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microprocessors and its history

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15 views24 pages

slide 1 - microprocessors and its history

microprocessors and its history

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ffelif3439
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Microprocessor Systems and

Laboratory

slide 1
Microcomputers
There are three main components of a Computer System.

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): Also simply called as the microprocessor


acts as the brain coordinating all activities within a computer.
2. Memory: The program instructions and data are primarily stored.
3. Input/output (I/O) Devices: Allow the computer to input information for
processing and then output the results. I/O Devices are also known as
computer peripherals.
Microcomputers
Communicating between these components

● The CPU is connected to memory and I/O devices through a strip of wires called a bus. The bus
inside a computer carries information from place to place.

There are three types of busses:

1. Address Bus: The address bus is used to identify the memory location or I/O device the processor
intends to communicate with. The width of the Address Bus rages from 20 bits (8086)
2. Data Bus: Data bus is used by the CPU to get data from / to send data to the memory or the I/O
devices. The width of a microprocessor is used to classify the microprocessor. The size of data bus of
Intel microprocessors vary between 8-bit (8085) to 64-bit (Pentium).
3. Control Bus: How can we tell if the address on the bus is memory address or an I/O device address?
This is where the control bus comes in.
Microcomputers
There two types of memory used in microcomputers:

● RAM (Random Access Memory/ Read-Write memory) is used by the computer for
the temporary storage of the programs that is running.

Data is lost when the computer is turned off. So known as volatile memory.

● ROM (Read Only Memory) the information in ROM is permanent and not lost when the
power is turned off. Therefore, it is called nonvolatile memory.

Note that RAM is sometimes referred as primary storage, where magnetic /optical disks are
called secondary storage.
The Memory and I/O System
The memory system is divided into three main parts:

1. TPA (transient program area),


2. System area
3. XMS (extended memory system).

If the computer is based upon a really old 8086 or


8088 (a PC or XT), the TPA and systems area exist,
but there is no extended memory.
The Memory and I/O System
Computers contain 640K bytes of TPA and 384K
bytes of system memory, for a total memory size of
1M bytes.

We often call the first 1M byte of memory the real or


conventional memory system because each Intel
microprocessor is designed to function in this area by
using its real mode of operation.
The Memory and I/O System
TPA. The transient program area (TPA) holds the DOS (disk
operating system) operating system and other programs that
control the computer system.

The TPA is a DOS concept and not really applicable in


Windows.

The length of the TPA is 640K bytes.

To the left of each area is a hexadecimal number that


represents the memory addresses that begin and end each
data area.
The Memory and I/O System
The System Area. contains programs on either a read-only
memory (ROM) or flash memory, and areas of read/write (RAM)
memory for data storage
Brief History of the Computers
1946: The first generation of Computer ENIAC
was started to be used based on the vacuum
tube technology.

ENIAC was extremely large, occupying about


1,800 square feet and weighing almost 30 tons.

It contained approximately 17,500 vacuum


tubes, 7,500 crystal diodes, 1,500 relays, and
hundreds of thousands of resistors, capacitors,
and inductors.

It could perform 5,000 additions, 357


multiplications, or 38 divisions in one second.

ENIAC was in operation until 1955.


Brief History of the Computers
1958: The first transistorized computer TRADIC
was announced by IBM.
TRADIC was groundbreaking for its use of
transistors instead of vacuum tubes. It contained
about 800 transistors, which made it much
smaller, more reliable, and more energy-efficient
than its vacuum tube predecessors.
TRADIC used magnetic core memory. This type
of memory allowed the computer to store data
even when powered off.
It could execute basic arithmetic and logical
operations in microseconds.
Brief History of the Computers

1959: The first IC (integrated circuit) was invented.

1960s: ICs were started to be used in CPU boards.

1970s: Entire CPU was put in a single chip.


Brief History of the Computers
1971 the first microprocessor of Intel 4004

4-bit data bus and 2300 transistors.

