Chapter -8 Motion Physical State Rest | Motion (No change in position) (change in position) Uniform Motion] [Non-uniform Motion Linear (Gireulatory Motion latory Motion v ¥ (To and fro) Equal “distance —Unoqual” distance Straightline path___Circuatory path motion) tavelkd in sal tree in Sal fe time intervals time intervals, Distance) [Displacement Ai pn Shore sse uravelledby'a beac Inland Accelerated Motion | [Deaccelerated Motion| ody final postion Insene inmionwibtine Desese inion wih ine [Speed Velocity 4 v v ai, 77 _ Distance avs Displacement Uniformly Now Uniformly ypiformly Non Uniformly eled in a anit treled in unit Accelerated 4 Accelerated Motion 9° UNtlon Deaceelerated Deaccelerated time. Unit_ms time. Uni Motion Movion Its Sealar(only Its vector (both Magnitude) magnitude and First Equation quantity sircetion) quantity Equations of Motion ste dat 9 p2as 4 whew Second Equation ‘Third Equation ¥=Final velciy 4 Time akon Rest: areference point. Motion : A body is said to be in a state of motion when its position change continuously with reference toa point. Motion can be of different types depending upon the type of path by which the object is going through. inane cover id to be ina state of rest when its position does not change with respect to(i) (il) Gi) circulatory motion/Circular motion—Ina circular path. Linear motion— Ina straight line path, Oscillatory/Vibratory motion —To and fro path with respect to origin. Physical quantity :-— There are seven basic physical quantity. Every quantity in written in two parts : first write the magnitude of the physical quantity and then write the unit of the quantity. i.e. magnitude 4 Unit. Physical Quantities Quantity Name SI Unit Name | Symbol Length Metre m Time Second | s Mass. Kilogram | Kg Absolute Temperature Kelvin. | K Amount of Substance Mole mol Electric Current Ampere | A Luminous Intensity Candela | ed Physical Quantities can be grouped into two : i) i) ii) Scalar quantities ii) Vector quantities Scalar quantities : Those Physical quantities that has only magnitude but no direction. i.e. speed, distance, mass, volume, time, temperature, work, electric current, Vector quantities : Those physical quantities that has both magnitude as well as direction. i.e. velocity, force, momentum, displays etc a B (Final Position) 4m Actual Path Travelled by an object (Distance) 3m (initiat position) The actual path or length travelled by an object during its journey from its initial position to its final position is called the distance. It is denoted by Distance isa scalar quantity which requires only magnitude but no direction to explain it. Example, Ramesh travelled 65 km. (Distance is measured by odometer invehicles.) Displacement is a vector quantity requiring both magnitude and direction for its explanation. Example, Ramesh travelled 65 km south-west from Clock Tower. 124+ Displacement can be zero (when initial point and final point of motion are same) Example, circular motion. Total Distance Yr. | travelled 25 Initial point 5 Final point Total Displacen : Distance and displacementare denoted by'S’. Difference between Distance and Displacement Distance Displacement 1. Length of actual path travelled by an] 1. Shortest length between initial point and object. far point of an object. 2. It is scalar quantity. 2. It is vector quantity, 3. It remains positive, can’t be ‘0’ or] 3. It can be positive (+ve), negative (-ve) negative. orzero. 4, Distance can be equal to displacement] 4. Displacement can be equal to distance (in linear path). in linear path or it is lesser than distance. Example 1. A body travels in a semicircular path of radius 10 m starting its motion from point ‘A’to point ‘B’. Calculate the distance and displacement. Solution: Total distance travelled by body, S=? Given, n=3.14,R=10m oe ral S=3.141x10m as 8 =31.4m Total displacement of body, S=? Given, R=10m S=2xR =2* 10m=20m 125Example 2. A body travels 4 km towards North then he turn to his right and travels another 3 km before coming to rest. Calculate (i) total distance travelled, (ii) total displacement. Solution: EB Total distance travelled =OA+AB =4km+3km =7km Ans. Total displacement =OB OB = Joxvan = loner Seo = =Skm Ans Uniform and Non-uniform Motions : . Uniform Motion : When a body travels equal distance in equal interval of time, then the motion is said to be uniform motion. eg. movements of hands ofa clock rotation and revolution of the earth. © _Distance (S) > Time (t) > 125+ Non-uniform Motion : In this type of motion, the body will travel unequal distances in equal intervals of time. eg. motion of a car on busy road. s| ad 7 T Continuous increase in slope Continuous decrease in slope of curve indicates accelerated of curve indicates decelerate non-uniform motion non-uniform motion Non-uniform motion is of two types : (@) Accelerated Motion : When motion of a body increases with unequal time. t 2 °o Time () > (ii) De-accelerated Motion or Non uniform Retardation : When motion of a body decreases with unequal interval of time. Velocity (v) > 0 Time () > Continuous decrease in slope of curve indicates deaccelerated non-uniform motion, Speed : The measurement of distance travelled by a body per unit time is called speed. It is denoted by v. Speed Distance travelled Time takenSI unit = m/s (meter/second) If a body is executing uniform motion, then there will be a constant speed or uniform motion. Ifa body is travelling with non-uniform motion, then the speed will not remain uniform but have different values throughout the motion of such body. For non-uniform motion, average speed will describe one single value of speed throughout the motion of the body. Total distance travelled ‘Average speed = Total time taken It is necessary to write the The unit of every quantity in the answer of numerical questions : Example : What will be the speed of body in m/s and km/hr if it travels 40 kms in 5 hrs ? Solution : Distance (s) =40km Time (¢) = Shrs. Total e Speed (in km nr) = 7t#tdistance Total time _ 40 km S hrs =8 km/hr Ans. Speed (in m/s) =? 40 km = 40 x 1000 m = 40,000 m S hrs =5 x 60 x 60 see. _ 401000 m © -5x60x608 _ 80m 36s = 2.22 m/s Ans. 128Velocity : It is the speed of a body in given direction. Displacement Velocity = ae ime + Velocity is a vector quantity. Its value changes when either its magnitude or direction changes. It is also denoted by v + For non-uniform motion in a given line, average velocity will be calculated in the same way as done in average speed. otal displacement Average velocity = - Total time + For uniformly changing velocity, the average velocity can be calculated as follows : nitial velocity + Final velocity Avg velocity = 5 uty Voavg) ~ 2 where, —_w = initial velocity, v = final velocity SI unit of velocity = ms" Velocity = Displacement . Time * It can be positive (+ve), negative (-ve) or zero. Example 1 : During first half of a journey by a body it travel with a speed of 40 km/hr and in the next half it travels with a speed of 20 km/hr. Calculate the average speed of the whole journey. 129Solution : Speed during first half (v,) = 40 km/hr Speed during second half(v,) = 20 km/hr Average speed = 40420 _ 60 2 2 = 30 km/hr Average speed by an object (body) = 30 km/hr. Ans. Example 2 : A car travels 20 km in first hour, 40 km in second hour and 30 km in third hour. Calculate the average speed of the train. Soluti : Speed in Ist hour = 20 km/hr, Distance travelled during Ist hr = 1*20= 20 km Speed in IInd hour — = 40 km/hr, Distance travelled during 2nd hr = 1*40= 40 km Speed in [rd hour = 30 km/hr, Distance travelled during 3rd hr = 1x30 30 km Total distance travelled Average speed = = SESE Mavens Total time taken 20+40+30 90 1+1+1 3 = 30 km/hr Ans. Acceleration|: Acceleration is seen in uniform motion and it can be defined as the rate of change of velocity with time. hange in velocity Acceleration = Chansein velocity Time => Acceleration — Final Velocity Initial Velocity Time where, v = final velocity, 2 = initial velocity If v > u, then ‘a’ will be positive (+ve). Retardation/Deacceleration|: during decrease in velocity with A Ste ration, is seen in uniform motion STohaS Same dénnition’ as accelerauon., __ Change in velocity timeHere v < u, ‘a’ = negative (-ve). Unit of Acceleration and deacceleration is m/s? or ms” Example | : A car speed increases from 40 kin/hr to 60 km/hr in 5 sec. Cateulate the acceleration of car. 40km 40x 1000 __40x5 _ 200 4 = -—*—- => = 11.1ims hr 60x 60 i818 Solution : uw 60km 60x35 _ 150 y= br 89 = 5S sec. vou a= Ans. Example 2. 