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Multiple Access Techniques

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Multiple Access Techniques

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hassan.ali911n
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Multiple Access Techniques

Multiple access techniques are used to allow a large number of


mobile users to share the allocated spectrum in the most efficient
manner. As the spectrum is limited, so the sharing is required to
increase the capacity of cell or over a geographical area by allowing
the available bandwidth to be used at the same time by different
users. And this must be done in a way such that the quality of
service doesn't degrade within the existing users.

Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless Communication


In wireless communication systems it is often desirable to allow the
subscriber to send simultaneously information to the base station
while receiving information from the base station.

A cellular system divides any given area into cells where a mobile
unit in each cell communicates with a base station. The main aim in
the cellular system design is to be able to increase the capacity of
the channel i.e. to handle as many calls as possible in a given
bandwidth with a sufficient level of quality of service.
There are several different ways to allow access to the channel :
» Frequency division multiple-access (FDMA)
» Time division multiple-access (TDMA)
» Code division multiple-access (CDMA)
» Space Division Multiple access (SDMA)

FDMA,TDMA and CDMA are the three major multiple access


techniques that are used to share the available bandwidth in a
wireless communication system. Depending on how the available
bandwidth is allocated to the users these techniques can be classified
as narrowband and wideband systems.
1. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) :
FDMA is a type of channelization protocol. In this bandwidth is divided into
various frequency bands. Each station is allocated with band to send data and
that band is reserved for particular station for all the time which is as follows :

Figure – FDMA

The frequency bands of different stations are separated by small band of


unused frequency and that unused frequency bands are called as guard bands
that prevents the interference of stations. It is like access method in data link
layer in which data link layer at each station tells its physical layer to make a
band pass signal from the data passed to it. The signal is created in the
allocated band and there is no physical multiplexer at the physical layer.

2. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) :


TDMA is the channelization protocol in which bandwidth of channel is divided
into various stations on the time basis. There is a time slot given to each
station, the station can transmit data during that time slot only which is as
follows :
Figure – TDMA

Each station must aware of its beginning of time slot and the location of the time
slot. TDMA requires synchronization between different stations. It is type of
access method in the data link layer. At each station data link layer tells the
station to use the allocated time slot.
3. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) :
In CDMA, all the stations can transmit data simultaneously. It allows each
station to transmit data over the entire frequency all the time. Multiple
simultaneous transmissions are separated by unique code sequence. Each
user is assigned with a unique code sequence.
Figure – TDMA

In the above figure, there are 4 stations marked as 1, 2, 3 and 4. Data assigned
with respective stations as d 1, d2, d3 and d4 and the code assigned with
respective stations as c 1, c2, c3 and c4.

Difference between FDMA, CDMA and TDMA :


FDMA TDMA CDMA

FDMA stands for Frequency TDMA stands for Time Division CDMA stands for Code
Division Multiple Access. Multiple Access. Division Multiple Access.

In this, there is sharing of


In this, sharing of bandwidth both i.e. bandwidth and time
among different stations takes In this, only the sharing of time of among different stations takes
place. satellite transponder takes place. place.
FDMA TDMA CDMA

There is no need of any


codeword. There is no need of any codeword. Codeword is necessary.

In this, there is only need of


guard bands between the
adjacent channels are In this, guard time of the adjacent In this, both guard bands and
necessary. slots are necessary. guard time are necessary.

Synchronization is not Synchronization is not


required. Synchronization is required. required.

The rate of data is low. The rate of data is medium. The rate of data is high.

Mode of data transfer is Mode of data transfer is signal in Mode of data transfer is
continuous signal. burts. digital signal.

It is little flexible. It is moderate flexible. It is highly flexible.

4. Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) – theteche.com


The narrow beam of radio waves is aimed at particular part of space. The
same channel is reused over the another narrow beam aimed at another part
of the space. This division of space in different directions of base station
through highly directional beams is called Space Division Multiple Access
(SDMA).
As shown above the space is divided and three channels are
transmitted on same frequency.

Advantages
i. It saves the channel bandwidth.
ii. Improves the utility of bandwidth.
Role of SDMA in wire and Wireless Communications
 SDMA can be used for mobile communication and satelite
communication. The satelite dish antennas transmit signals to
various zones on earth’s surface. These antennas are highly
directional. Hence same frequency can be used for multiple
surface zones, as shown in Fig.
 As shown in Fig, area A1 and area A3 are physically apart.
Hence same channel-1 is used to send signals
to A1 and A3 with the help of highly directional atennas. There
will be no signal interface between the signals of
areas A1 and A3.

 Satellite based SDMA required careful selection of zones


(area) for each transmitter and precise antenna alignment to
avoid co-channel and Fig. Frequency reuse by SDMA
interchannel interference.
 In cellular (mobile) communiation, the power of the
transmitting antennas is to be controlled to avoid the co-
channel and interchannel interference.
 In cellular communication Space Division Multiple Access
(SDMA), there are multidirectional horn antennas at the base
station (BS). The base station identifies mobile users by means
of their spatial signatures.
 The base station has complete control over the power of all the
transmitted signals on the forward link. The transmitted power
from each mobile user is dynamically controlled to avoid inter
channel interference.
 The base station detects the power level from each mobile user
and connects it. Adpative antennas are also used.

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