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Structure of atom

Structure of atom

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Navjeet
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14 views

Structure of atom

Structure of atom

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Navjeet
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Structure of Atom CONCEPT MAPPING ‘Thomson (discovery) + From cathode rays + -1.6 x10" € (charge) + 9.1.x 10" kg (mass) + Water-melon model + Electrons present in positive sphere ATOM. STRUCTURE OF ATOM Goldstein (discovery) + Anode rays or canal rays + +1.6x 16°C (charge) + 1.673 x10" kg (mass) ATOMIC MODELS + Atom has maximum empty space + Positive charge occupies less space + Nucleus is very small ATOM, + Chadwick (discovery) +O, particles on lighter elements + Neutral + 1.673 xx10kg (mass) + Distribution of electrons in shells + Rule of 2n? + Valence Shells have ‘Valency electrons + KL,M,Nshells John Dalton considered atom to be an indivisible entity, but his concept had to be discarded at the end of nineteenth century, when scientists through experiments were able to find existence of charged (electrons and protons) and neutral particles (neutrons) in the atom. These particles were called the ‘Sub-atomic particles’. Discovery of Electrons - Cathode Rays (By J.J. Thomson) Thomson explained presence of electrons by cathode rays experiment. Facts about Electrons + Charge on electron=- 1.6x 10" C (C=Coloumb) (As calculated by Robert E. Millikan) + Massofelectron=9.1x 10°" kg, Discovery of Protons - Anode Rays/Canal Rays (By E. Goldstein) E. Goldstein by his famous anode rays/canal rays experiment was able to detect presence of positively charged particles called protons in the atom. Facts about Protons + Charge onproton=+1.6x 10"C + Mass ofproton = 1.673x 10’ kg ie, Massofproton=1840x Mass of electron Discovery of Neutrons (By J. Chadwick) . J. Chadwick bombarded lighter elements (like lithium, boron etc.) with 4a-particles and observed emission of new particles having zero charge but having mass equal to that of proton. + These particles were called ‘Neutron’ ie., neutral particle ofthe atom, + Neutron are absent in Protium isotope of hydrogen atom. (,H') + Since, mass of electrons are negligible as compared to that of proton and neutrons hence, sum of masses of protons and neutrons in an atom will compose its atomic mass. 48 Atomic Models + From the knowledge of existence of subatomic particles viz., electron, proton and neutron in an atom, various atomic models were proposed by different scientists. + Following are some of the atomic models : (a) Thomson's Model of Atom (b) Rutherford's Model of Atom (c) Bohr's Model of Atom + The most trusted and scientifically established model of atom which is adopted these days is 'Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom’: It will be dealt in higher classes. Thomson's Atomic Model + This model is often called the 'Water Melon Model’. + Inthis model, Thomson predicted the presence of electrons inside positive sphere (made up of protons), just same as seeds of watermelon are embedded in red edible part of watermelon. a Positive J. J. Thomson’s Model of Atom + Although this model explained neutrality of atom but couldn't able to explain other scientific experiments conducted on atom. Hence it was discarded. 49 Rutherford's Atomic Model + Inhis famous'a-ray Scattering Experiment’, Rutherford bombarded a-ray (Helium nucleus He’) upon thin gold foil. + Rutherford made following observations from this experiment: (i) Most ofa-particles passed through gold foil undeflected. (ii) Some of the a-particles deflected by foil by small angles. (iii) One outofevery 12000 particles appeared to rebound. + Small a deflection (> } {° | 4, a, No deflection Alpha particles CE \ Nucleus deflected back XY / a { o } * i — > + More deflection Rutherford a-ray Scattering Experiment + Fromhis observation, Rutherford draw following conclusions : (i) Atomconsists of predominantly empty space as most of a-particles passed through gold foil undeflected. (ii) Atom contains centrally placed positively charged nucleus (carrying positively charged particles), because few alpha particles were deflected and very fewi.e., onein 12000 bounced back. 50 (iii) Since a minute fraction of a-particles suffered deflections and very few bounced back, this lead to conclusion that most of the space an atom is empty and the space occupied by nucleus is neigligible compared to this empty space. Size of nucleus was about 10° times that of size ofatom. (iv) Whole of the atomic mass is concentrated in the nucleus. + Onthe basis ofhis experiment, Rutherford proposed model of atom having following features : (i) Thereis positively placed nucleus in an atom. Nearly all the mass resides in nucleus (Proton + Neutron). (ii) Electrons revolves round the nucleus in well defined orbits. (iii) Size ofnucleusis very small compared to the size ofatom. Drawbacks of Rutherford's Model (Unstability of Atom) . According to Rutherford, electrons revolve round the nucleus in well- defined orbits, but electrons being charged particles will lose their energy and finally will fall into the nucleus. This will make atom highly unstable, + This was the major drawback of Rutherford which was unexplained by him. Bohr’s Atomic Model * To overcome drawbacks of Rutherford's Model, Neil Bohr in 1912 proposed modified model of structure of atom. He made following assumptions : (i) Only certain special orbits known as discrete orbits of electrons are allowed inside the atom. (i) Whilerevolving in discrete orbits, the electrons do not radiate energy. (iii) Energy is emitted or absorbed by an atom only when an electron moves from one orbit to another. 51 ‘Nucleus n=1/K-shell Absorption of Energy n2/l-shell n=3/M-shell Electror n=4/N-Shell Release of Energy Energy levels in Atom "Blectron's Energy Change" Bohr's Model Atomic Number The total number of proton lying in the nucleus of any atom is called the atomic number. * Anatomic number is the identity ofan atom, changing atomic number means changing the atom. + Atomic number is denoted by'Z'. (Z=no. of Proton) + Foraneutral atom, no. of protons and electrons are equal. Mass Number Itis the sum of total number of protons and neutrons lying in the nucleus ofan atom. Mass Number = Number of Proton + Number of Neutron . yoy Itis denoted by A’. (A=, +1) Representation of Atom : }E (E=Symbolofelement) Eg. 7JAl (2)Atomie No. of Aluminium (A) = 13 (2=n,) (A) Mass No. of Aluminium (Ad) =27(A=n, +n) (A=13+14) Example. Calculate number of protons, electrons and neutrons for : @ Bal ) 2 Na 52 Solution : (a) 3 Cl (®) jj Na .CI=17(n,) zNa=11 Here, since Clis neutral, son, =n, =17. ANa=23 Now, “C1=35 23

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