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Physics Projec1

Class 12th physics

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Gagan Gulliya
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8 views

Physics Projec1

Class 12th physics

Uploaded by

Gagan Gulliya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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physics project

Investigatory Project on Factors Affecting the Internal Resistance and Electromotive Force (EMF) of a
Cell

manava bharti indian international school


GAGAN GULLIYA XII-A
Certificate

This is to certify that Gagan


gulliya of class XII-A has
successfully completed the
project titled "

Investigatory Project on Factors

" under the guidance of


Mrs Meena Mishra
Acknowledgement

I would like to express my


sincere gratitude to Mrs Meena
Mishra, my project guide, for
their invaluable guidance and
support throughout this project. I
am also grateful to M.B.I.I.S for
providing the necessary facilities
to conduct this research. I extend
my heartfelt thanks to my
friends and family for their
constant encouragement.

GAGAN GULLIYA
Index / Contents
1.Abstract / Preface
2.Aim / Theory
3.Apparatus / Relevant Diagram
For the setup
4.Procedure
5.Observations / Data
6.Results / Analysis /
Interpretation
7.Precautions / Sources of Error
8.Future Scope / Applications
9.Bibliography
Abstract / Preface

This investigatory project


examines the factors that
influence the internal resistance
and electromotive force (EMF)
of a cell. By analyzing variables
such as temperature, electrolyte
concentration, and cell age, this
study aims to provide insights
into how these factors affect cell
performance. Understanding
these influences is essential for
enhancing the efficiency and
lifespan of batteries in various
applications.
Aim / Theory
Aim: To investigate the various
factors that affect the internal
resistance and EMF of a cell.
Theory: The internal resistance of
a cell is the opposition to the flow of
current within the cell, primarily due
to the resistance of the electrolyte
and the electrodes. EMF, or
electromotive force, is the potential
difference between the terminals of a
cell when no current flows. Factors
influencing these parameters include
temperature, electrolyte
concentration, and cell age.
Apparatus / Relevant
Diagram for the
Setup
Apparatus:
1. Different types of cells (e.g., dry cell,
lead-acid battery)
2. Ammeter
3. Voltmeter
4. Rheostat
5. Thermometer
6. Electrolyte solutions of varying
concentrations
7. Connecting wires
8. Switch
Procedure

1. Setup Preparation:
o Connect the cell, ammeter,
voltmeter, and rheostat in the
circuit as shown in the diagram.
o Ensure all connections are tight
and secure.

2. Measurement of EMF:
o Close the circuit switch.
o Record the voltmeter reading with
no current flowing (open circuit
condition).
3. Measurement of Internal
Resistance:
oAdjust the rheostat to vary the
current flowing through the circuit.
oRecord the voltmeter and ammeter
readings for different values of
current.
oUse the formula r=V−V′Ir = \
frac{V - V'}{I}r=IV−V′ to
calculate the internal resistance,
where VVV is the EMF, V′V'V′ is
the terminal voltage under load,
and III is the current.
4. Effect of Temperature:
oPlace the cell in environments with
different temperatures (e.g., ice
bath, room temperature, hot water
bath).
oRecord the EMF and internal
resistance at each temperature.

5. Effect of Electrolyte
Concentration:
oPrepare electrolyte solutions of
different concentrations.
oRepeat the measurements of EMF
and internal resistance for cells
with these different electrolytes.

6. Effect of Cell Age:


oUse cells of varying ages.
oMeasure and record the EMF and
internal resistance for each cell.
Observations / Data
Compilation

experi Tempera E Curr Termi Intern


ment ture mf ent nal al
(v) (A) voltag resista
e nce
1 0 1. 0.2 1.4 0.5
5
2 25 1. 0.2 1.35 0.75
5
3 50 1. 0.2 1.3 1.0
5
4
Results / Analysis /
Interpretation
The results indicate that:

1. Temperature: As
temperature increases, the internal
resistance tends to increase, while
the EMF remains relatively constant.

2. Electrolyte
Concentration: Higher
concentration of electrolyte
decreases the internal resistance.
3. Cell Age: Older cells exhibit
higher internal resistance and
slightly reduced EMF.

The data suggests that managing


temperature and electrolyte
concentration can optimize the
performance of cells. Additionally,
regular replacement of cells ensures
better efficiency.
Precautions / Sources
of Error

Precautions:

Ensure all connections are secure to


prevent measurement errors.
Use freshly prepared electrolyte
solutions to avoid contamination.
Calibrate measuring instruments
before use.
Sources of Error:

Inaccurate measurement of
temperature can affect the results.
Parasitic resistance in connecting
wires may influence the readings.
Aging of the cells during the
experiment might lead to
inconsistent results.
Future Scope /
Applications

Further research could explore:

The effect of different electrode


materials on internal resistance and
EMF.
Long-term degradation studies on
various types of cells.
Application of findings in designing
more efficient and durable batteries
for electric vehicles and renewable
energy storage.

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