geometry' (page Q13)
- vocabulary and facts -

Copyright © The Answer A1

 Solutions: Geometry of Straight lines

10. â = 60º  . . . vertically opposite angles

b̂ = 35º 
s
. . . alternate ø ; || lines
NOTES

s
ĉ = 35º  . . . base ø of isosceles Δ
s
d̂ = 180º – ( â + ĉ ) . . . sum of the ø of a Δ
= 180º – (60º + 35º)
= 85º 
exterior ø of a Δ = the sum of
ê = â – 35º ... s
the interior opposite ø
= 25º 
s
f̂ = ( b̂ + ĉ ) . . . corresponding ø ; || lines
= 70º 
s
or f̂ = ĉ + 35º . . . ext ø of Δ = sum of int. opp. ø
= 70º 
s
ĝ = ê . . . alternate ø ; || lines
= 25º 

s
11. x + ( x + y) + y = 180º . . . ø on a
straight line
â 2x + 2y = 180º
i.e. â 2(x + y) = 180º
Divide by 2: â x + y = 90º 

12. 120º + 110º + x = 2 % 180º

s
. . . 2 pairs of co-interior ø ;
parallel lines

â 230º + x = 360º A
120°
Subtract 230º: â x = 130º
110° B

x
C

A2 Copyright © The Answer

Solutions: Triangles
s
5. B̂ (= Ĉ ) = x . . . ø opposite equal sides 8.1 x = 106º – 44º . . . exterior ø of Δ = sums
in an isosceles Δ of interior opposite ø
TRIANGLES: BASIC FACTS = 62º
s
â Â = 180º – 2x  . . . sum of the ø of Δ = 180º NB : See comment in Question 6.

s s
1.1 Tˆ1 = 60º  . . . ø of an equilateral Δ all = 60º 8.2 â + 44º = 90º . . . sum of the ø of a Δ = 180º
s exterior ø of Δ = sum â â = 90º – 44º
6. Â = 110º – 50º ...
â Tˆ2 = 120º  . . . ø on a straight line of interior opposite ø
s
are supplementary = 60º  = 46º 

â Answer: B  s
s b̂ + 28º = 44º . . . ø opposite equal sides
2. Eˆ 2 + W
ˆ = 180º – 70º
1 . . . sum of the ø of a Δ in an isosceles Δ
= 110º NB : â b̂ = 44º – 28º
An interior angle = the exterior ø – the other interior ø = 16º 
s
But Eˆ 2 = W
ˆ
1 . . . AE = AW; ø opposite equal
sides in an isosceles Δ exterior ø of Δ = sum
ĉ = b̂ + 90º ... s
s
of interior opposite ø
â Eˆ 2 (= W
ˆ ) = 55º = 16º + 90º
1 7. ˆ
In ΔABD: â = ABD . . . the base ø of an
s isosceles Δ are equal = 106º 
â x (= Eˆ 2 ) = 55º  . . . alternate ø ; CS || HN s
1
â â = (180º – 72º) . . . sum of the ø
2 of a Δ
Often, in geometry riders, 1
= (108º) 9. x̂ = 75º – 44º . . . exterior ø of ΔBDC =s sum
2 of interior opposite ø
there are several possible methods. = 31º 
= 54º 
s
s ŷ = x̂ . . . alternate ø ; AD || BC
ext ø of ΔABD = the sum of
3.1 Tˆ1 = 25º  . . . ø opposite equal sides MT b̂ = 72º + â ... s = 31º 
and MP in an isosceles triangle the interior opposite ø
= 126º 
3.2 ˆ = P̂ + Tˆ
M . . . exterior ø of Δ MPT
2 1 s
= 2(25º) ˆ
ĉ = BDC . . . the base ø of an 10. Ê = 95º – 30º . . . exterior ø of ΔDECs = sum of
isosceles Δ are equal
= 50º  interior opposite ø
1 = 65º 
ĉ = (180º – b̂ )
2 s
4. 4x + 5x = 180º 
s
. . . ø on a straight line 1
= (54º) Â = 180º – Ê . . . co-interior ø are supplementary
2 because AB || ED
â 9x = 180º = 115º 
â x = 20º = 27º 
exterior ø of Δ
ˆ = Ê + D̂ OR: Ê = 5x – 3x
EFC . . . equals the sum of
= 2x s
â 5x = Ê + 3x the interior ø
â Ê = 2x
= 40º 
â Answer: A 

