Ch.

25 Electric circuits

• How to read electric-circuit diagrams

• Series and parallel combinations of resistors
• Kirchhoff’s laws
– Voltage in a closed loop and current at a node

• Capacitors in circuits
– Time-dependent behavior of circuits
 Lecture plan
30 September 2024: Chapter 25

2 October 2024: Chapter 26-1

7 October 2024: Chapter 26-2 + partially Chapter 27

9 October 2024: No class (Hangeul Day)

14 October 2024: Recorded lecture (Chapters 26 and 27),

No offline class and No attendance check

16 October 2024: Chapter 27

28 October 2024: Recorded lecture (Chapters 28),

No offline class and No attendance check

30 October 2024: Chapter 28 (the first offline class after the mid-term exam)

20 November 2024: Recorded lecture (to be announced later)

Electric symbols for circuit components

Wires connecting the components: perfect conductors

➔ All points connected by a wire are at the same potential.
EMF, E

• A source of electromotive force, or simply emf., E

• A device that can maintain a fixed potential difference and therefore
an electric field in a current-carrying conductor.
• Ideal emfs: the voltage remains the same under all conditions.

• Current flows through the circuit

➔ The emf’s positive to negative terminal
• Energy conversion process in the emf then lift charge against the
emf’s internal electric field ➔ maintaining a fixed V
• It supplies electrical energy that is converted from the other form.
Mechanical analogy
 Resistors in series

Current through R1 and R2 V supplied = V dissipated in R1 + V dissipated in R2

= 1 = 2 E= 1 + 2

E= 1 + 2 = 1 1 + 2 2 = 1 + 2 = ( 1 + 2) =

= 1 + 2 +⋯

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Resistors in series
 Real batteries

• Chemical energy ➔ electrical energy

• Chemical reaction rate limits the current

➔ it is modeled by internal resistance in series with an ideal emf.

= E−
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 Resistors in parallel

Current through R1 and R2 V supplied = V dissipated in R1 = V dissipated in R2

= 1 + 2 E= 1 = 2

( )
1 2 E E 1 1 E
= 1 + 2 = + = + =E + =
1 2 1 2 1 2

1 1 1
= + +⋯

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 Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)

• Aka Kirchhoff’s first rule

At any node, sum of the currents in = sum of the currents out

1
node

1 2 3
1 = 2 + 3
2 3

Equivalent to say that there is no accumulation of charges:

→
Continuity eq. or charge conservation ∇∙ + =0
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 Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL)

• Aka Kirchhoff’s second rule

Around any closed loops, the sum of EMF and potential drops is 0.

: +
@ 1: − 1

@ 2: − 2
+
0

→
∮
Equivalent to say that E-field is conservative ∙ →=0

→ Φ
∮
Faraday’s law ∙ =−
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 Example 25.4 Using Kirchhoff’s laws

• Find the current in resistor 3

(node A) − 1 + 2 + 3 =0

(loop 1) 6−2 1 − 3 =0
I3=3 A

(loop 2) 9+4 2 − 3 =0
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Electrical measurements

• Voltmeter
• Which measures the potential difference between its two terminals

• An ideal voltmeter has infinite resistance

• A real voltmeter should have a resistance much greater than resistances

in the circuits being measured.
Electrical measurements

• Ammeter
• Which measures the current flowing through itself
• An ideal ammeter has zero resistance
• A real ammeter should have a resistance much less than
resistances in the circuits being measured.
 Capacitors in circuits

• Charge and voltage are proportional in a capacitor

➔ a change in voltage requires a change in charge

• The magnitude of current gives the rate at which capacitor charge

increases or decreases.
➔ capacitor voltage, , must be a continuous function of time
and its derivative always finite.
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 RC circuit: the initial and final state

E
=0 ➔ = 0, = =

=∞ ➔ = E, = =0
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The RC circuit: charging
 The RC circuit: charging

KVL: E− − =0

1
Differentiating: − − =0

The relationship btw I and Q: =−

at the capacitor, = /

Solving differential eqn.: E −

=
with initial condition, (0) = E /

Thus, by Ohm’s law: =E− = E (1 − −/

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 The RC circuit: charging

= E (1 − )
E − −/
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 The RC circuit: discharging

• The energy stored in the capacitor’s electric field is gradually

dissipated as heat in the resistor.

KVL: − =0

=−

Solving differential eqn.: 0 −

=
with initial condition, (0) = 0 /

−
Thus, by Ohm’s law: = = 0
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 Example 25.6 long and short times

= E/ 1

Short-term equivalent circuit

= E/ ( 1 + 2)

Long-term equivalent circuit

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 Summary

• Simplifying circuits by identifying series and parallel combinations of

components:
= 1 + 2 +⋯
• Resistors in series add:
1 1 1
• Resistors in parallel add reciprocally: = + +⋯
1 2

• Kirchhoff’s laws: KCL for nodes, KVL for loops

• Measuring voltage and current requires

• Connecting voltmeters in parallel

• Connecting ammeters in series

• Capacitors introduce time-dependent behavior to circuits.

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