4 car travelling with a speed of 20 km/hr comes into rest in 0.5 hrs. What will be the value of its retardation ? Solution : v= 0 knv/hr u= 20 km/hr ¢=0.5 hrs Retardation, a’ =? ~ 40 km/hr Ans. 131Graphical Representation of Equatio' Distance-Time Graph : (s-t graph) (a) 9/graph for uniform motion : Straight line +> Represents uniform ‘aceleration Time (t) ‘The slope of a distance - time graph represent speed of an object speed of an object moving with uniform speed can be determined by : Sy-S) (b) s/t graph for non-uniform motion : S| J r T Continuous decrease in slope of curve indicates decelerated non-uniform motion Continuous increase in slope of curve indicates accelerated non-uniform motion. (c)_ s/tgraph for a body at rest : v=0(ii) Velocity-Time Graph : (v/ graph) (a) graph for uniform motion : * Velocity (v) } t-, Or a=0 Distance covered by the object in time t, or t, is :- distance (s) = AC x CD = area of rectangle ABCD (b) —_v/graph for non-uniform motion : (A) v/graph for accelerated (uniform) moti Velocity (v) < Time (t) u_ Final velocity (v) - Initial Velocity (u) _ change in velocity. 4 u time taken In uniformly accelerated motion, there will be equal increase in velocity in equal interval of time throughout the motion of body. 133(B) —_»/ graph for accelerated (non-uniform) motion : Hereif, Then, Or (©) Here, If Then, (@) Here, vy a, #43 hohe Go asa, wf graph for deaccelerated (non-uniform) motion :Then, Or a\#a’, Note : The area enclosed between any two time intervals is ‘t,—-t,"inv/t graph will represent the total displacement by that body. Total distance covered/travelled by body between ¢, and 4, time intervals \% x (CE-BE) x (OE-OD) + AD X (DE) = Area of AABC + Area of rectangle ACED =1Ax (¥y— V4) X (- 4) FY, X (Qh) Example : From the information given in s/t graph, which of the following body ‘A’or ‘B’ will be more faster ? A a> 0 To Solution : V, > V,, (Steeper The slope of line in distance-Time graph the greater the speed) Equation of Motion (For Uniformly Accelerated Motion) By graphical method: (i) First Equation of motion: veurtat Or Final velocity = Initial velocity + Acceleration x Time Graphical Derivation : Suppose a body has initial velocity ‘w’ (ie., velocity at time = 0 sec.) at point ‘A’ and this velocity changes to ‘v’ at point ‘B’ in‘? i.@., final velocity will be ‘v’. 135Velocity > Time—> For such a body there will be an acceleration: _ Change in velocity ~~ Change in time OB-OA a=——— oc-0 = at=v-u Or Or veutat (ii) Second Equation of motion :- s =ut+ tal = Area of OABC (trapezium) = Area of OADC (rectangle) + Area of AABD. =OAx AD + 4x AD x BD =uxtt%xtx(v=u) Distance travelled by The obje: so [v-u=at] slut t+ '4xt x at (iii) Third Equation of motion :- 5 = 1+ ar? w= +2as s = Area of trapezium OABC (OA+BC)xOC 2 136Or Or iP + 2as Example 1. 4 car starting from rest moves with uniform acceleration of 0.1 ms? for 4 mins. Find the speed and distance travelled. Solution : u=Oms! — -, car is at rest. a=0.1 ms? 1=4 x 60 = 240 see. ve? From, veutat v=0+0.1 x 240 Or v=24ms! Ans. Distance travelled seus =Ox240+4 x 0.1 x (240) = 2880 m or s=2.88km Example 2. The brakes applied to a car produces deaceleration of 6 ms? in opposite direction to the motion. If car requires 2 sec. to stop after application of brakes, calculate distance travelled by the car during this time. Solution: Deceleration, a= —6 ms* Time, r= 2 sec. Distance, » = ? Final velocity, < car comes to rest. Now, Or Or ! And, s=utt Yat? =12x2+%x(-6)x QP =24-12=12m Ans. 137Uniform Circular Motion Ifa body is moving ina circular path with uniform speed, It is motion is called uniform circular motion. In such a motion the speed may be same throughout the motion but its velocity (which is tangential) is different v at each and every point of its motion due to continuous —_ Direction of velocity (Tangential) change in