Copyright © The Answer A3

 Solutions: Congruent Triangles

6. In ΔKNQ and ΔMPQ 8.1

NB: Always We need to prove congruent triangles!
CONGRUENT TRIANGLES (1) NQ = PQ . . . given
give reasons! In ΔMPN and ΔMTN
(Symbol: ≡) (2) KQ = MQ . . . given
K (1) MP = MT . . . radii of the circle
(3) Q̂ is common
(2) MN is common
â ΔKNQ ≡ ΔMPQ  . . . SøS
1.1 ΔDEF  . . . SøS (3) Nˆ 2 = Nˆ 1 = 90º . . . given that MN ⊥ PT

NB: The letters must be in the correct order so â ΔMPN ≡ ΔMTN  . . . RHS
that equal sides and angles correspond. 1 P
2 â PN = NT  . . . corresponding sides of
congruent triangles
1 2
2. ΔSTV  . . . SøS
M N Q
9.1 BC = BF + FC
3.1 SøS  â Answer: C  & EF = CE + FC
7.1 BE = BD + DE
But: BF = CE . . . given
4. In ΔABD and ΔCDB & CD = EC + DE NB: Always
give reasons! â BC = EF 
(1) Bˆ 2 = Dˆ 1 = 90º . . . given But: BD = EC . . . given
â BE = CD  9.2 In ΔABC and ΔDEF
(2) AD = CB . . . given
(3) BD is common (1) AB = DE . . . given
7.2 In ΔABE and ΔACD
â ΔABD h ΔCDB  . . . 90º, Hyp, S (RHS) (2) AC = DF . . . given
(1) BE = CD . . . proved in Question 7.1 (3) BC = EF . . . proved in Question 9.1
s
Note: ˆ = ADC
ˆ ø opposite equal sides
(2) AEB ... â ΔABC ≡ ΔDEF  . . . SSS
Observe the layout of a congruency proof. in isosceles ΔADE
(3) AE = AD . . . given
9.3 B̂ = Ê because they are corresponding angles of the
5.1 In ΔABD and ΔACD â ΔABE h ΔACD . . . SøS congruent triangles in Question 9.2 
Study the proof
(1) AB = AC . . . given
â Answer: ΔACD  carefully! 9.4 B̂ and Ê are alternate angles
(2) BD = CD . . . given
& B̂ = Ê in Question 9.3
(3) AD is common
â ΔABD h ΔACD  . . . SSS Order is important in congruency layout: â AB || ED . . . converse fact
s • The letters must be in the same order in both triangles,
*corresponding ø of
5.2 â Aˆ 1 = Aˆ 2 ... s corresponding to the equal sides and angles of the
congruent Δ in Question 5.1
ˆ 
i.e. DA bisects BAC triangles;
• In the facts (1), (2) and (3), the sides and angles of the See the notes on Congruency
* Nothing to do with first triangle must come first. and Similarity on page A5
s
corresponding ø on || lines

A4 Copyright © The Answer

Solutions: Congruent Triangles

10.1 In ΔABD and ΔACD

≡ means 'is congruent to' Congruency (≡) and Similarity (|||)
(1) AB = AC . . . given
(i.e. same SHAPE and SIZE)
(2) BD = CD . . . given of triangles
whereas:
(3) AD is common Congruent Triangles . . .
||| means 'is similar to'
â ΔABD ≡ ΔACD  . . . SSS (i.e. same SHAPE but not necessarily same SIZE have the same shape and size. A P
All 3 angles and all 3 sides are equal.

