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7 views

maxima

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duaamustafa10
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Maxima and Minima, collectively known as extrema, are the largest value (maximum)

or smallest value (minimum), that a function takes in a point either within a given
neighbourhood (local extremum) or on the function domain in its entirety (global
extremum).

To say that f has a relative maximum at means that the point is at least
as high as all nearby points on the graph of .Similarly f has a relative
minimum at if is at least as low as all nearby points on the graph.

Relative maxima and minima:

The function has relative minimum at if

for all near .

The function has relative maximum at if

for all near .

FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST

If has either relative maximum or minimum at , then

For example, in the (enlargeable) figure below, the necessary conditions for a local
maximum are similar to those of a function with only one variable.
The first partial derivatives as to z (the variable to be maximized) are zero at the
maximum (the glowing dot on top in the figure). The second partial derivatives are
negative. These are only necessary, not sufficient, conditions for a local maximum
because of the possibility of a saddle point. For use of these conditions to solve for a
maximum, the function z must also be differentiable throughout.

EXAMPLE:

Determine the relative maxima or minima of

SOLUTION:

Solving equations

To obtain the point (-2,3).

The second partial derivative test can help classify the point as a relative maximum or
relative minimum

SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST

Assume that (a, b) is a critical point for f. Then


 If, at (a, b), we have , then f has a local maximum at
(a, b).
 If, at (a, b), we have , then f has a local minimum at
(a, b).
 If, at (a, b), we have , then f has a saddle point at (a, b).
EXAMPLE:
Show that f (x, y) = x2 + y2 has a minimum at (0, 0).

SOLUTION: We have fx = 2x; fy = 2y, so fx = fy precisely when x = y = 0, and this is the


only critical point. We have fxx = fyy = 2; fxy = 0, so and there is a local
minimum at (0, 0).

EXAMPLE: Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of


f (x, y) = 2 + 2x + 2y - x2 - y2
on the triangular plate in the first quadrant bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0 and y = 9 - x

SOLUTION:

The absolute max will occur either in the interior, at a critical point, or on the boundary.

If y = 0, investigate f (x, 0) = 2 + 2x - x2, while

if x = 0, investigate f (0, y) = 2 + 2y - y2.

If y = 9 - x, investigate

f (x, 9 - x) = 2 + 2x + 2(9 - x) - x2 - (9 - x)2


for an absolute maximum.

In fact extreme may occur when (x, y) = (0, 1) or (1, 0) or (0, 0) or (9, 0) or (0, 9),
or (9/2, 9/2). At these points, f takes the values -41/2, 2, 3, - 61.

Next we seek critical points in the interior of the plate,

fx = 2 - 2x = 0 and fy = 2 - 2y = 0.
so (x, y) = (1, 1) and f (1, 1) = 4, so this must be the global maximum.

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