Clock speed: 740 kHz.

Instruction set: 45 instructions.

The 4004 could address up to 640 bytes of program memory


and up to 4 KB of data memory.

Data memory was not on-chip; the 4004 interfaced with


external memory for data storage.

The 4004 was capable of executing approximately 60,000


instructions per second
Brief History of the Computers
1974: Motorolla 6800 is introduced with 8-bit data bus and 16-bit address bus.

Late 1970s: Intel 8080/85 appeared with 8-bit data bus and 16-bit address bus and used
from traffic light controllers to homemade computers.

1978: Intel 8086 is produced with 16-bit data bus and 20-bit address bus.

1981: First PC was introduced by IBM with Intel 8088 microprocessor.

Apple Macintosh computers started to use 68000 series of microprocessors.


Brief History of the Computers
intel 8086

The 8086 was a 16-bit microprocessor.

Clock speeds ranged from 5 MHz to 10 MHz.

It could address up to 1 megabyte of memory.

The 8086 had a 20-bit address bus.

The 8086 had an extensive instruction set that


supported a variety of data types and operations,
including operations on strings.

The 8086 introduced a form of pipelining, a technique


that allows the overlap of instruction fetch and
execution, improving the efficiency of instruction
processing.
Evolution from 8080/8085 to 8086

In a system with pipelining, the data and the address bus are busy
transferring data while the CPU is processing information.
Evolution from 8086 to 8088
8086 was with 16-bit data bus internally and externally. All registers and the data bus carrying data in/out of the CPU
were 16-bit.

That time all the peripherals were designed around 8-bit microprocessor. It was expensive to built PCB with 16-bit
data bus.

So Intel introduced 8088 which was;

Identical to 8086 internally, but externally 8-bit data bus instead of 16-bit.

It had 1 megabyte of memory like 8086.

IBM chosed 8088 as their microprocessor in designing the IBM PC.

8088-based IBM PC was enormous success, because IBM and Microsoft made it an open system.

This enabled the cloning of this system and resulted a huge growth in both hardware and software designs based on
IBM PC.

In contrast IBMs main competitor Apple computer introduced a closed system and blocked all attempts of cloning.
Other microprocessors: 80286, 80386, and 80486
80286: Intel introduced 80286 in 1982.

❖ With 16-bit internal and external data bus.

❖ 24-bit address bus (224 = 16 megabyte)

▪ Virtual Memory: a way of fooling the microprocessor into thinking that it has access to unlimited
memory by swapping data between disk storage and RAM.

▪ Real mode: Faster operation with maximum of 1 Mbytes of memory

▪ Protected mode: protecting the operating system for accidental or deliberate destruction by the
user. Protected mode is slower but can use 16 megabytes of memory.
Other microprocessors: 80286, 80386, and 80486
80386: Introduced in 1985 also known as (80386DX)

● With 32-bit internal and external data bus.


● 32-bit address bus (232 = 4 gigabyte-physical
memory).

80386SX was later introduced with the same internal


structure with 16-bit external data bus and 24-bit
address bus. 80386SX was much cheaper.
Other microprocessors: 80286, 80386, and 80486
80486: introduced in 1989 with 32-bit
internal-external data bus and 32-bit address
bus.

Although the 80486 microprocessor was not


radically different from the 80386, it did include one
substantial change.

The internal structure of the 80486 was modified


from the 80386 so that about half of its instructions
executed in one clock instead of two clocks.
Evolution of Intel's Microprocessors
The Pentium Microprocessor
The Pentium Microprocessor, 1993.

similar to the 80386 and 80486 microprocessors. This


microprocessor was originally labeled the P5 or 80586,
but Intel decided not to use a number because it
appeared to be impossible to copyright a number.

The two introductory versions of the Pentium operated


with a clocking frequency of 60 MHz and 66 MHz.
The Pentium Microprocessor
The Pentium Microprocessor

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