i.e. ΔABC ≡ ΔPQR means that B C Q R

11. The sketch with all equal angles filled in.
10.2 In ΔABE and ΔACE Â = P̂ , B̂ = Q̂ and Ĉ = R̂
(There are no equal sides)
(1) AB = AC . . . given and AB = PQ, AC = PR and BC = QR
P S
(2) Aˆ 1 = Aˆ 2 . . . corresponding angles in congruent 1 1 Note the order of the lettering
triangles in Question 10.1
(3) AE is common
T Two triangles are congruent if they have
â ΔABE ≡ ΔACE  . . . SøS
• 3 sides the same length . . . SSS
1 1
Q R • 2 sides & an included angle equal . . . SøS
s • a right angle, hypotenuse & a side equal . . . RHS
10.3 Eˆ1 = Eˆ 2 . . . corresponding ø of congruent
triangles in Question 10.2 • 2 angles and a side equal . . . øøS
Answer: D 
But Eˆ1 + Eˆ 2 = 180º . . . angles on a straight line
Proof: In ΔPTS and ΔRTQ
â Eˆ1 = Eˆ 2 = 90º 
s Similar Triangles . . .
(1) Pˆ1 = Rˆ 1 . . . alternate ø ; PS æ QR
Study the (easy) logic very carefully! s
have the same shape, but not necessarily the same size.
(2) Sˆ 1 = Qˆ 1 . . . alternate ø ; PS æ QR
A
s All 3 angles are equal. P
ˆ = RTQ
& (3) PTS ˆ . . . vertically opposite ø
i.e. ΔABC ||| ΔPQR means that
10.4 AE ⊥ BC  [i.e. AE is perpendicular to BC ] â ΔPTS ||| ΔRTQ  . . . øøø B C Q R
 = P̂ , B̂ = Q̂ and Ĉ = R̂

The sides are not necessarily equal, but are proportional:

AB AC BC
= =
PQ PR QR
Note the order of the lettering

Copyright © The Answer A5

 Solutions: Similar Triangles

SIMILAR Δ 'S
3.1 In ΔPQR and ΔSTR
(1) P̂ = Ŝ . . . alternate ø ; PQ || ST
s
4.2 â
PN
MN
=
QP
LM
=
QN
LN ( )
. . . proportional sides of
similar triangles
PN 3
(Symbol: |||) s â =
(2) Q̂ = T̂ . . . alternate ø ; PQ || ST 16 8 Choose the sides for which
s the lengths have been given.
ˆ = SRT
& (3) PRQ ˆ . . . vertically opposite ø
Multiply by 16 :
â ΔPQR ||| ΔSTR  . . . øøø 3 × 16
2
Be sure to read the â PN =
8
notes on Congruency
and Similarity on pg. A5
3.2 â
PQ
ST
=
PR
SR
=
QR
TR ( )
. . . proportional sides of
similar triangles
â PN = 6 cm 
PQ 10
â = Choose the sides for which
3 6
the lengths have been given. B
1.1 If ΔDEF ||| ΔKLM, i.e. ΔDEF is similar to ΔKLM, Multiply by 3: 5.1 In ΔABD and ΔACE E
7 cm 2
DE EF DF 10 × 3 1
then = =  . . . proportional sides of â PQ = (1) Â is common A F 21 cm
KL LM KM similar triangles 6 1 2
(2) ABˆ D = ACˆ E
( )
x â PQ = 5 cm  9 cm D
. . . 14 = 2 = ?
14 C
â =
7 12 7 1 12 s
Dˆ 1 = Eˆ1
rd
(3) 3 L: . . . sum of the ø of a Δ
â x = 24 

4.1 In ΔQPN and ΔLMN â ΔABD ||| ΔACE  . . . øøø

s
Note the ORDER of the letters in similar Δ :
(1) N̂ is common
ΔDEF ||| ΔKLM ¥ D̂ = K̂ , Ê = L̂ and F̂ = M̂
(2) Pˆ1 = M̂ . . . corresponding ø ; QP || LM
s
5.2 â
BD
CE
=
AD
AE
= ( )
AB
AC
. . . proportional sides of
similar triangles
and this determines the proportional sides
s BD 9
& (3) Qˆ 1 = L̂ . . . corresponding ø ; QP || LM â =
21 7 Choose the sides
with known lengths.
â ΔQPN ||| ΔLMN . . . øøø
Multiply by 21 :
2. If ΔABC ||| ΔEDF, 3
L M 9 × 21
â BD =
then AB = BC = AC
ED DF ( EF ) . . . proportional sides of
similar triangles
8 cm
â BD = 27 cm 
7

AB 15
â = Choose the sides
6 10
for which you have 16 cm
2 3 cm 2
the lengths! Q P
Multiply by 6: 1 1
15 × 6
â AB =
10
â AB = 9 cm 
N