direction. Thus, uniform circular motion is an accelerated motion. so, velocity of an object in a circular motion is : vk eS CeCe ND 2nr t QUESTIONS VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Change the speed 6 m/s into km/hr. Why do speedometer and odometer provided in a motor vehicle ? What is the other name of negative acceleration ? What does the slope of distance-time graph indicate ? What can you say about the motion of a body if its speed-time graph is a) straight line parallel to the time axis b) Straight line Define Motion and speed Is distance is a scalar or vector quantity? Why? Is displacement a scalar quantity? Why? Define average speed. How we calculate it ? What is difference between speed and velocity? 138ema SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS A tortoise moves a distance of 100 m in 15 minutes. What is its speed in km/hr ? If a bus travelling at 20 m/s is subjected to a steady deceleration of 5 m/s*, how long will it take to come to rest ? What is the difference between uniform linear motion and uniform circular motion ? Explain why the motion of a body which is moving with constant speed in a circular path is said to be accelerated. Define velocity. What is SI unit of velocity? What is meant by the term acceleration? Write its SI unit. Write difference between ‘distance’ and ‘displacement’. Under what conditions can a body travel a certain distance and yet its resultant displacement be zero. Is a uniform circular motion accelerated? Explain. What type of motion is exhibited by a free falling body & why? LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Derive the equations v= +at,s=ut+ Yat? and y? = 1? + 2as graphically. A car travels 30 kilometers at a uniform speed of 40 km/hr and next 30 km at a uniform speed of 20 km/hr. Find its average speed. (a) Convert a speed of 54 km/hr into m/s. (b) Change the speed of 6 m/s into km/hr. (c) A driver decreases the speed of a car from 25 m/s to 10 m/s in 5 seconds. Find the acceleration of car. A scooter acquires a velocity of 36 km/hr in 10 seconds just after the start. Calculate the acceleration of the scooter. Also calculate The distance covered upto this time. 139[Hint : change speed in m/s, v = u + at]. Acar increase its speed from 20 km/hr to 50 km/min 10 seconds. Find its acceleration. [Hint : convert km/hr to m/s. v= u + at]. A cyclist goes around a circular path once every 2 minutes. If the radius of the track is 105 metres. Calculate his speed. 2 =|: Which type of motion is represented by each one of the following graphs? v ies ee bree Answer of Long Questions : 3. Ia ws 26.6 km/hr. (a)15 m/s (b) 21.6 km/hr (c)a=3 mie? a=1 m/s? a= 0.83 m/s* v=5.5 m/s OBJECTIVE TYPES QUESTIONS 140MC 1. Q The numerical ratio of displacement to distance for a moving objectis (a) equal to or less than 1 (b) always equals to 1 (c) always less than I (d) always more than 1 Retardation ofa body is expressed in (a) m (b) ms" (c) -ms* (d) ms If the displacement time graph of a particle is parallel to the time axi velocity of the particle is (a) Unity (b) Infinity (c) Zero (d) None of these 140OBJECTIVE TYPES QUESTIONS The slope of velocity-time graph gives (a) the displacement (b) the distance (c) the acceleration (d) the speed The distance covered by a bus moving with a speed of 36Km/hr in 15 min. is (a) 0.9Km (b) 9Km (c) 90Km (d) 900Km A body is thrown vertically upward with velocity 'u' the greatest height 'h’ to which it will rise is, ; ; au ae 2 a OF OF © Os g Match the following : Columnt Column II p. Constant velocity —* g. Non-uniform speed r. Bodyat rest t. uniform retardation Assertion Reasoning based questions :— A) Displacement of an object may be zero but distance covered by it is not zero Displacement is the shortest distance between initial and final position of the object. B) Assertion (A) — Motion with uniform velocity is always along a straight line path. Reason (R) — Uniform velocity means that speed and direction remain unchanged. C)__ Assertion (A)—Slope of Distance time graph represent the speed. Reason (R) ~ Sleeper the slope of the line greater will be the speed of an object. 140