A6 Copyright © The Answer

Solutions: Quadrilaterals
s s
3.2 Aˆ 2 = 60º . . . ø of equilateral Δ ˆ = TRS
QRP ˆ = 60º . . . ø of equilateral Δ
QUADRILATERALS â Aˆ 1 = 30º . . . DABˆ = 90º in square ˆ = 90º
& PRT . . . ø of square
s s
â Dˆ 2 + Tˆ1 = 180º – 30º . . . sum of the ø of a Δ ˆ = 360º – (60º + 90º + 60º) . . sum
â QRS .
of ø about
s
. . . co-interior ø ; = 150º a point = 360º
1. (x + 50º) + (2x – 20º) = 180º = 150º
AB || CD s
â 3x + 30º = 180º But Dˆ 2 = Tˆ1 . . . ø opposite equal sides in Δ ATD QR = PR . . . sides of equilateral ΔPQR
Subtract 30º: â 3x = 150º = RT . . . sides of square
â Dˆ 2 = 75º  . . . half of 150º
Divide by 3: â x = 50º = RS . . . sides of equilateral ΔRTS

â Â = 50º + 50º = 100º 3.3 Similarly: Tˆ3 = 75º ˆ

â x = RSQ . . . angles opposite equal sides in ΔQRS
s
â B̂ = 180º – 100º . . . co-interior ø ; AC || BD and Tˆ2 = 60º . . . ø of equilateral Δ ATB ø of isosceles Δ; sum
s = 1 (180º – 150º) ... s
= 80º  sum of ø about 2 of the ø of a Δ = 180º
â Tˆ4 = 360º – (75º + 60º + 75º) . . .
= 1 (30º)
a point = 360º
= 360º – 210º 2
OR: Ĉ = 2(50º) – 20º = 80º
s m = 150º  = 15º 
â B̂ = 80º  . . . opposite ø of a || are equal

s OR: Dˆ 1 = 90º – 75º . . . Dˆ 2 = 75º and ADC

ˆ = 90º
2.1 ˆ = 180º – 156º
EFG . . . co-interior ø ; 5. In ΔADB and ΔCBD:
DE || GF in rhombus = 15º s
= 24º  Dˆ 1 = Bˆ 2 . . . alternate ø ; AD || BC in parallelogram
& Similarly: Cˆ 1 = 15º s
s Bˆ 1 = Dˆ 2 . . . alternate ø ; AB || DC in parallelogram
Fˆ2 = 1 (24º)
the diagonals of a rhombus
2.2 ... s â Tˆ4 = 180º – 2(15º) . . . sum of the ø of Δ DTC
2 bisect the ø of the rhombus BD = BD . . . common side
= 12º  = 180º – 30º
s = 150º  â ΔADB ≡ ΔCBD . . . øøS
opposite ø of a rhombus
2.3 Ĝ = 156º  ... m corresponding sides
(or || ) are equal s
â AD = BC  . . . of congruent Δ

3.1 ΔATD and ΔBTC  4. Q & AB = DC 

. . . AT = AB . . . sides of equilateral Δ 60°
Note: We have just proved, using congruency,
= AD . . . sides of square x
that both pairs of opposite sides of a
& Similarly: BT = AB = BC 60° 60° R
parallelogram are equal in length.
P
D 1 1 C
2 4 60°
1 3 6. D rectangle 
T 60° S
2 If one angle equals 90º, then, because of co-interior
60° 60° angles and parallel lines, so do the others equal 90º.
30° W
T â We only need 'at least one angle equal to 90º.'
1
60° 60°
A 2 B

Copyright © The Answer A7

 Solutions: Quadrilaterals

7.1 Something new to experience! A B 8. Answer: C ΔAEB ≡ ΔDEC 

x 2 NOTES
( Bˆ 1 + Bˆ 2 ) + ( Cˆ 1 + Cˆ 2 ) = 180º x
1

s T 2 In ΔAEB and ΔDEC:

co-interior ø ; 3
. . . AB || DC in 1 y 1) AE = BE . . . given
y2 1 2) EB = EC . . . given
parallelogram
D P C s
3) ˆ = DEC
AEB ˆ . . . vertically opposite ø
A very useful
Let Bˆ 1 = Bˆ 2 = x and Cˆ 1 = Cˆ 2 = y . . . technique in â ΔAEB ≡ ΔDEC . . SøS
... given that the angles were bisected geometry!

â 2x + 2y = 180º 9. c
ab d
i.e. 2(x + y) = 180º
Divide by 2: â x + y = 90º e
i
â In ΔBTC: Bˆ 1 + Cˆ 1 = 90º f

s h
g
â Tˆ2 = 90º . . . sum of the ø of a Δ
(a + i + h) + (b + g + f) + (c + d + e)
7.2 ΔTCP  = 3 % 180º
ˆ = 180º – 90º = 90º
TPC . . . angles on a straight line = 540º
540°
â Each ø = = 108º
In ΔBCT and ΔTCB: 5
â Answer: D 
1) Cˆ 1 = Cˆ 2 (= y)

2) ˆ
Tˆ2 = TPC (= 90º)
10.
â Bˆ 1 = Tˆ1
rd
3) . . . 3 ø of Δ
â ΔBCT ||| ΔTCP  . . . øøø

BT BC ⎛ CT ⎞ proportional sides of s
7.3 â = ⎜= ⎟ ... The sum of the ø of the hexagon
TP TC ⎝ CP ⎠ similar triangles
BT 2TC = 4 % 180º
â = Choose the sides whose
4 TC = 720º
lengths you have been given.
720°
Multiply by 4: â Each ø = = 120º
6
â BT = 2 % 4 â Answer: B 
= 8 cm 

A8 Copyright © The Answer

Solutions: Theorem of Pythagoras

TU × 12 h×b
3.1 = 30 ... = area of a Δ NOTES
THEOREM OF PYTHAGORAS 2 2
6
Multiply by 2: . . . OR: TU × 12 = 30
2
1. AC = 13 cm . . . 5 : 12 : 13 Pythagoras 'trip' * â TU % 12 = 60 â 6 % TU = 30
2 2 2 Thm of Pythag.;
OR: In ΔABC: AC = AB + BC ... Divide by 12: Divide by 6:
2 2 B̂ = 90º
= 5 + 12 â TU = 5 cm  â TU = 5 cm 
= 25 + 144
= 169 3.2 TW = 13 cm . . . Pythag 'trip' 5 : 12 : 13
â AC = 13 cm â The perimeter of ΔTUW = 5 cm + 12 cm + 13 cm
= 30 cm 

4.1 The length of the ladder = 13 m  . . . Pythag 'trip':

5 : 12 : 13
* Note: When applying the Theorem of Pythagoras, there
2
are some well-known 'trips' which are useful to OR: (length of the ladder)
know and use instead of long calculations. 2 2
= 5 + 12 , etc.
2 2 2
12 m
e.g. 3 +4 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5
2 2 2
5 + 1 2 = 25 + 144 = 169 = 1 3
2 2
8 + 1 5 = 64 + 225 = 289 = 1 7
2 5m

So: the TRIP(LET)S : 5. Answer: B 6 cm 

3:4:5 ; 5 : 12 : 13 ; 8 : 15 : 17 In ΔADC: DC = 8 cm . . . opposite sides of rectangle

and even multiples: â AD = 6 cm . . . Pythag 'trip':
6 : 8 : 10 3 : 4 : 5 = 6 : 8 : 10

6.
Pythag 'trip': This sum requires us to apply the converse of the
2.1 In ΔABC: x = 10 cm  ... Theorem of Pythagoras,
3 : 4 : 5 = 6 : 8 : 10
i.e. If the square on one side of a triangle equals the
2.2 In ΔABD: BD = 15 cm . . . Pythag 'trip': 8 : 15 : 17 sum of the squares on the other two sides, then
â y = 15 cm – 6 cm the angle opposite the first side is a right angle.

= 9 cm  2 2
AC = 15 = 225
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
OR: 2.1 x = 8 + 6 , etc. & AB + BC = 9 + 12 = 81 + 144 = 225
. . . Theorem of Pythag 2 2 2
2 2 2 â AC = AB + BC
2.2 BD = 17 – 8 , etc.
â B̂ = 90° . . . the converse of the Theorem of Pythagoras

Copyright © The Answer A9

 Solutions: Measurement: 2D

3.2 The area of the field 5.1 In ΔABT: AT = 4 cm  . . . Pythag 'trip': 3 : 4 : 5

MEASUREMENT: 2D = area of rectangle + area of 2 semi-circles
2 2 2
= (100 % 60)m
2
+
2 2
.30 m . . . Area of circle = r
2 OR: AT = 5 – 3 . . . Theorem of Pythagoras

= 6 000 m
2
+ .900 m
2 = 25 – 9
1
1.1 Radius, r = % diameter = 6 cm l 8 827,43 m 
2 = 16
2
2 2 â AT = 4 cm 
â Area = r = 3,14 % 6
2
= 113,04 cm 
2 2 2
4.1 In ΔAPS: PS = 5 – 2 . . . Theorem of Pythagoras
5.2 The area of parallelogram ABCT
1.2 The circumference of the (full) circle = 2r = 25 – 4
= base % height
= 21
â The 'circumference' of the semi-circle = r = 3,14 % 6 = BC % AT
= 18,84 cm â PS = 21 = AD % 4 cm
l 4,58 m  See the shifting of ΔABT
â The perimeter of the shape ACB = 12 cm % 4 cm as shown:
2
= 18,84 cm + 12 cm = 30,84 cm  = 48 cm
4.2 PT = 3 % AB = 3 % 4 m = 12 m 
. . . diameter, AB = 12 cm A 12 cm D
4.3 A kite  . . . 2 pairs of adjacent sides equal
5 cm
4.4 Method 1: Using the formula
2 2 2 1
2. The area of a square = s = (0,12) = 0,0144 cm The area = the product of the diagonals
2
â Answer: D  1 B 3 cm T C S
= (PT % AB)
2
Parallelogram ABCD = rectangle ATSD
Observe carefully: 1
= (12 % 4)
2 2 & Area of rectangle ATSD
12 ⎞ 12 12 144
(0,12) = ⎛⎜
2
⎟ = × = = 0,0144 2
= 24 m  = length % breadth
⎝ 100 ⎠ 100 100 10 000
= 12 cm % 4 cm
Method 2: Without the formula = 48 cm
2

The area = ΔPAT + ΔPBT

s s m
3.1 The perimeter of the field = 2 % ΔPAT . . . because the 2 Δ are congruent 5.3.1 DC = AB = 5 cm . . . opposite ø of ||
= 2 % 100 m + 2 % semi-circles ⎛1 ⎞ TC = BC – BT = 12 cm – 3 cm = 9 cm
= 2 × ⎜ PT . AS⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ â The perimeter of trapezium ADCT
= 200 m + 2 % 3,14 % 30 m . . . Circumference of
circle = 2r = 12 m % 2 m = AD + DC + TC + AT
= 388,4 m 2
= 24 m  = 12 cm + 5 cm + 9 cm + 4 cm
4 000 m = 30 cm 
â Number of laps = = 10,298 . . .
388,4 m
â 11 laps  . . . for at least 4 km!

A10 Copyright © The Answer

Solutions: Measurement: 2D

5.3.2 Method 1: Using the formula 7. The circumference of a circle, 2r = 52 cm

52 26 NOTES
The area of trapezium ADCT â r = =
2π π
1
= (sum of the || sides) % the distance between them â The area of the circle
2 2
26
1 = r =  % ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
2
= (AD + TC) % AT
2 ⎝ π⎠
1 262
= (12 + 9) % 4 = %
2 π2
2
= 42 cm 
262
=
π
2
l 215,18 cm  . . . correct to 2 decimal places
Method 2: Without the formula
The area of trapezium ADCT
= Area of ΔATC + Area of ΔADC
1 1
= (9 % 4) + (12 % 4) * 8.1 The circumference of a circle = 2r
2 2
= 18 + 24 â The circumference of the smaller circle
* 1 . ( 9 + 12) . 4, like the formula above! = 2 %  % 20
2
= 42 cm  2
l 125,66 cm 
A 12 cm D
8.2 The area of the shaded region
4 cm = the area of the full circle – the area of the inner circle
2 2
= 30 – 20
2
l 1 570,80 cm 
T 9 cm C

9.1 The area of the shaded ring

= the area of the full circle – the area of the inner ring
6. Let the area of the original rectangle = ℓ % b 2 2
= R – r
If the length is doubled, then the area of the enlarged 2 2
= (R – r ) 
rectangle = 2ℓ % b
= 2(ℓb) 2 2
â k = 2  9.2 Area of the shaded ring = (14 – 8 )
b 2
= 132 cm 

Note: Give the answer 'in terms of '

ℓ

Copyright © The Answer A11